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1.
Nitrite accumulates during biological denitrification processes when carbon sources are insufficient. Acetate, methanol, and
ethanol were investigated as supplementary carbon sources in the nitrite denitrification process using biogranules. Without
supplementary external electron donors (control), the biogranules degraded 200 mg l−1 nitrite at a rate of 0.27 mg NO2–N g−1 VSS h−1. Notably, 1,500 mg l−1 acetate and 700 mg l−1 methanol or ethanol enhanced denitrification rates for 200 mg l−1 nitrite at 2.07, 1.20, and 1.60 mg NO2–N g−1 VSS h−1, respectively; these rates were significantly higher than that of the control. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis of the nitrite reductase (NiR) enzyme identified three prominent bands with molecular weights of 37–41 kDa.
A linear correlation existed between incremental denitrification rates and incremental activity of the NiR enzyme. The NiR
enzyme activity was enhanced by the supplementary carbon sources, thereby increasing the nitrite denitrification rate. The
capacity of supplementary carbon source on enhancing NiR enzyme activity follows: methanol > acetate > ethanol on molar basis
or acetate > ethanol > methanol on an added weight basis. 相似文献
2.
Joshua Otieno Ogweno Wen Hai Hu Xing Shun Song Kai Shi Wei Hua Mao Yan Hong Zhou Jing Quan Yu 《Plant Growth Regulation》2010,60(3):175-182
Detached leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) experienced photoinhibition associated with sharp reductions in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), quantum efficiency of
PSII (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching (qP) even though they were exposed to mild light intensity (400 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD) at 28°C. Photoinhibition and the reduction in Pn, ΦPSII and qP, however, were significantly alleviated by 1 mg l−1 ABA, 0.1 mg l−1
N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) and 0.01 mg l−1 24-epibrassinolide (EBR). Higher concentrations, however, reduced the effects or even exacerbated the occurrence of photoinhibition.
Superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in leaves increased with the increases in ABA concentration within
1–100 mg l−1, CPPU concentration within 0.1–10 mg l−1 and EBR concentration within 0.01–1.0 mg l−1. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activity also increased with the increase in EBR concentration but CPPU and ABA treatments
at higher concentrations caused a decrease. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased with the increase in CPPU concentration.
ABA and EBR, however, decreased MDA concentration only at 1 and 0.01 mg l−1, respectively. In conclusion, detached leaves had increased sensitivity to PSII photoinhibition. Photoinhibition-induced
decrease in photosynthesis, however, was significantly alleviated by EBR, CPPU and ABA at a proper concentration. 相似文献
3.
The cell cultures of Cayratia trifolia (Vitaceae) a tropical lianas, were maintained in Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 0.25 mg l−1 naphthalene acetic acid, 0.2 mg l−1 kinetin and 250 mg l−1 casein hydrolysate. Cell suspension cultures of C. trifolia accumulate stilbenes (piceid, resveratrol, viniferin, ampelopsin) which on addition of 0.1–0.5 mg l−1 morphactin in the medium containing naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin declined. Morphactin or 2 isopentenyl adenine alone
at 0.1 mg l−1 concentration enhanced stilbenes which on combination markedly enhanced the yield to ~5 mg l−1 at 15th day. 相似文献
4.
Behzad Ahmadi Khoshnood Alizadeh Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,109(3):525-533
The effects of three periods of incubation (10, 20 and 30 min) at different levels of bleomycin (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and
0.5 μg ml−1), as well as three periods of exposure (12, 24 and 48 h) to different levels of the anti-auxin p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), including 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l−1, on microspore embryogenesis of rapeseed cv. ‘Amica’ were investigated. Microspore embryogenesis was significantly enhanced
following 20 min treatment with 0.2 μg ml−1 bleomycin compared with untreated cultures. Highest embryo yield (163 embryos Petri dish−1) was observed with 24 h treatment of 4 mg l−1 PCIB. The highest percentage of secondary embryogenesis was observed on B5 medium containing 0.15 mg l−1 of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.2 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) in 4–6 mm microspore-derived embryos (MDEs). Most callus formed on B5 medium containing 0.15 mg l−1 GA3, 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 0.1 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when 4–6 mm embryos were used. Regeneration was highest on B5 medium containing 0.05 mg l−1 GA3 or 0.1 mg l−1 BA and 0.2 mg l−1 IAA with 2–4 mm embryos. Microspore embryogenesis and plant regeneration could be improved by both bleomycin and PCIB when
the appropriate MDE length and phytohormone level were selected. 相似文献
5.
