PROPOSAL OF THE GRACILARIALES ORD. NOV. (RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF GRACILARIA VERRUCOSA1

The mode of division of vegetative cells, formation of spermatangial parent cells, initiation of the carpogonial branch apparatus, and formation of tetrasporangial initials are homologous developmental processes that are documented for the first time in the type species of the economically important family Gracilariaceae, Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss from the British Isles. G. verrucosa is characterized by a supporting cell of intercalary origin that bears a 2-celled carpogonial branch flanked by two sterile branches, direct fusion of cells of sterile branches onto the carpogonium, formation of an extensive carpogonial fusion cell through the incorporation of additional gametophytic cells prior to gonimoblast initiation, gonimoblast initials produced from fusion cell lobes, schizogenous development of the cytocarp cavity, inner gonimoblast cells producing tubular nutritive cells that fuse with cells of the pericarp or floor of the cystocarp, absence of cytologically modified tissue in the floor of the cystocarp, and carposporangial initials produced in clusters or irregular chains. Spermatangial parent cells are generated in flaments from intercalary cortical cells that line an intercellular space forming a ‘pit’ or ‘conceptacle’. Tetrasporangial initials are transformed from terminal cells derived through division of an outer cortical cell. Tetrasporangia are cruciately divided. The Gracilariaceae is removed from Gigartinales and transferred to the new order Gracilariales. Their closest living relatives appear to be agarophytes belonging to the Gelidiales and Ahnfeltiales.     

LEACHIELLA PACIFICA,GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW PARASITIC RED ALGA FROM WASHINGTON AND CALIFORNIA

Leachiella pacifica, gen. et sp. nov., a marine alloparasitic red alga is described from Washington and California. Several species of Polysiphonia and Pterosiphonia are hosts for this parasite. The thallus is a white, multiaxial, unbranched pustule with rhizoidal filaments that ramify between host cells, forming numerous secondary pit connections with host cells. All reproductive structures develop from outer cortical cells. Tetrasporocytes, situated on stalk cells, undergo simultaneous, tetrahedral cleavage to form tetraspores. Spermatia are formed continuously by oblique cleavages of the elongate spermatial generating cells. This results in spermatial clusters consisting of 4–8 spermatia in an alternate arrangement. Carposporophyte development is procarpial. The carpogonium is part of a six-celled branch including a sterile cell that is formed by the basal cell. The carpogonial branch is attached laterally to an obovate supporting cell that also forms an auxiliary cell, presumably formed prior to fertilization. After fertilization the carpogonium temporarily fuses with the auxiliary cell apparently to transfer the diploid nucleus and initiate further fusion with the subtending supporting cell to form an incipient fusion cell. The auxiliary cell portion of this fusion cell divides to form gonimoblast initials that continue to divide, forming gonimoblast filaments whose terminal cells differentiate into carpospores. The remainder of the fusion cell enlarges by continual fusion with adjacent vegetative cells. The resultant carposporophyte consists of a basal, multinucleate fusion cell supporting a hemispherical cluster of gonimoblast filaments with terminally borne carpospores. Vegetatively, Leachiella resembles several other parasitic red algae but it is clearly separated by the procarp, carposporophyte development and structure, and tetrasporocyte cleavage.     

REPRODUCTION AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE RED ALGA GALAXAURA OBLONGATA (NEMALIALES,GALAXAURACEAE)1

