Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations

Summary Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16).The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14}, Gm ^{1, 17, 21}, and Gm ^{1, 2, 17, 21} in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm ^{1, 13, 15, 16, 17} and Gm ^{1, 3, 5, 13, 14} haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm ^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17} haplotype which is primarily Negroid.Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm ^{3, 5, 13, 14} haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a clin that radiates from it.Post-Doctoral Fellow supported by NIH Training Grant Gm07004.     

Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation

Summary This paper reports the distribution of immunoglobulin Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese geographical populations. These populations are derived from 24 nationalities comprising 96.6% of the total population of China. A total of 9,560 individuals were phenotyped for Gm(1,2,3,5,21) factors, and 9,611 were phenotyped for Km(1). Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Gm haplotype frequencies and genetic distances. The results of cluster analysis show the heterogeneity of the Chinese nation, and confirm the hypothesis that the modern Chinese nation originated from two distinct populations, one population originating in the Yellow River valley and the other originating in the Yangtze River valley during early neolithic times (3,000–7,000 years ago). Frequencies of the Gm haplotype of 74 Chinese populations were compared with those of 33 populations from major racial groups. The results suggest that during human evolution, the Negroid group and Caucasoid-Mongoloid group diverged first, followed by a divergence between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Interrace divergence is high in comparison with intrarace divergence. There appear to be two distinct subgroups of Mongoloid, northern and southern Mongoloid. The northern and southern Mongoloid have Gm^1;21 and Gm^1,3;5 haplotypes as race-associate markers, respectively. Furthermore, the Caucasian-associated haplotype Gm^3;5 was found in several of the minorities living in the northwest part of China. The presence of the Gm^3;5 haplotype is attributed to the Caucasians living in Central Asia throughout the Silk Road. The amount of Caucasian admixture has been estimated. In contrast to the Gm haplotype distribution, Km¹ gene frequencies showed a random distribution in the populations studied.     

The ethnological significance of the gamma-globulin (Gm) factors in melanesia

A study was made of the distribution of the immunoglobulin markers Gm(a), (x), (z), (f), (g), (b⁰), (b¹), (b³), (s), (t), (c³), (c⁵) and Inv (1) and Inv (a) in 906 individuals sampled from several population groups living in various parts of New Guinea and New Britain. A study of 123 families confirmed the presence of the following gene complexes: Gm^za;g, Gm^zax;g, Gm^za;b and Gm^fa;b. Gm(s), (t), (c³) and (c⁵) were absent and either all or none of Gm(b⁰), (b¹) and (b³) present. Striking differences occurred in the geographical and ethnic distribution of the Gm gene complexes. Gm^fa;g was either absent or in very low frequency, and Gm^za;b, Gm^zax;g and Gm^za;g were present in varying frequencies in both the highland and western coastal populations in the mainland of New Guinea. All of these populations spoke non-Austronesian languages. On the other hand Gm^fa;b was present in the Melanesian-speaking Motu of the Central District of the mainland, in the Melanesian-speaking Tolai and the non-Austronesian-speaking Sulka and Baining of the island of New Britain. It is suggested that Gm^fa;b and Gm^za;b are respectively Malayo-Polynesian and pre-Austronesian markers, although a clear cut distinction between modern populations derived from these stocks is often blurred by the effects of gene flow and drift. Considerable ethnic and geographical variation was also found in the distribution of Inv(1) and Inv(a). In two Highland NAN-speaking populations the Inv(1⁺a⁺) phenotype percentages were 1.0 and 5.4, whilst percentages ranging from 0.0 to 56.4% were found for coastal MN-speaking populations. The percentages of Inv(1⁺a⁺) in the total MN- and NAN-speaking populations were 31.6 and 10.0 respectively.     

