产琥珀酸放线杆菌发酵生产琥珀酸的研究进展

近年来,因瘤胃微生物产琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes具有高的琥珀酸产量,并能够利用多种碳源进行发酵等优点,在利用发酵法生产琥珀酸领域具有广泛的应用前景和商业化价值,因而其代谢途径和发酵工艺等基础研究成为国内外研发的热点。近年来,人们在产琥珀酸放线杆菌的代谢途径、琥珀酸发酵动力学模型、新型经济培养基以及高产菌株选育等方面的研究取得了很大进展,对研发琥珀酸发酵工艺、降低生产成本和节能减耗等具有重要的理论意义。     

大肠杆菌产琥珀酸基因工程研究进展

生物合成琥珀酸摆脱了对不可再生战略资源石油的依赖,以其社会、经济和环境效益展现出良好的发展前景。野生型大肠杆菌的琥珀酸生产强度难以满足生物合成琥珀酸工业化的要求,但遗传背景清楚,容易改造。近年来,人们深入研究了大肠杆菌的琥珀酸代谢途径,通过强化大肠杆菌琥珀酸合成途径、抑制琥珀酸旁路代谢途径、构建产琥珀酸乙醛酸循环和有氧生产体系等多种基因工程策略,对大肠杆菌进行菌株改造和代谢进化筛选,提高了琥珀酸产量。综述了大肠杆菌产琥珀酸的基因工程研究进展。     

进化代谢选育高渗透压耐受型产琥珀酸大肠杆菌

在以碳酸钠为酸中和剂的大肠杆菌两阶段发酵产琥珀酸的过程中,由于Na+的积累造成发酵体系中渗透压的提高,严重抑制了琥珀酸的产物浓度。为了增强大肠杆菌对渗透压的耐受性,考察了利用进化代谢方法筛选高渗透压耐受型高产琥珀酸大肠杆菌菌株的可行性。进化代谢系统作为一种菌株突变装置,可以使菌体在连续培养条件下以最大的生长速率生长。以NaCl为渗透压调节剂,通过在连续培养装置中逐步提高NaCl浓度使菌体在高渗透压条件下快速生长,最终得到了一株高渗透压耐受型琥珀酸生产菌株Escherichia coli XB4。以碳酸钠为酸中和剂,在7 L发酵罐中利用Escherichia coli XB4进行两阶段发酵,厌氧培养60 h后,琥珀酸产量达到了69.5 g/L,琥珀酸生产速率达到了1.81 g/(L.h),分别比出发菌株提高了18.6%和20%。     

大肠杆菌生产琥珀酸研究进展

琥珀酸是一种重要的C4平台化合物,常作为合成通用化学品的起始原料,在化工、食品、医药、农药等领域有广泛的应用前景。与传统的化学合成法相比,微生物发酵生产琥珀酸的原料可再生,具有良好的环境优势,逐渐成为世界各国关注的热点。对近年来通过调控代谢途径提高大肠杆菌琥珀酸产率的研究进展进行了综述,分析了琥珀酸代谢网络及代谢途径中的关键酶基因进行的表达调控、NADH/NAD+的氧化还原态比例对琥珀酸发酵的影响等,并提出了利用RNAi技术改造大肠杆菌琥珀酸代谢途径的设想,以期为构建高产琥珀酸的工程菌株发酵生产琥珀酸提供新思路。     

产琥珀酸重组大肠杆菌的发酵性能研究

研究了重组大肠杆菌JM001(△ppc)/pTrc99a-pck发酵产琥珀酸的性能,结果表明厌氧条件下其耗糖能力和产酸能力分别为对照菌株JM001的4.2倍和15.3倍。进一步优化发酵条件表明：采用接入菌泥的发酵方式比按照10%接种量转接厌氧发酵的效果要好,琥珀酸的对葡萄糖的质量收率提高了约10%,且副产物乙酸的量进一步降低。初始葡萄糖浓度高于60g/L时会对菌株的生长和产酸产生抑制,且浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。7L发酵罐放大实验中,整个厌氧发酵阶段葡萄糖的消耗速率为0.42g/(L.h),琥珀酸对葡萄糖的质量收率为67.75%,琥珀酸的生产强度为0.28g/(L.h)。     

大肠杆菌利用木糖发酵产琥珀酸的研究

目的:研究大肠杆菌以木糖为碳源发酵产琥珀酸。方法:首先比较了实验室保藏的7种野生型大肠杆菌利用木糖发酵产琥珀酸的产量和得率,结果:表明野生型菌株琥珀酸对木糖的得率集中在0.34g/g~0.53g/g之间,得率较低,副产物主要为乳酸、乙酸。然后选取其中2株菌(E.coli MG1655与E.coli C-1)进行基因敲除,构建了ldhA和pflB双基因缺失的MLB和CLB菌株,以减少副产物的积累。两阶段摇瓶发酵结果表明,琥珀酸得率从0.40g/g分别提高到了0.89g/g及0.90g/g,而产量分别从4.92g/L、5.58g/L提高到11.52g/L、11.81g/L。结论:通过基因敲除后,大肠杆菌能够利用木糖发酵产琥珀酸,琥珀酸得率可以达到0.90g/g。     

