人工饲养恒河猴、食蟹猴的繁殖性能初报

目的探索北京地区人工饲养恒河猴与食蟹猴的繁殖性能,为温带地区猕猴的人工饲养和繁殖方式提供借鉴。方法对军事医学科学院实验动物中心饲养的317只恒河猴繁殖群（30只雄猴,287只雌猴）和78只食蟹猴繁殖群（8只雄猴,70只雌猴）近两年的繁殖性状进行观察和统计分析。结果恒河猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为60.73%、54.45%和96.89%。食蟹猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为79.86%、56.12%和75.00%。结论食蟹猴和恒河猴可以成功的在温带地区饲养和繁殖,但人工饲养食蟹猴的妊娠率与产仔率较恒河猴高,而仔猴成活率则低于恒河猴。     

A review of sexual initiating behavior by male and female cynomolgus monkeys and some species comparisons

The sexual initiating behavior of male and female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) observed during standard laboratory tests is reviewed and compared with that of rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) observed under identical conditions. Species differences in sexual behavior are related here to differences in habitat, sexual dimorphism, and the dominance gradient between the sexes. Compared with rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys appear to be more arboreal, less sexually dimorphic, and have a smaller dominance gradient between the sexes. They exhibit a facultative single-mount copulatory pattern rather than the serial mount pattern of the rhesus monkey. Female cynomolgus monkeys are less dominated than rhesus females by their male partners. Direct aggression between mates is more frequent and redirected aggression occurs less often than in rhesus monkeys. These behavioral differences affect the interpretation of changes in initiation rates that occur (1) during the menstrual cycle, (2) when females are ovariectomized and given hormone replacement treatments, and (3) when males are castrated and treated with androgens. We conclude that estradiol in the female and testosterone in the male increase the sexual motivation of both the treated and the untreated partner. Valid interpretations of changes in initiation rates depend on accurate and exclusive definitions of behavior and on a consideration of the behavioral context in which they are made.     

Bone Marrow Depletion as a Coincidental Finding to Hypothermia in Macaca mulatta

Three of 16 juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 1 rhesus of 79 adult rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were found comatose in a state of profound hypothermia after a heating failure occurred in the room in which they were housed. One juvenile monkey died shortly thereafter. The three other monkeys were revived with gradual warming and supportive therapy but later experienced separate acute clinical crises manifesting shock and died at 19, 31, and 51 days after the initial episode. Histopathologic findings of severe bone marrow depletion were observed in each of the three monkeys that died after the initial episode.     

Mapping cynomolgus monkey MHC class I district on chromosome 6p13 using pooled cDNAs

The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is a frequently used animal model for studying human diseases, especially immune related ones. For a better understanding of its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I district chromosome location, we selected seven cDNA clones as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) from a lymphocyte cell line cDNA library. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from these clones were assembled into three clusters and annotated Mafa-A and Mafa-B genes. Further bioinformatics analysis shows that they had multiple duplications spanning approximately 2.8 Mb on the rhesus macaque MHC class I district. Using the FISH technique, we mapped the seven pooled cDNA clones to the short arm of the cynomolgus monkey chromosome 6 on 6p13. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the location of cynomolgus monkey MHC class I district. Using pooled adjacent cDNAs as probes also allows affordable, specific genome region mapping research.     

The distribution pattern of rhesus and Assamese monkeys in Nepal

Surveys of the distribution and some ecological characteristics of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and Assamese monkeys (M. assamensis) in Nepal were conducted during 234 days in 1976, 1978, and 1984. Rhesus monkeys dominated in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests below 3,000 m a.s.l. all over Nepal. Assamese monkeys were patchily distributed along rivers in the tropical and subtropical areas. Both species principally utilized forests parapatrically. The mean troop size of rhesus monkeys (29.5) was significantly larger than that of Assamese monkeys (19.1). Discontinuous distribution of Assamese monkeys probably appeared as a result of the expansion of rhesus monkey distribution in the mid- and late-Pleistocene. Because of small distribution areas and small numbers of monkeys, urgent conservation policy must be pursued.     