Immunoglobulins in the Eastern Carolines

Serum samples from Micronesian populations on the Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape and Kusaie islands were tested for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) allotypes, Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 21), and for Inv (1). All four populations have the Gm phenogroups, Gm^1,21, Gm^1,2,21, Gm^1,3,5,13,14, and Gm^1,5,6. The Ponapeans have Gm^1,5,13,14 also. Pedigree analysis shows that the Gm^1,5,6 phenogroup in the Pingelap and Mokil populations is derived from the single offspring of a member of a crew of a whaling ship and that the Gm^1,2,21 phenogroup was introduced by three non-native individuals. The Gm allotypes indicate that the Ponapean and Kusiean populations also have phenogroups from other races, and historical data show that there has been adequate opportunity for this to have occurred. Only the phenogroups Gm^1,21 and Gm^1,5,13,14 appear to be endemic to eastern Micronesia.     

Gm and Inv [Km] allotypes among Libyan and Ashkenazi Jews,and Armenians living in Israel

Summary Serum samples from Armenians, and from Libyan and Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel were tested for Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 24, 26) and for Inv(1) [Km(1)].The Gm data indicate that all three populations have Negroid and Mongoloid admixture. The minimum amount of admixture varies from 3.1% (Armenians) to 5.5% (Libyan Jews). This admixture had not been detected by the study of other polymorphisms, thus once again underlining the sensitivity of the Gm system. The haplotype frequencies among the Libyan Jews are markedly different from those among the Ashkenazi Jews. Surprisingly (coincidentally?) the haplotype frequencies among the Ashkenazi Jews and the Armenians are similar.The Libyan Jews have a significantly higher frequency of Inv ¹ than do the Ashkenazi Jews and among the latter, Inv ¹ is at least twice as frequent among Polish Jews as it is among Russian Jews.     

Gm and Km allotypes in four Sardinian population samples

Serum samples of 683 unrelated male and female individuals of four Sardinian population samples (Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano and Cagliari) were typed for G 1 m (1, 2, 3, 17), G 3 m (5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26), and Km (1). Phenotype, haplotype (Gm), and allele frequencies (Km), respectively, show a remarkable variability between these four population samples. Comparisons with other Italian populations reveal the considerable genetic difference of the Sardinians, which is in particular caused by the presence of the haplotype Gm^{1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26} in them. This haplotype is quite uncommon in Europeans and may reflect gene flow from Eastern populations (Phoenicians?) who came to this island in ancient-history times.     

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes in Reindeer Chukchi and Siberian Eskimos

Summary Blood samples from 403 Reindeer Chukchi of inland Chukotka, and 100 samples from Chaplin Eskimos of the Chukot Peninsula were tested for G1m (z,a,x,f), G2m (n), G3m (g,b0,b1,b3,b5,s,t), and Km (1) allotypic determinants. An apparent affinity between the Chukchi and the Eskimos could be inferred from similar frequencies of the two common haplotypes, Gm^za;g and Gm^za;bst, and from very similar frequencies of the Km¹ allele. However, none of the Eskimos had Gm^zax;g, though it occurred at a low or moderate frequency in the five Chukchi populations studied. It is assumed that Chukchi can be distinguished from adjoining Eskimos by the same G1m (x) outlier, that has been considered as a taxonomic marker useful in differentiating between Eskimos and American Indians. Comparison of North Asian and North American populations with respect to the array and frequencies of Gm haplotypes and the Km¹ allele, supports the hypothesis of a nonrandom distribution of the Gm^za;bst and Km¹ on both sides of the Bering Strait.     

Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African populations

Data are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv groups in approximately 3500 individuals belonging to a number of diverse Southern African populations. The indigenous peoples show the presence of the Gm alleles known to occur in Negroes (Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14}, Gm^{1, 5, 6, 14} and Gm^{1, 5, 6}) but the Bushmen possess some of them in very low frequencies and have, in addition and in appreciable frequencies the Gm¹ and Gm^{1, 13} alleles which have not been reported as occurring in West African populations. The distribution of the Gm^{1, 13} allele in various Bantu-speaking tribes of the sub-continent reveals a marked cline, increasing from north to south along the eastern seaboard. The correlation between the frequency of Gm^{1, 13} and the Khoisan morphological, features present in a number of the tribes, and with the linguistic evidence which has been used to group them is high. The Bushmen possess a Gm^{1, 5} allele and may also have a Gm^{1, 5, 13, 14, 17, 21} allele. A Gm^{1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 17} allele seems to be present in the Bantu. Its presence in Eastern New Guinea would also appear to be indicated by the population data presented here.     