Saba Ambreen Memon Xilin Hou Bo Zhu Joseph N. Wolukau 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(6):1191-1196
The objective of the present work was selection of cultivar and suitable medium for regenerating shoots from leaf segments
of non-heading Chinese cabbage. We evaluated six types of supplemented media with 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg l−1 6-BA; 1.0 and 2.0 mg l−1 TDZ; 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 mg l−1NAA; 3.0, 5.0 and 7.5 mg l−1AgNO3; 0.01 mg l−1 2–4, D and 4.0 mg l−1 KT for shoot regeneration and six cultivars “Sanchidaye”, “Liuchuandasuomian”, “Qingyou 4”, “Liangbaiye”, “AiKang 5” and
“Hanxiao F3”, furthermore for root formation three types of supplemented media with 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, and for survival rate two types of base media: turf + vermiculite + manure (1:2:0.2) and soil + vermiculite (1:2). Culturing
leaf segments on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg l−1 TDZ; 0.5 mg l−1 NAA and 7.5 mg l−1 AgNO3 gave the highest number of shoots per leaf segment (66) while roots were best formed on the medium supplemented with 0.2 mg l−1 NAA. Survival rate was highest (61.6%) in the turf: vermiculite: manure (1:2:0.2) medium. The highest percentage of responding
leaf segments, number of shoots per leaf segment, rooting percentage and survival rate were observed in “Liuchuandasuomian”.
The plantlets were transferred to the soil and grown into mature plants in pots. These results could be used for preliminary
selections of cultivars to transfer disease resistance (Bt) gene through agrobacterium in non-heading Chinese cabbage. 相似文献
6.
N. Irvani M. Solouki M. Omidi A. R. Zare S. Shahnazi 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,100(3):293-299
Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. (Apiaceae), a native medicinal plant in Iran, is classified as a vulnerable species. Root, hypocotyl, and cotyledon
segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) medium supplemented with either 2,4-dichlorophenyoxyacetic acid
(2,4-D) or naphathalene acetic acid (NAA), at 0–2 mg l−1, alone or in combination with either benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (KN), at 0–2 mg l−1 for callus induction. The best response (100%) was observed from root segments on MS medium containing 1 mg l−1 NAA and 2 mg l−1 BA. The calli derived from various explants were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with BA (1–4 mg l−1) alone or in combination with NAA or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), at 0.2 or 0.5 mg l−1 for shoot induction. Calli derived from hypocotyl segments showed significantly higher frequency of plantlet regeneration
and number of plantlets than the calli derived from root and cotyledon segments. Therefore, MS medium supplemented with 2 mg l−1 BA and 0.2 mg l−1 IBA produced the highest frequency of shoot regeneration (87.3%) in hypocotyl-derived callus. The optimal medium for rooting
contained 2.5 mg l−1 IBA on which 87.03% of the regenerated shoots developed roots with an average number of 5.2 roots per shoots within 30 days.
These plantlets were hardened and transferred to the soil. The described method can be successfully employed for the large-scale
multiplication and conservation of germplasm this plant. 相似文献
7.