Culture and morphological studies showed that Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux has a triphasic life history with conspicuous gametophytes and small filamentous tetrasporophytes. Development of male and female reproductive structures is very similar and both begin with the enlargement of a terminal cell of a filament branch occupying a normal vegetative position within the apical pit of a thallus branch. In male thalli this modified branch forms a conceptacle in which spermatangia are produced. In female thalli, this modified branch forms a three-celled carpogonial branch consisting of a carpogonium, hypogynous cell and basal cell. Filament branches from the basal cell form a pericarp and the gonimoblast develops directly from the carpogonium. Carposporangia are produced in conceptacles which resemble the male conceptacles. About the time the first carposporangia are produced, the carpogonium, hypogynous cell and basal cell form a large fusion cell. Released carpospores germinate in a unipolar or bipolar manner and form small filamentous thalli. Under short day conditions, cruciate tetrasporangia are produced in small clusters. Tetraspores germinate similarly to carpospores and also form small filamentous thalli. Under low nutrient conditions, small cylindrical thalli develop on the filaments and these appear similar to gametophytes collected in nature.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPOSPOROPHYTE OF SCINAIA PSEUDOJAPONICA YAMADA ET TANAKA (NEMALIALES,CHAETANGIACEAE)1

The development of the carposporophyte of Scinaia pseudojaponica Yamada et Tanaka is described for the first time. The carpogonial branch is 3-celled. Before fertilization the hypogynous cell divides into a group of 4 cells. Concurrently the cell beneath the hypogynous cells also produces initials which, following fertilization, develop into branched filaments that envelop the carposporophyte. After fertilization the gonimoblast initial is produced laterally from the basal part of the carpogonium. Carposporangia are produced in chains from the free ends of the gonimoblast filaments which grow toward the surface of the thyllus. A very thick pericarp surrounds the mature carposporophyte.     

THE STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF GLAPHYRYMENIA PUSTULOSA

Norris , R. E. (U. Minnesota, Minneapolis.) The structure and reproduction of Glaphyrymenia pustulosa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(3): 262–268. Illus. 1961.—Specimens of Glaphyrymenia pustulosa, a red alga from Australia that has seldom been found, were collected recently. The specimens were examined particularly with respect to development of the vegetative tissues and the formation of the female reproductive apparatus and gonimoblast. The vegetative structure is primitive in the Kallymeniaceae and structural characteristics are present that are similar to the Cryptonemiaceae and Dumontiaceae. The female reproductive system has a monocarpogonial carpogonial branch apparatus and an auxiliary cell that is borne on a separate system that does not have a carpogonial branch. After fertilization, stages in the development of the gonimoblast are similar to those of Kallymenia and Pugelia.     

Studies on freshwater red algae of Malaysia III. development of carposporophytes ofBatrachospermum cayennense Montagne,B. beraense Kumano andB. hypogynum Kumano et Ratnasabapathy

The development of the carposporophytes ofBatrachospermum cayennense, B. beraense andB. hypogynum is observed. The carpogonium bearing branch ofB. cayennense is very long and its cells are differentiated from those of the vegetative fascicles in size and shape. The trichogyne nucleus ofB. cayennense andB. beraense is not recognized. In the above two species it is observed that after contact with the trichogyne the nucleus of the spermatium divides into two daughter nuclei, one of which fuses with the female nucleus, while the other remains in the trichogyne. InB. beraense the fertilized carpogonium is divided transversely and the gonimoblast filaments are produced from the divided carpogonium. The protoplasmic connection between the carpogonium and the hypogynous nutritive cell is especially pronounced inB. hypogynum. Carpospores ofB. hypogynum germinate within the carposporangia and young germlings often throw away original carpospores, hence these young germlings look like gemmae.     

Studies on the Development of the Reproductive Organs of Caloglossa leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag.