The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian Tribes of Central and South America

The Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high) -south (low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gm^ax;g, Gm^a;b0,3,t, Di^a, R^z, TF^D Chi, and 6PGD^C), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.     

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes in Sicily

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-population variability of the Gm/Km system in the Madonie Mountains, one of the main geographical barriers in north-central Sicily. We analysed 392 samples: 145 from Alia, 128 from Valledolmo, 25 from Cerda and 94 from Palermo. Serum samples were tested for G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m (23), G3m (5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,28) and Km (1) allotypes by the standard agglutination-inhibition method. We found the typical genetic patterns of populations in peripheral areas of the Mediterranean basin, with a high frequency of haplotypes Gm5*;3;23 and Gm5*;3;... The frequency of Gm21,28;1,17;... (about 16%) is rather high compared with other southern areas. Of great importance is the presence of the common African haplotype Gm 5*;1,17;..., ranging in frequency from 1.56% at Valledolmo to 5.5% at Alia. The presence of this haplotype suggests past contacts with peoples from North Africa. The introduction of African markers could be due to the Phoenician colonization at the end of the 2nd millennium b.c. or to the more recent Arab conquest (8th–9th centuries a.d.).     

Serumprotein polymorphisms in Iran

Summary The results of a population genetic investigation on Iranians are given and compared to the results obtained on other populations from Southwestern and Southern Asia. Our total material from Iran comprises n=1020 nonrelated male and female individuals of different age. The following serum groups have been typed: Hp, Gc, Gm, and Inv. In general there exist no remarkable age or sex differences in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles (the only exception: sex differences in the distribution of the Gm (7)-phenotype). The regional distribution of phenotypes and alleles yield no marked differences, too, apart from the Invphenotypes, however. For the total material of Iran the following alleles frequencies could be calculated: Hp¹=0.3045, Hp²=0.6595, Gc²=0.3405; Gm¹=0.1780, Gm^1,2=0.0537, Gm^1,5=0.0632, Gm⁵=0.7051. The Gm (7)-phenotype turned out to be 36.6%; the Inv (1)-phenotype amounts to 25.6%. Comparing with other populations, especially Pakistani and Indian samples, some heterogeneity in the distribution of phenotypes and alleles within Southwestern and Southern Asia was to be demonstrated. Some distributional trends of alleles frequencies shall be mentioned here: the increase of Hp², Gc¹, and Gm¹ alleles from West towards East, and in the opposite direction the decrease of Hp¹, Gc², and Gm⁵ alleles. Selective acting forces are supposed to be most important factors for this. D77     

Human-type blood groups and Gm factors in gibbons (Hylobates)

Blood specimens from 69 gibbons (63Hylobates lar, 4Hylobates concolor, and 2Hylobates pileatus) were tested for human-type ABO, MN, and Rh blood groups. AmongH. lar, three phenotypes were noted in the ABO and MN blood groups respectively, but all fourH. concolor were grouped as AM. All group A gibbons were of subgroup A₁; subgroups A₂B and A₁₂B were observed at a low frequency in group AB gibbons. Le^b antigen was detected in about 30% of the red cell samples fromH. lar, but all the samples were negative for Le^a. All the gibbons tested had c(hr) antigen but no other Rh antigens (D, C, E, and e) in their red cells. Some selected blood samples fromH. lar were also tested for some other blood group antigens and for the Gm and Inv factors. The Jk^a antigen was detected in all the red cell samples tested, but the S, s, U, K, k, and Fy^a antigens were not. In the tests of plasma with anti-Gm (1),H. lar could be divided into two groups, i.e., Gm(1)^Gi and Gm(–1)^Gi; Gm(2), Gm(4), and Inv(1) were absent in the species.     