Xueping Shi Xigang Dai Guofeng Liu Junwei Zhang Guogui Ning Manzhu Bao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(2):117-125
An efficient protocol for secondary somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree is reported. Secondary somatic embryos (SSEs), initially
obtained from the primary embryos of a nascent embryogenic culture in 2002, were proliferated and maintained for more than
4 yr via cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis. Throughout this period, the embryo populations retained a high level of competence
for plant regeneration. SSEs were produced on the surfaces of the cotyledons and radicular ends of maternal somatic embryos
(MSEs). Histological observations of the various stages of secondary embryo development revealed four typical stages, namely,
globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary. The process of secondary embryogenesis continued in a cyclic way, with
each newly formed embryo producing a subsequent generation of secondary embryos. In order to progress developmentally beyond
proliferation cycles, cotyledonary embryos from one of embryogenic lines (L14) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
with 0.1–3.0 mg l−1 abscisic acid (ABA) or 0.05–1.0 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) in darkness for 2 mo to achieve maturation. Matured embryos were then transferred to MS-based germination
medium containing either 0.1 mg l−1 TDZ, 0.2 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or 0.1 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.2 mg l−1 IBA and were cultured in light for germination. Over 50% of embryos matured in the presence of 0.5 mg l−1 ABA were able to germinate with shoots and poor root system. Frequencies of embryos germinating normal shoots among different
genotypes did not change significantly. A total of 93% of the shoots from the germinated embryos converted to plantlets on
half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg l−1 IBA by 3 wk. Plantlets acclimatized successfully to ex vitro conditions and developed as field-grown plants with normal appearance. 相似文献
8.
Abhinav Grover Jayashankar S. Yadav Ranjita Biswas Choppakatla S. S. Pavan Punita Mishra Virendra S. Bisaria Durai Sundar 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2012,108(2):323-331
Cell suspension cultures of Camellia sinensis were established in 250 ml shake flasks. Flasks contained 50 ml liquid medium of either Murashige and Skoog (MS), N/5 MS
or Heller medium containing different levels of 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.05–2 mg l−1), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1–10 mg l−1), and sucrose (10–50 g l−1). Moreover, the pH of the medium was varied from 5.2–6.2. In addition, cultures were subjected to light irradiation as well
as to complete darkness. Following optimization of aroma and terpenoid extraction methods, cell cultures were analyzed for
the volatile compounds using GC/MS. A total of 43 compounds were identified using the micro SDE apparatus. Among the major
monoterpenoids obtained were α-terpineol and nerol. Moreover, other high aroma-value compounds, including 2-ethyl hexanol,
benzyl alcohol, benzene acetaldehyde, nonanal and phenylethylalcohol were also detected. The highest levels of these compounds
were obtained from cell suspension cultures grown in MS medium containing 5 mg l−1 2,4-D, 1 mg l−1 BA and 30 g l−1 sucrose at pH of 5.8 with incubation in complete darkness. 相似文献
9.
10.
Jatropha curcas L. (Physic nut) is a commercially important non-edible oil seed crop known for its use as an alternate source of biodiesel.
In order to investigate the morphogenic potential of immature embryo, explants from four developmental stages were cultured
on medium supplemented with combinations of auxins and cytokinins. It was found that the size of embryo is critical for the
establishment of callus. Immature embryos (1.1–1.5 cm) obtained from the fruits 6 weeks after pollination showed a good response
of morphogenic callus induction (85.7%) and subsequent plant regeneration (70%) with the maximum number of plantlets (4.7/explant)
on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with IBA (0.5 mg l−1) and BA (1.0 mg l−1). The above medium when supplemented with growth adjuvants such as 100 mg l−1 casein hydrolysate + 200 mg l−1
l-glutamine + 8.0 mg l−1 CuSO4 resulted in an even higher frequency of callus induction (100%). Plant regeneration (90%) with the maximum number of plantlets
(10/explant) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 500 mg l−1 polyvinyl pyrrolidone + 30 mg l−1 citric acid + 1 mg l−1 BA + 0.5 mg l−1 Kn + 0.25 mg l−1 IBA. It was observed that plantlet regeneration could occur either through organogenesis of morphogenic callus or via multiplication
of pre-existing meristem in immature embryos. The age of immature embryos and addition of a combination of growth adjuvants
to the culture medium appear to be critical for obtaining high regeneration rates. Well-developed shoots rooted on half-strength
MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 IBA and 342 mg l−1 trehalose. The rooted plants after acclimatization were successfully transferred to the field in different agro-climatic
zones in India. This protocol has been successfully evaluated on five elite lines of J. curcas. 相似文献
11.