Effects of chair restraint on plasma enzyme values in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of chair restraint on plasma enzyme values in the rhesus monkey. Six monkeys were restrained to the monkey chair for eight hours. Creatine phosphokinase (CK) value increased significantly three hours after the onset of restraint and LDH value did eight hours after the onset of restraint. The increase in CK, GOT and GPT values continued for 1 or 2 days after the release from restraint. On the other hand, these plasma enzyme values in non-restraint monkeys showed almost no changes. These results indicate that it is necessary to establish a proper method for the adjustment to chair restraint in the rhesus monkey.     

Selection of internal reference genes for SYBR green qRT-PCR studies of rhesus monkey (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macaca mulatta</Emphasis>) tissues

Background  

The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is a valuable and widely used model animal for biomedical research. However, quantitative analyses of rhesus gene expression profiles under diverse experimental conditions are limited by a shortage of suitable internal controls for the normalization of mRNA levels. In this study, we used a systematic approach for the selection of potential reference genes in the rhesus monkey and compared their suitability to that of the corresponding genes in humans.     

Differentiall behavioral and adrenocortical responses to stress among three macaque species

Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of rhesus (Macaca mulatta), bonnet (M. radiata), and crabeating (M. fascicularis) macaques were compared in their home cages, during exposure to novelty and during physical restraint. Both behavioral and adrenocortical responses differentiated species in each condition. In all conditions, post-test corticosteroid levels were highest for crabeaters and lowest for rhesus. Rhesus were the most active behaviorally, and bonnets were the most passive, while crabeaters exhibited the greatest signs of behavioral disturbance. Relationships between adrenocortical and behavioral responses varied between groups. Both adrenocortical and behavioral profiles were in accord with the behavior of these three species under more natural conditions. The role of psychophysiological responses in general behavioral dispositions toward the environment is discussed. It is concluded that behavioral dispositions, inclusive of psychophysiological responses, may vary qualitatively even among closely related primate species.     

Primate relaxin: Synthesis of gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins

The synthesis of the hormone relaxin from the speciesGorilla gorilla (gorilla) andMacaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) has been achieved. Each of the two chains which constitute the peptide structures was assembled separately, the A-chains (24 amino acids) by the Boc-polystyrene solid-phase procedure and the B-chains (29 and 28 amino acids) by the Fmoc-polyamide (gorilla) and the Boc-polystyrene (rhesus monkey) solid-phase methods. After cleavage from the solid supports, the separate chains were purified to a high degree of homogeneity. Oxidative combination of the respective A- and B-chains in solution at highpH afforded the synthetic relaxins in low overall yield. Chemical and physiochemical characterization of the products confirmed both their purity and their conformational similarity to the human hormone. The synthetic gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins were both found to possess potent chronotropic and inotropic activity in the isolated rat cardiac atrium assay.     

Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms Reveal Patterns of Allele Sharing Across the Species Boundary Between Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) Macaques

Both phenotypic and genetic evidence for asymmetric hybridization between rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques has been observed in the region of Indochina where both species are sympatric. The large‐scale sharing of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles between the two species in this region supports the hypothesis that genes, and especially genes involved in immune response, are being transferred across the species boundary. This differential introgression has important implications for the incorporation of cynomolgus macaques of unknown geographic origin in biomedical research protocols. Our study found that for 2,808 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, the minor allele frequencies (MAF) and observed heterozygosity calculated from a sample of Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques was significantly different from those calculated from samples of both Chinese rhesus and Indonesian cynomolgus macaques. SNP alleles from Chinese rhesus macaques were overrepresented in a sample of Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques relative to their Indonesian conspecifics and located in genes functionally related to the primary immune system. These results suggest that Indochinese cynomolgus macaques represent a genetically and immunologically distinct entity from Indonesian cynomolgus macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 75:135‐144, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A Monoclonal Antibody Selection for Immunohistochemical Examination of Lymphoid Tissues From Non-human Primates

Non-human primates (NHPs) offer valuable animal models for basic research into human diseases and for the preclinical validation of new therapeutics. Detailed in situ examination of the involved cell types using immunohistochemistry is often hampered by the lack of cross-reactive antibodies (Abs). In the current study, we have tested a large panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against human leukocyte differentiation and activation markers for cross-reactivity on cryosections of lymphoid tissue from six NHP species. In total, we have tested 130 Abs against 69 antigens expressed in tissues from one great ape species (chimpanzee/Pan troglodytes), two Old World species (rhesus macaque/Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus macaque/Macaca fascicularis), and three New World species (common marmoset/Callithrix jacchus, cotton-top tamarin/Saguinus oedipus, and owl monkey/Aotus triviogatus). We have found a large panel of cross-reactive Abs: 93 of 102 (91%) in chimpanzee, 97 of 125 (78%) in rhesus macaque, 70 of 109 (64%) in cynomolgus macaque, 69 of 116 (60%) in common marmoset, 40 of 81 (49%) in cotton-top tamarin, and 35 of 80 (44%) in owl monkey. The availability of a reliable panel of cross-reactive markers is important to gaining further insight into immunological processes in disease-affected tissues from NHP species. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:1159–1167, 2009)     