The cell of Caloglossa leprieurli is a polycaryon. The sexual thalli are usually dioecious. Its life cycle involves the alternation of three generations. In the reproductive season, the appearance of tetrasporophyte and female and male gametophyte shows evident difference. The tetrasporophyte is big and flat. The branches are sparse. Many small red spots, i.e. tetrasporogial groups, can be seen with the naked eyes in the upper part of the branch. The terminal part of the female gametophyte is a little twisted with thick branches. The cystocarps are spherical and most of them are located in ventral side of the upper branch points. The male gametophyte is smaller with less branches. Its terminal part is a little twisted with pale colour. The pit connections of the vegetative cells of every thallus are all well developed. The carpogonial branch consists of four cells. Generally, it is formed by the division of the pericentral cell. After fertilization of the carpogonium, an auxiliary cell is formed by the division of supporting cell. Usually five to seven, even more than ten young procarps can be formed at the apical part of the reproductive branch. The procarps often occur on consecutive segments of pericentral ceils. But among most of them only a carpogonium is fertilized and developes into cystocarp. When a carpogonium is fertilized, the other one on this branch usually cease further development. The spermatangia are formed on the lateral wing cells of both sides of the upper part midrib of a reproductive branch and distributed on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. A vegetative cell is divided into three cells in parallel to the surface of the thallus. The cortical cells under the two outer surfaces forms three to four permatangial mother cells. Each spermatangial mother cell divides into two to four spermatangia. After the sperm dispersal of the mature spermatangia, the spermatangial mother cells are still retained on both sides of the middle discoid cells.     

Ultrastructure of carpogonia and carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum helminthosum and Batrachospermum involution (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)

The carpogonial branches of Batrachospermum involutum of section Batrachospermum are similar in ultrastructure to nearby fascicles, having uninucleate cells with abundant starch granules and several peripheral, well-developed chloropiasts (up to 10 μm long). In contrast, the short carpogonial branch cells of Batrachospermum helminthosum (section Virescentia) have no visible starch and chloropiasts are reduced in size (up to 2 μm long) with few thylakoids. The breakdown of cross walls among cells of the carpogonial branch is also common in B. helminthosum but does not occur in B. involutum. As a result of cross wall breakdown in the former species, 2-7 nuclei can occur in a continuous cytoplasm. Trichogynes in both species contain scattered mitochondria, vesicles/small vacuoles, osmiophilic globules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and small chloropiasts. Polylamellate structures also occur in the trichogyne in B. involution. The carpogonial base was fully observed only in B. involutum and it contains a prominent nucleus, ER, chloropiasts and a pit plug connecting it to the subtending carpogonial branch cell. Partial observations of carpogonial branches and carpogonia were made on four other members of the family Batrachospermaceae.     

MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AHNFELTIA PLICATA (RHODOPHYTA): PROPOSAL OF AHNFELTIALES ORD. NOV.1

Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries, the type species of Ahnfeltia Fries, is currently assigned to the Phyllophoraceae (Gigartinales). Several morphological and biochemical characters distance A. plicata from the Phyllophoraceae but, because sexual reproduction has never been demonstrated, an alternative placement has not been possible. A. plicata now is shown to have a heteromorphic sexual life history. Erect branched gametophytes are dioecious. In male sori, spermatangia are cut off transversely from spermatangial mother cells. Female sori form numerous terminal sessile carpogonia. Following fertilization, several zygotes in each sorus fuse facultatively with undifferentiated intercalary cells of the female sorus and cut off gonimoblast initials obliquely outwards. These initials give rise to branching gonimoblast filaments that fuse with apical and intercalary female sorus cells and with each other, then grow radially outward in the compound external carposporophyte and terminate in carposporangia. Carpospores develop in culture into crustose tetrasporophytes identical to Porphyrodiscus simulans Batters. Field-collected P. simulans tetraspores grew into erect A. plicata axes. Tetrasporangia are formed by division and enlargement of crust apical cells followed by sequential enlargement and maturation of tetrasporocytes in an erosive process. Monosporangia are formed in sori on male gametophytes. Pit plugs of both gametophyte and tetrasporophyte phases consist of naked plug cores without cap layers of membranes. Gametophytes exhibit both cell fusions and secondary pit connections whereas tetrasporophytes form cell fusions but lack secondary pit connections. On the basis of the unique female and postfertilization reproductive development and in conjunction with the pit plug structure which is unique among florideophytes, the order Ahnfeltiales, containing the family Ahnfeltiaceae, is proposed.     