A new human allotype carried by the γG3 subclass: Gm(25)

Summary The Gm(25) allotype has been tested on sera from various populations. It is closely related to Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11), and Gm(14) in Caucasoids, and to Gm(10) and Gm(11) in Mongoloids, but it distinguishes itself in Negroids where the Gm(5, 10, 11, 14,-25) phenotype is present with a frequency depending on the regions studied. It was demonstrated to be carried by the Fc fragment of G₂ Gm(5, 10, 11, 14). In a Caucasoid family it was possible to demonstrate the transmission of a rare gene, Gm^{1,10,11,17, 25}. Among Old World Monkeys Gm(25) is present in Baboons and absent in Cercopitheci.

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Résumé L'allotype Gm(25) a été étudié sur des sérums de populations variées. Il est lié aux Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(11) et Gm(14) chez les Blancs, aux Gm(10) et Gm(11) chez les Jaunes, mais il s'en distingue chez les Noirs où se retrouve le phénotype Gm(5,10,11,14,-25) avec une fréquence variable selon les régions. Il est présent sur le fragment Fc des G₃ Gm(5,10,11, 14). Dans une famille Caucasoide nous démontrons la transmission du rare gène Gm ^{1,10,11,17,25}. L'étude sur des Singes de l'Ancien Monde démontre que le Gm(25) est présent chez les Babouins et absent chez les Cercopithèques.

     

Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing.

Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea; Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing. M. S. Schanfield, Eugene Giles and H. Gershowitz, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Immunoglobulin allotyping was carried out on 680 serum samples from inhabitants of the Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea (seven villages speaking the same Melanesian [PAP] speaking village). Family and population data verified the presence of Gm-ag, G-ab and Gm-afb among the MN speakers and Gm-ag, Gm-axg, Gm-ab and Gm-afb among the PAP speakers. The frequency of Gm-ag was between 0.048 and 0.235, while the frequency of Gm-ab was between 0.427 and 0.627 and the frequency of Gm-afb ranged between 0.261 and 0.424 among the seven MN villages; the single PAP village had frequencies of 0.568, 0.160, 0.213 and 0.059 for Gm-ag, Gm-axg, Gm-ab and Gm-afb respectively. The frequency of Inv1 ranged between 0.034 and 0.095 in the MN villages and 0.014 in the PAP village. The rare occurrence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the presence of a Gm-axfb haplotype, while in two PAP families the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the abnormally weak expression of Gm(g) in a Gm-axg haplotype. A total of 654 sera were typed for Gc, with the seven MN villages ranging between 0.350 and 0.650 for Gc-1, 0.312 and 0.575 for Gc-2 and between 0.017 and 0.112 for Gc-Ab; the single PAP village had a value of 0.627 for Gc-1, 0.165 for Gc-2 and 0.208 for Gc-Ab. A total of 693 sera were tested for ceruloplasmin type. All showed the common Cp(b) phenotype.     

Gammaglobulin groups of the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa: evidence for polymorphism for a Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotype among the San.

The Gm and Inv types were determined for eight San (Bushman) populations, two Khoikhoi (Hottentot) populations, one Coloured population, 112 San families in which the genotypes of the parents could be unambiguously determined, and for 65 San families in which the genotype of one or both parents could not be determined with certainty. The population and family data establish that the haplotype array of the San is composed of Gm1,21, Gm1,13, Gm1,5,13,14, and Gm1,5,13,14,21; Gm1,5,6 and Gm1,5,6,14 are also present but may have been acquired through admixture with Negroes. The Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotype has not been found to be polymorphic in any other population. The haplotype array of the Khoikhoi is composed of Gm1,2,21, Gm1,13, and Gm1,5,13,14; Gm1,5,6 and Gm1,5,6,14 are also present but, as in the case of the San, may be due to admixture. The San and Khoikhoi differ from each other in that the former have the Gm1,21 and Gm1,5,13,14,21 haplotypes not present in the latter, and the Khoikhoi have the Gm1,2,21 haplotype not present in the San. These three haplotypes and Gm1,13 serve to distinguish the Khoisan people from other African peoples.     