Key Lois and Raccoon Key: Florida Islands for Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkey Breeding Programs

The importance of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in biomedical research has resulted in the development of domestic breeding programs to ensure annual quantities for specific research projects. Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc. began the establishment of the first commercial, free ranging rhesus monkey island (Key Lois) breeding colony in 1971 within the continental United States. A second island (Racoon Key) was developed in 1977. Operations unique to these free-ranging colonies with respect to procurement, quarantine, microbiological assessment, transportation, facilities, and daily operational procedures are described.     

Frequency of spontaneous congenital defects in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques

Abstract: This paper summarizes the spontaneous incidence of congenital defects in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque colonies (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) at the California Regional Primate Research Center. The computerized database used in this analysis included fetuses, term infants, juveniles, and adults that underwent a necropsy procedure over a 14-year period (1983–1996). The calculated malformation rates were 0.9% (40/4,390) and 0.3% (3/965) for the rhesus and cynomolgus monkey, respectively. Most of the observed malformations in both species affected the musculoskeletal and the cardiovascular systems, while a smaller number of defects were observed in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Inbreeding did not contribute to the spontaneous malformation incidence and there was no predilection for sex (male vs. female) or housing (indoors vs. outdoors) among the malformed cases. This spontaneous malformation database in our macaque colony aids in the interpretation of defects that occur in an experimental study as well as in the ongoing assessment of a healthy nonhuman primate breeding colony.     

Spontaneously occurring congenital polycystic kidney in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Congenital polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed at necropsy in a stillborn male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). This case was very similar to infantile polycystic kidney disease in man and the rhesus monkey, except that no increase in number of intrahepatic bile ducts was observed.     

Lipofuscin in the corpus luteum of macaque ovaries

The present study examined the histochemistry of pigments in the corpus luteum of the ovaries of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Yellowish brown pigments were found in the regressing corpus luteum cells. Histochemical studies revealed that these pigments consisted of lipofuscin, the so-called age pigment. The findings obtained suggest that accumulation of lipofuscin might be related to cellular aging of the corpus luteum.     

A description of the upper thoracic autonomic nervous system in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

The purpose of this study was to describe the autonomic innervation of the carotid sinus and heart in the rhesus monkey. Nine male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and one male crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis) were carefully dissected from the origin of the vagus nerves and superior cervical ganglia to the level of the fourth thoracic ganglion. The specimens were either freshly killed or obtained no later than 24 hours post mortem. The macaque monkeys were found to possess an innervation pattern that displayed features common to dog (connections between the vagus nerves and middle cervical ganglia), baboon (distinct cervical sympathetic and cervical vagal nerve trunks), and man (nerves projecting from the middle cervical and stellate ganglia to the heart). Distinct inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia were never seen, but rather, large and well defined stellate ganglia were found. The macaque innervation pattern, when considered as a whole, most closely resembled the baboon.     

Cryopreservation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) hepatocytes for subsequent culture and protein synthesis studies

Summary A method is described for the preservation and subsequent recovery of hepatocytes obtained by collagenase perfusion of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca, fascicularis) livers. The fresh cells are suspended in fetal bovine serum containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide and, using a microprocessor-controlled, liquid nitrogen freezing chamber and a specific cooling protocol, processed in such a way that they can be stored in liquid nitrogen for several months and still restored to active culture. When the cryopreserved cells were established in culture they were found to actively synthesize and secrete both albumin and apolipoprotein A-I. That, taken together with morphologic evidence, was viewed as indication that the cells recovered in culture were in fact hepatocytes and not some other cell type from the monkey liver. The availability of this procedure for storing hepatocytes should contribute significantly to the efficient use of nonhuman primates as models with which to study hepatic metabolism.