A re-examination of the morphology and reproduction of Nothocladus lindaueri (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)

The vegetative morphology and reproduction of the freshwater rhodophyte Nothocladus lindaueri Skuja [=Batrachospermum lindaueri (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle] were examined by light and electron microscopy. It was confirmed that this alga has a typical batrachospermalean pit plug with two cap layers, the outer one of which is domed. During elongation of hair cells, the primary wall is broken, forming a basal collar. Hair cells have a single nucleus and abundant Golgi bodies, en-doplasmic reticula (ER) and vesicles. Dividing apical cells of the fascicles have a nucleus with art adjacent zone of exclusion, the latter containing a single polar ring. Branched trichogynes and fertilized carpogonia are shown for the first time in this species. Carpogonial branch and involucral cells contain a prominent axial nucleus, proplastids, ER and vesicles. The pit plugs disintegrate among these cells leaving open pit connections. Carpogonia have plentiful mitochondria and vesicles. The wall at the trichogyne apex is thickened and densely stained. The carposporophyte centre consists of a mass of fusion cells with open pit connections, and indeterminate gonimoblast filaments arise from this mass. The combination of a symmetrical carpogonial base, a carposporophyte centre consisting of a mass of fusion cells, and exclusively indeterminate gonimoblast filaments appears to be unique among the members of the Batrachospermaceae. The specimen of N. lindaueri contains epiphytic filaments of Audouinella meiospora producing both spermatangia and monosporangia. Spermatium formation in N. lindaueri remains unknown.     

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMIC STATUS OF GRACILARIOPSIS (GRACILARIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

The vegetative organization and reproductive development of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Foldvik [including Gracilaria sjoestedtii Kylin] were investigated. Our observations on spermatangial development and post-fertilization features establish that Gracilariopsis Dawson is distinct at the generic level from Gracilaria Greville, and ice propose the resurrection of Gracilariopsis Dawson as a result. Spermatangial parent cells of Gracilariopsis are superficial, initiated in pairs or groups of three by concavo-convex longitudinal and transverse divisions. Each spermatangial parent cell cuts off a single, colorless spermatangium distally by a transverse division. The female reproductive apparatus consists of a supporting cell that bears a two-celled carpogonial branch flanked by two sterile branches, as in Gracilaria. Likewise, up to six sterile cells fuse with the carpogonium after fertilization to produce a primary fusion cell that generates the gonimoblasts; however, a secondary fusion cell is absent. Inner gonimoblast cells unite with cytologically modified cells of the inner pericarp by means of secondary pit-connections. Tubular nutritive cells are absent. The gonimoblast consists of a central sterile tissue interconnected throughout by secondary pit-connections surmounted by a fertile layer composed of carposporangia aligned in straight chains. The distribution of Gracilariopsis is extended to Western Europe.     

A phylogenetic re‐appraisal of the family Liagoraceae sensu lato (Nemaliales,Rhodophyta) based on sequence analyses of two plastid genes and postfertilization development

The marine red algal family Liagoraceae sensu lato is shown to be polyphyletic based on analyses of a combined rbcL and psaA data set and the pattern of carposporophyte development. Fifteen of eighteen genera analyzed formed a monophyletic lineage that included the genus Liagora. Nemalion did not cluster with Liagoraceae sensu stricto, and Nemaliaceae is reinstated, characterized morphologically by the formation of the primary gonimolobes by longitudinal divisions of the gonimoblast initial. Yamadaella and Liagoropsis, previously placed in the Dermonemataceae, are shown to be independent lineages and are recognized as two new families Yamadaellaceae and Liagoropsidaceae. Yamadaellaceae is characterized by two gonimoblast initials cut off bilaterally from the fertilized carpogonium and diffusely spreading gonimoblast filaments. Liagoropsidaceae is characterized by at least three gonimoblast initials cut off by longitudinal septa from the fertilized carpogonium. In contrast, Liagoraceae sensu stricto is characterized by a single gonimoblast initial cut off transversely or diagonally from the fertilized carpogonium. Reproductive features, such as diffuse gonimoblasts and unfused carpogonial branches following postfertilization, appear to have evolved on more than one occasion in the Nemaliales and are therefore not taxonomically diagnostic at the family level, although they may be useful in recognizing genera.     

REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARASITIC RED ALGA GARDNERIELLA TUBERIFERA (SOLIERIACEAE,GIGARTINALES)1

Examination of the reproductive morphology of the adelphoparasitic red alga Gardneriella tuberifera Kylin reveals that this monotypic genus is correctly placed in the family Solieriaceae (Gigartinales), to which its host Agardhiella gaudichaudii (Montagne) Silva et Papenfuss also belongs. Gardneriella is multiaxial, nonprocarpic and has an inwardly directed, three-celled carpogonial branch. The large, reniform uninucleate auxiliary cell is distinct prior to and after fertilization. It is diploidized by an unbranched, multicellular connecting filament which lacks pit connections. One or two connecting filaments arise from each fertilized carpogonium. From the diploidized auxiliary cell, the gonimoblast initial is cut off obliquely toward the interior of the thallus. The cells of the gonimoblast fuse with adjacent unpigmented vegetative cells of Gardneriella and pigmented cells of the host. These cells become incorporated into the developing cystocarp and, from those of Gardneriella, additional short chains of gonimoblast cells arise. The mature cystocarp is placentate, radiately lobed, and lacks a surrounding involucre. Carposporangia are borne in short chains and the unpigmented carpospores are released upon the dissolution of outer vegetative cells. No ostiole is present. Gardneriella appears to be most closely related to the placentate solieriacean genera Agardhiella, Sarcodiotheca, and Meristiella and therefore this genus should be placed in the tribe recently erected for these taxa, the Agardhielleae.     

鹧鸪菜生殖器官发育的研究

鹧鸪菜[Caloglossa leprieurii(Mont)J.Ag.]细胞含多核。在生殖季节,孢子体、雌、雄配子体在外形上有明显的差异:四分孢子体大而平展,分枝的上部肉眼可见有红色小斑点,即为四分孢子囊群。雌配子体顶部略蜷曲,分枝密,囊果呈球状,多位于分枝上部分枝点的腹面。雄配子体个体较小,枝顶蜷曲,颜色淡,特别生有精子囊的部分更淡。每种藻体的营养细胞的纹孔连结非常发达,每个细胞都具有4-5条,多者达7-8条。果胞枝由四个细胞组成,一般由围轴细胞分裂形成,果胞受精后,由支持细胞分裂形成辅助细胞,一个生育小枝上,可以连续形成5-7个甚至10个以上幼果胞系,但多数仅有一个果胞受精发育成囊果。当一个果胞受精时,其他果胞系就停止发育。精于囊位于分枝上部中肋的两侧,背腹面均有分布。一个营养细胞沿着叶面平行方向平周分裂成三个细胞,在两个外侧细胞各形成3-4个精子囊母细胞,每个精子囊母细胞斜壁分裂产生2-4个精子囊,放散后,余下的精子囊母细胞仍留在中间盘状细胞上。     

Ultrastructure of post-fertilization development in the red alga Scinaia articulata (Galaxauraceae,Nemaliales, Rhodophyta)