丁醇基因在大肠杆菌中表达的现状与展望

随着化石能源过度开采带来的能源短缺与环境恶化,丁醇凭借着其优越的理化性质成为了最具潜力的绿色燃料之一。近几年微生物在生物能源生产研究中受到广泛关注,主要集中在梭菌丁醇合成途径的异源表达。目前利用大肠杆菌产丁醇的产量已经接近产丁醇的天然菌株的产量。然而,大肠杆菌产丁醇仍存在很多限制性因素。主要从乙酰辅酶A依赖途径评述大肠杆菌生产丁醇的限制因素,并讨论提高丁醇产量需要解决的问题。     

产L-苹果酸重组大肠杆菌的构建

基于产琥珀酸重组大肠杆菌E.coli B0013-1050的琥珀酸合成途径,利用Red同源重组技术结合Xer/dif重组系统敲除富马酸酶基因fumB、fumC,苹果酸酶基因maeB,构建L-苹果酸合成途径,最终得到重组大肠杆菌E.coli2030,该菌株在15 L发酵罐中,产L-苹果酸12.5 g/L,葡萄糖-苹果酸转化率为52.1%,同时对发酵产物中主要杂酸丙酮酸和琥珀酸的生产原因进行了初步的探讨与分析。为进一步提高L-苹果酸的转化率,整合表达来源于黄曲霉的苹果酸脱氢酶基因,构建重组菌E.coli 2040,在15 L发酵罐中产L-苹果酸14 g/L,葡萄糖-苹果酸转化率提高到60.3%。     

超高静压在琥珀酸生产菌株选育中的应用

采用超高静压对一株产琥珀酸放线杆菌A3进行诱变育种, 进一步提高其生产性能。考察了压力、变压速度、生长期对菌株致死率的影响。在压力为200 MPa, 50 MPa/min变压速度的诱变条件下对稳定期菌株进行诱变, 筛选到一株突变菌株产琥珀酸放线杆菌B19, 琥珀酸产量达到 32.2 g/L, 比出发菌株A3提高了17.9%, 代谢副产物乙酸的产量降低了11.5%, 经过6次传代表明突变菌株具有稳定的遗传特性。     

超高静压在琥珀酸生产菌株选育中的应用

采用超高静压对一株产琥珀酸放线杆菌A3进行诱变育种,进一步提高其生产性能.考察了压力、变压速度、生长期对菌株致死率的影响.在压力为200 MPa,50 MPa/min变压速度的诱变条件下对稳定期菌株进行诱变,筛选到一株突变菌株产琥珀酸放线杆菌B19,琥珀酸产量达到32.2 g/L,比出发菌株A3提高了17.9%,代谢副产物乙酸的产量降低了11.5%,经过6次传代表明突变菌株具有稳定的遗传特性.     

Recovery of succinic acid produced by fermentation of a metabolically engineered Mannheimia succiniciproducens strain

There have recently been much advances in the production of succinic acid, an important four-carbon dicarboxylic acid for many industrial applications, by fermentation of several natural and engineered bacterial strains. Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E isolated from bovine rumen is able to produce succinic acid with high efficiency, but also produces acetic, formic and lactic acids just like other anaerobic succinic acid producers. We recently reported the development of an engineered M. succiniciproducens LPK7 strain which produces succinic acid as a major fermentation product while producing much reduced by-products. Having an improved succinic acid producer developed, it is equally important to develop a cost-effective downstream process for the recovery of succinic acid. In this paper, we report the development of a simpler and more efficient method for the recovery of succinic acid. For the recovery of succinic acid from the fermentation broth of LPK7 strain, a simple process composed of a single reactive extraction, vacuum distillation, and crystallization yielded highly purified succinic acid (greater than 99.5% purity, wt%) with a high yield of 67.05wt%. When the same recovery process or even multiple reactive extraction steps were applied to the fermentation broth of MBEL55E, lower purity and yield of succinic acid were obtained. These results suggest that succinic acid can be purified in a cost-effective manner by using the fermentation broth of engineered LPK7 strain, showing the importance of integrating the strain development, fermentation and downstream process for optimizing the whole processes for succinic acid production.     