Xi-Hua Cui Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy Chun-Hua Wu Kee-Yoeup Paek 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(5):437-444
The present study investigated the effect of nitrogen source (NH4+; NO3−) at different concentrations on the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Cultures were initiated in shake flasks by using half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with B5 vitamins, 1.0 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid, 0.1 mg l−1 kinetin, 3% (w/v) sucrose, and different ratios of ammonium and nitrate (0:30, 5:25, 10:20, 15:15, 20:10, 25:5, and 30:0 mM, using NH4Cl and KNO3). The cultures were maintained in darkness. The medium supplemented with 5:25 (mM) NH4+/NO3− resulted in the optimum accumulation of biomass and total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant potential of a methanolic
extract, measured as the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical
scavenging activities, of H. perforatum adventitious roots showed that antioxidant activity was high from root extracts that were grown on higher concentrations
of NO3− nitrogen (15, 20, and 25 mM). Further, assessment of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde content of the root extracts revealed that cultures supplemented with higher levels of NO3− nitrogen (15–30 mM) were under oxidative stress, which boosted the levels of secondary metabolites in the adventitious roots.
These results suggest that optimal adventitious root biomass could be achieved with the supplementation of cultures with 5:25
ratios of MS nitrogen sources. 相似文献
12.
Hunter WJ 《Current microbiology》2006,53(3):244-248
Vegetable oil–based permeable reactive biobarriers (PRBs) were evaluated as a method for remediating groundwater containing
unacceptable amounts of selenate. PRBs formed by packing laboratory columns with sand coated with soybean oil were used. In
an initial 24-week study a simulated groundwater containing 10 mg L−1 selenate-Se was supplied to three soil columns and the selenate and selenite content of the effluent waters monitored. Two
of the soil columns were effective at removing selenate and, during the final 21 weeks of the study, effluents from these
columns contained almost no selenate or selenite. Almost all (95%) of the selenate removed was recovered as immobilized selenium
sequestered in the solid matrix of the column. For unknown reasons, the third column failed to reduce selenate. A second study
looked at the ability of PRBs to remove selenate when nitrate was present. As was done in the first study, three columns were
evaluated but this time the water supplied to the columns contained 20 mg L−1 nitrate-N and 10 mg L−1 selenate-Se. Nitrate quickly disappeared from the effluents of these columns and during the final 23 weeks of the study,
the nitrate content of the effluent water averaged less than 0.03 μg ml−1 nitrate-N. Selenate was also removed by these columns but at a slower rate than observed with nitrate. In the final 6 weeks
of the study, about 95% of the selenate applied to the columns was removed. In situ PRBs containing soybean oil might be used
to remediate groundwater contaminated with both selenate and nitrate. 相似文献
13.
Kusampudi Shilpa Chinnasamy Selvakkumar Arun Kumar Senthil Baddireddi Subhadra Lakshmi 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,101(1):105-109
Young leaf explants of Ocimum sanctum L. incubated on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg l−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.2 mg l−1 kinetin (Kn) developed rhizogenic callus. When these were subcultured onto MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l−1 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, friable rhizogenic callus was observed. Upon transfer of this friable callus onto liquid MS medium containing 4 mg l−1 NAA and 1.3 mg l−1 6-benzyladnine (BA) under continuous agitation at 90 rpm and 16 h photoperiod, roots with an optimum dry weight of 1,460 mg l−1 were obtained. An ethyl acetate extract of these roots exhibited 1, 1–diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging
activity. 相似文献
14.