The ultrastructure of the carposporophyte and carposporogenesis is described for the red alga Scinaia articulata Setch. After fertilization, the trichogyne disappears, and the pericarp develops to form a thick protective tissue that surrounds the carposporophyte. The hypogynous cell cuts off both one-celled and two-celled sterile branches. Patches of chromatin are frequently observed in evaginations of the nuclear envelope, which appear to produce vesicles in the cytoplasm of the cell of the sterile branch. Large gonimoblast lobes extend from the carpogonium and cleave to form gonimoblast initials. Subsequently, a fusion cell is formed from fusions of the carpogonium, the hypogynous cell and the basal cell of the carpogonial branch. The mature carposporophyte comprises the fusion cell that is connected to the sterile branch cells, gonimoblast cells and carpospores and is surrounded by extensive mucilage. Young carpospores possess a large nucleus and proplastids with a peripheral thylakoid, but they have few dictyosomes and starch granules and are indistinguishable from gonimoblast cells. Subsequently, dictyosomes are formed, which produce vesicles with an electron-dense granule, which indicates an initiation of wall deposition. Thylakoid formation coincides with incipient starch granule deposition. The nuclear envelope produces fibrous vacuoles and concentric membrane bodies. Carpospores are interconnected by pit connections with two cap layers. Dictyosome activity increases, resulting in the production of vesicles, which either continue to deposit wall material or coalesce to form fibrous vacuoles. The final stage of carposporogenesis is characterized by the massive production of cored vesicles from curved dictyosomes. Mature carpospores are uninucleate and contain fully developed chloroplasts, numerous cored vesicles, numerous starch granules and fibrous vacuoles. The mature carpospore is surrounded by a wall layer and a separating layer, but a carposporangial wall is lacking.     

A NEW METHOD OF CYSTOCARP DEVELOPMENT IN THE RED ALGAL GENUS CALLOPHYLLIS (KALLYMENIACEAE) FROM CHILE1

Traditional studies suggest that the Kallymeniaceae can be divided into two major groups, a nonprocarpic Kallymenia group, in which carposporophyte formation involves an auxiliary cell branch system separate from the carpogonial branch system, and a procarpic Callophyllis group, in which the carpogonial branch system gives rise to the carposporophyte directly after fertilization. Based on our phylogenetic studies and unpublished observations, the two groups each contain both procarpic and nonprocarpic genera. Here, we describe a new method of reproductive development in Callophyllis concepcionensis Arakaki, Alveal et Ramírez from Chile. The carpogonial branch system consists of a supporting cell bearing both a three‐celled carpogonial branch with trichogyne and two‐lobed “subsidiary” cells. After fertilization, large numbers of secondary subcortical and medullary cells are produced. Lobes of the carpogonial branch system cut off connecting cells containing enlarged, presumably diploid nuclei that fuse with these secondary vegetative cells and deposit their nuclei. Derivative enlarged nuclei are transferred from one vegetative cell to another, which ultimately cut off gonimoblast initials that form filaments that surround the central primary medullary cells and produce carposporangia. The repeated involvement of vegetative cells in gonimoblast formation is a new observation, not only in Callophyllis, but in red algae generally. These results call for a revised classification of the Kallymeniaceae based on new morphological and molecular studies.     

Studies of the Liagoraceae (rhodophyta) of Western Australia: Gloiotrichus fractalis gen. et sp. nov. and Ganonema helminthaxis sp. nov.

Two new taxa of Liagoraceae (Nemaliales) are described from Western Australia. Gloiotrichus fractalis gen. et sp. nov. has been collected from 3–20 m depths at the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Plants are calcified, extremely lubricous, and grow to 17 cm in length. Carpogonial branches are straight, 6 or 7 cells in length, arise from the basal or lower cells of cortical fascicles, and are occasionally compound. Branched sterile filaments of narrow elongate cells arise on the lower cells of the carpogonial branch prior to gonimoblast initiation, at first on the basal cells, then on progressively more distal cells. Following presumed fertilisation the carpogonium divides transversely, with both cells giving rise to gonimoblast filaments. The distal cells of the carpogonial branch then begin to fuse, with fusion progressing proximally until most of the cells of the carpogonial branch are included. As fusion extends, the filaments on the carpogonial branch are reduced to the basal 2 or 3 cells. The gonimoblast is compact and bears terminal carposporangia. Spermatangial clusters arise on subterminal cells of the cortex, eventually displacing the terminal cells. The sequence of pre- and post-fertilisation events occurring in the new genus separates it from all others included in the Liagoraceae, although it appears to have close affinities with the uncalcified genus Nemalion. Ganonema helminthaxis sp. nov. was collected from 12 m depths at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Plants are uncalcified and mucilaginous, the axes consisting of a few (< 10) primary medullary filaments, each cell of which gives rise to a cortical fascicle at alternate forks of the pseudodichotomies borne on successive medullary cells. Subsidiary (adventitious) filaments and rhizoids comprise the bulk of the thallus. Carpogonial branches are straight, (3-)4(-6) cells in length, arise on the basal 1–4 cells of the cortical fascicles, and are frequently compound. Carposporophytes develop from the upper of two daughter cells formed by a transverse division of the fertilised carpogonium. Ascending and descending sterile filaments girdle the carpogonial branch cells and arise mostly on the supporting cell prior to fertilisation. Ganonema helminthaxis is the first completely non-calcified member of the genus, and its reproductive and vegetative morphology supports the recognition of Ganonema as a genus independent from Liagora. Liagora codii Womersley is a southern Australian species displaying features of Ganonema, to which it is transferred.     