Observations on the distribution of the Gm- and Inv-groups in Hungary

Summary The authors report the distribution of Gm- and Inv-groups in Hungary. In our total material of 378 males and females of different age, the frequency of the following Gm-phenotypes turned out: Gm (1, 2, 4, 5, 10)=4.1%, Gm(1,-2, 4, 5, 10)=25.3%, Gm(1,-2,-4,-5,-10)=3.4%, Gm(1, 2,-4,-5,-10)=0.4%, and Gm(-1,-2, 4, 5, 10)=66.8%. The alleles frequencies have been calculated to be Gm¹=0.1622, Gm^{1, 2}=0.0228, Gm^{4, 5, 10}=0.8150. Observed and expected Gm-phenotypes frequencies are in good agreement under the assumption of the 3-alleles-model Gm¹, Gm^{1, 2}, Gm^{4, 5, 10}. The Invphenotypes frequencies came out to be: Inv(1,-2)=0.5$, Inv(1,2)=8.2%, and Inv(-1,-2)=91.3%.Among our Hungarian samples no significant differences were found, neither in the distribution of Gm-nor Inv-phenotypes and alleles. There exist no significant differences in the distribution of Inv-groups between our Hungarian sample and two German samples, but the Hungarian sample differs clearly from Czechoslovakian and Yugoslavian ones in the distribution of the Gm-phenotypes.Supported by a grant from the Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale.Attaché de Recherche á l'I.N.S.E.R.M.     

Studies on serum groups in the Kumaon region,India

Summary A total of 469 individuals belonging to 4 endogamous groups (Brahamins, Rajputs, Doms and Tharus) from the Kumaon region (North India) were tested for Hp, Gc, Gm and Inv systems.The frequency of the Hp¹ allele is low (0.130–0.220) in all 4 groups as in the case of other Indian populations. The absence of the Gm⁵ allele and high frequency of Inv(1) (49.34%) confirm the Mongoloid affiliations of the Tharus. Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms possess 4 alleles (Gm¹, Gm^1,2, Gm^1,5 and Gm⁵) at the Gm locus and the frequency of Gm^1,2 allele is very low (0.067–0.106) for these groups. The frequency of Inv(1) for Brahamins (19.61%) and Doms (22.78%) lies within the range of variation of European populations. Rajputs, however, show a higher Inv(1) frequency (38.76%).Genetic distances calculated with the help of Hp, Gc and Gm systems demonstrate similarity between Brahamins, Rajputs and Doms and a deviant position for the Tharus.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

The Gm and Inv allotypes of some Ashkenazic Jews living in Northern U.S.A

Determination of the Gm haplotypes among the serum samples of 249 Ashkenazic Jews living in northern U.S.A. has confirmed the presence of Black African admixture and has established the presence of San (Bushman) admixture. A rough estimate indicates that the haplotypes from these sources contribute about 2% of the genome of the people sampled. The Inv allele frequency is very low (0.037 ± 0.009). This has been found in other Jewish populations and may be characteristic of Jews.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma genes in Tunisians

Summary DNA polymorphisms in the human immunoglobulin gamma () region have been studied in random Arabo-Berber Tunisians and in a large Tunisian Berber kindred. Haplotypes have then been designated, based on variation in the BamHI restriction fragments containing the C1, C2, C4, and C genes. Two new haplotypes, in addition to the four previously described, have been observed. These new haplotypes, designated H5 and H6, were confirmed by family studies. The H5 haplotype was associated with black African Gm haplotypes · (Gm^{1,17;..;5,6,11} and Gm^1,17;..;5,11) (Gm^{a,z;..;blc3bo} and Gm^a,z;..;blbo) and probably represents a common haplotype in the black population. The haplotype H6 may be derived from H5. One of 39 random Tunisians was homozygous for a multigene deletion. DNA polymorphisms of the C genes, in conjuction with Gm markers, provide highly variable genetic markers important for the characterization of human populations.     

Linkage studies on the human Pi,Gm, GLO,and HLA genes

Summary Linkage data of the four gene markers Pi, Gm, GLO, and HLA exclude Gm and Pi gene assignment to the short arm of chromosome 6. The findings, however, do not disprove the following gene order: HLA-GLO-centromere-Gm-Pi.