Ethrel treatment enhanced isoflavonoids accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Pueraria tuberosa, a woody legume 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The cell cultures of Pueraria tuberosa, a perennial leguminous lianas, were maintained in modified MS medium (KNO3 475 mg l−1, thiamine 1 mg l−1, biotin 1 mg l−1, calcium pantothenate 1 mg l−1) containing 0.1 mg l−1 2,4,5-trichloroacetic acid and 0.1 mg l−1 kinetin. Isoflavonoids (puerarin, genistin, daidzein, genistein) accumulation in cell suspension cultures was increased by
14-fold to ~12 mg l−1 after 48 h of adding 100 μM ethrel. Ethrel inhibitors (silver nitrate and silver thiosulfate) completely inhibited this effect
in the presence of ethrel and isoflavonoids were not detected in the spent medium. The increase was dose dependent and can
be explored to trigger high yield of isoflavonoids production. 相似文献
15.
The Ferrous Wheel Hypothesis (Davidson et al. 2003) postulates the abiotic formation of dissolved organic N (DON) in forest floors, by the fast reaction of NO2
− with dissolved organic C (DOC). We investigated the abiotic reaction of NO2
− with dissolved organic matter extracted from six different forest floors under oxic conditions. Solutions differed in DOC
concentrations (15–60 mg L−1), NO2
− concentrations (0, 2, 20 mg NO2
−-N L−1) and DOC/DON ratio (13.4–25.4). Concentrations of added NO2
− never decreased within 60 min, therefore, no DON formation from added NO2
− took place in any of the samples. Our results suggest that the reaction of NO2
− with natural DOC in forest floors is rather unlikely. 相似文献
16.
Root segments from seedlings of Panax ginseng produced adventitious roots directly when cultured on 1/2 MS solid medium lacking NH4NO3 and containing 3.0 mg l−1 IBA. Using this adventitious root formation, we developed rapid and efficient transgenic root formation directly from adventitious
root segments in P. ginseng. Root segments were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (GV3101) caring β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Putative transgenic adventitious roots were formed directly from root segments on medium with 400 mg l−1 cefotaxime and 50 mg l−1 kanamycin. Kanamycin resistant adventitious roots were selected and proliferated as individual lines by subculturing on medium
with 300 mg l−1 cefotaxime and 50 mg l−1 kanamycin at two weeks subculture interval. Frequency of transient and stable expression of GUS gene was enhanced by acetosyringon (50 mg l−1) treatment. Integration of transgene into the plants was confirmed by the X-gluc reaction, PCR and Southern analysis. Production
of transgenic plants was achieved via somatic embryogenesis from the embryogenic callus derived from independent lines of
adventitious roots. The protocol for rapid induction of transgenic adventitious roots directly from adventitious roots can
be applied for a new Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol in P. ginseng. 相似文献
17.
Bilal Haider Abbasi Mubarak Ali Khan Tariq Mahmood Mushtaq Ahmad Muhammad Fayyaz Chaudhary Mir Ajab Khan 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2010,101(3):371-376
The morphogenic potential and free-radical scavenging activity of the medicinal plant, Silybum marianum L. (milk thistle) were investigated. Callus development and shoot organogenesis were induced from leaf explants of wild-grown
plants incubated on media supplemented with different plant growth regulators (PGRs). The highest frequency of callus induction
was observed on explants incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) after 20 days of culture. Subsequent transfer of callogenic explants onto MS medium supplemented with
2.0 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1.0 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in 25.5 ± 2.0 shoots per culture flask after 30 days following culture. Moreover,
when shoots were transferred to an elongation medium, the longest shoots were observed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 BA and 1.0 mg l−1 NAA, and these shoots were rooted on a PGR-free MS basal medium. Assay of antioxidant activity of in vitro and in vivo grown
tissues revealed that significantly higher antioxidant activity was observed in callus than all other regenerated tissues
and wild-grown plants. 相似文献
18.