REGENERATION AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF GRIFFITHSIA JAPONICA (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA) THROUGH SOMATIC CELL FUSION1

Hybrid cells were obtained from somatic cell fusion among male, female, and tetrasporangial plants in Griffithsia japonica Okamura by a wound-healing process. Isolated fusion cells regenerated new mature plants with mixed reproductive structures. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and female plants developed into 1) spermatangiate, 2) carpogonial, 3) bisexual with spermatangia and carpogonial branches, 4) mixed-phase with spermatangia and tetrasporangia, or 5) bisexual/mixed-phase plants with spermatangia, carpogonial branches, and tetrasporangia. About 70% of the plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and female plants produced tetrasporangia that were always formed with spermatangia on a single cell. Some of those tetrasporangia released tetraspores, six of which gave rise to mature plants. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between male and tetrasporangial plants developed into spermatangiate, tetrasporangiate, or mixed-phase plants with spermatangia and tetrasporangia. The plants regenerated from hybrid cells between female and tetrasporangial plants developed into carpogonial, tetrasporangiate, or mixed-phase plants with carpogonial branches and tetrasporangia. All types of reproductive structures we re functional.     

STUDIES IN SOME FOLIOSE RED ALGAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST. III. DUMONTIACEAE,WEEKSIACEAE, KALLYMENIACEAE1

The female reproductive structures and their development, and the vegetative structure are studied in 17 species of red algae in the Cryptonemiales (Rhodophyceae). Three genera, Weeksia, Constantinea, and the type species of Leptocladia, are removed from the Dumontiaceae to a newly created family, the Weeksiaceae, because of differing postfertilization events leading to the development of the gonimoblast from a cell of the carpogonial branch. Three genera of Dumontiaceae are studied: Pikea, including P. californica, the type species, and Pikea robusta a newly described species; Dilsea californica, and a newly described species of Neodilsea, a genus heretofore known only from the northwestern Pacific. Two transfers are made from the genus Leptocladia, 1 to Farlowia, as F. conferta, and 1 to Rhodophyllis (Gigartinales) as R. peruviana. Three species in the Kallymeniaceae are redescribed: Kallymenia pacifica, a rare and nearly unknown species from southern California and adjacent Pacific Mexico; K. norrisii from central California; and K. oblongifructa from Washington, Oregon, and northern California.     

娘子关泉胶串珠藻生长和分布的季节动态

1992年9月至1994年6月间,对分布于山西娘子关泉的胶串珠藻(Batrachospermum gelatinosum)生长和分布的季节动态进行了研究．定期测定水温、pH值、流速、藻体出现频度、平均盖度和藻体的一些形态特征．结果表明,娘子关泉域水体温度、水体的pH值和流速季节变化幅度都不大;藻体出现频度和盖度有明显的季节性变化,从秋季到次年的春季逐渐增加,生长最旺盛的时期在5月;藻体生长发育有明显的季节性变化规律,在晚秋到早夏生长良好,在春末夏初生长达到高峰,而且藻体各部分的生长和发育基本上同步．