Chavan SP Lokhande VH Nitnaware KM Nikam TD 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2011,89(6):1701-1707
The present study examined the effects of plant growth hormones, incubation period, biotic (Trametes versicolor, Mucor sp., Penicillium notatum, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusarium oxysporum) and abiotic (NaCl, MgSO4, FeSO4, ZnSO4, and FeCl3) elicitors on cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment (red and yellow) productions in Carthamus tinctorius cell cultures. The cell growth and α-tocopherol and pigment contents improved significantly on Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid
medium containing 50.0 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2.5 μM 6-Benzyladenine (BA) at 28 days of incubation period.
Incorporation of T. versicolor (50 mg l−1) significantly enhanced the production of α-tocopherol (12.7-fold) and red pigment (4.24-fold). Similarly, supplementation
of 30 mg l−1
T. versicolor (7.54-fold) and 70 mg l−1
Mucor sp. (7.40-fold) significantly increased the production of yellow pigment. Among abiotic elicitors, NaCl (50–70 mg l−1) and MgSO4 (10–30 mg l−1) significantly improved production of α-tocopherol (1.24-fold) and red pigment (20-fold), whereas yellow pigment content
increased considerably by all the abiotic elicitor treatments. Taken together, the present study reports improved productions
of α-tocopherol and the pigment as a stress response of safflower cell cultures exposed to these elicitors. 相似文献
19.
An efficient regeneration protocol for genetic transformation was developed from the leaves of an 11-year-old Phtinia × fraseri “Red Robin” tree. A high frequency of adventitious buds (88.63 ± 1.38%) and the highest maximum mean number of adventitious
buds per explant (4.65 ± 0.48) were obtained in light conditions on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg l−1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.2 mg l−1 α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). After preculturing for 6 days, over 95% of the shoots successfully rooted on 1/2 MS medium
supplemented with 0.3 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) within 3 weeks. For genetic transformation, two crucial parameters (30 mg l−1 kanamycin for selection and 30-min suspension time) were optimized. Taken together, a reliable transformation system with
an efficiency of more than 5% was established. This genetic transformation protocol can be utilized for further genetic manipulation
of the Photinia tree. 相似文献
20.
Praveen Nagella Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,104(1):119-124
Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant that contains withanolides and withaferins, both bioactive compounds. We have tested the
effects of macroelements and nitrogen source in W. somnifera cell suspension cultures with the aim of optimizing the production of biomass and withanolide A. The effects of the macroelements
NH4NO3, KNO3, CaCl2, MgSO4 and KH2PO4 at concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0× strength and of the nitrogen source [NH4
+/NO3
− (mM/mM) ratio of: 0.00/18.80, 7.19/18.80, 14.38/18.80, 21.57/18.80, 28.75/18.80, 14.38/0.00, 14.38/9.40, 14.38/18.80, 14.38/28.20,
and 14.38/37.60 (mM)] in Murashige and Skoog medium were tested for biomass and withanolide A production. The highest accumulation
of biomass [147.81 g l−1 fresh weight (FW) and 14.02 g l−1 (dry weight (DW)] was recorded in the medium containing a 0.5× concentration of NH4NO3, and the highest production of withanolide A content was recorded in the medium with 2.0× KNO3 (4.36 mg g−1 DW). The NH4
+/NO3
− ratio also influenced cell growth and withanolide A production, with both parameters being larger when the NO3
− concentration was higher than that of NH4
+. Maximum biomass growth (110.45 g l−1 FW and 9.29 g l−1 DW) was achieved at an NH4
+/NO3
− ratio of 7.19/18.80, while withanolide A production was greatest (3.96 mg g−1 DW) when the NH4
+/NO3
− ratio was 14.38/37.60 mM. 相似文献