重组大肠杆菌利用蔗糖及糖蜜发酵生产丁二酸

富含蔗糖的甘蔗糖蜜可作为制备丁二酸的廉价原料。然而生产丁二酸的潜力菌株大肠杆菌Escherichia coli AFP111不能代谢蔗糖。为了使其具有蔗糖代谢能力,将E.coli W中非PTS蔗糖利用系统蔗糖通透酶的编码基因csc B,果糖激酶的编码基因csc K和蔗糖水解酶的编码基因csc A克隆并表达到AFP111中,获得重组菌株AFP111/p MD19T-csc BKA。经厌氧发酵验证,重组菌株72 h消耗20 g/L蔗糖,丁二酸产量达到12 g/L。在3L发酵罐中采用有氧阶段培养菌体、厌氧阶段发酵的两阶段发酵方式,厌氧发酵30 h,重组菌株以蔗糖和糖蜜为碳源丁二酸产量分别为34 g/L和30 g/L。结果表明,通过外源引入非PTS蔗糖利用系统,重组菌株具有较强的代谢蔗糖生长及合成丁二酸的能力,并且能够利用廉价糖蜜发酵制备丁二酸。     

大肠杆菌AFP111菌体回收连续转化生产丁二酸

在利用大肠杆菌AFP111厌氧发酵生产丁二酸过程中,随着产物丁二酸的不断积累,菌体活力和产酸能力逐渐降低,而通过回收菌体在新鲜培养基中重复发酵,可延长厌氧发酵时间,但是丁二酸生产效率较低。为了提高菌体回收丁二酸的转化效率,通过在回收菌体时有氧诱导 3 h,以纯水为培养基,进行丁二酸转化发酵。在连续进行 3 批次的发酵后,丁二酸的总产量和最终收率分别为 56.50 g/L和90%,生产速率达到了 0.81 g/(L·h),比未诱导情况下的生产速率提高了13%。     

微生物发酵产光学纯度D-乳酸研究进展

D-乳酸作为一种重要的手性中间体和聚乳酸合成的原料,其生产已越来越受到人们的重视。然而,低光学纯度D-乳酸在很多领域的应用都受到限制。微生物发酵法能够生产高光学纯度的D-乳酸。除了乳酸生产的传统菌株-乳酸细菌,研究者们还通过基因工程的手段不断探索其它种属菌株利用更廉价的可再生资源高产光学纯度D-乳酸的可行性。介绍了D-乳酸的物化性质及其在工业生产、化学加工和聚乳酸合成中的应用,并详细综述了国内外发酵法生产光学纯度D-乳酸的最新研究进展,着重介绍了采用基因工程育种策略提高菌株的D-乳酸产量、转化率、生产强度以及光学纯度,降低副产物的合成,扩大底物利用范围的研究成果。所涉及的菌株包括:乳酸细菌、大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌以及酵母等。这些研究表明,应用基因工程手段改造生产菌株的代谢途径是选育D-乳酸发酵生产菌株的发展趋势。最后还对D-乳酸发酵生产的前景进行了展望。     

微生物发酵生产丁二酸研究进展

丁二酸是微生物三羧酸循环中重要的代谢中间产物,广泛用于生物高分子、食品与医药等行业,市场潜在需求量巨大。文中从3个方面归纳了国内外生物基丁二酸研究进展：能够过量积累丁二酸的微生物的发现和筛选,产丁二酸工程菌构建中所采用的基因工程策略及代谢工程技术,丁二酸发酵过程控制与优化。最后,讨论了微生物法生产丁二酸今后的研究方向。     

Regulation of NAD(H) pool and NADH/NAD(+) ratio by overexpression of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase for succinic acid production in Escherichia coli NZN111

Succinic acid is not the dominant fermentation product from glucose in wild-type Escherichia coli W1485. To reduce byproduct formation and increase succinic acid accumulation, pyruvate formate-lyase and lactate dehydrogenase, encoded by pflB and ldhA genes, were inactivated. However, E. coli NZN111, the ldhA and pflB deletion strain, could not utilize glucose anaerobically due to the block of NAD(+) regeneration. To restore glucose utilization, overexpression of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, a rate limiting enzyme of NAD(H) synthesis encoded by the pncB gene, resulted in a significant increase in cell mass and succinic acid production. Furthermore, the results indicated a significant increase in NAD(H) pool size, and decrease in the NADH/NAD(+) ratio from 0.64 to 0.13, in particular, the concentration of NAD(+) increased 6.2-fold during anaerobic fermentation. In other words, the supply of enough NAD(+) for NADH oxidation by regulation of NAD(H) salvage synthesis mechanism could improve the cell growth and glucose utilization anaerobically. In addition, the low NADH/NAD(+) ratio also change the metabolite distribution during the dual-phase fermentation. As a result, there was a significant increase in succinic acid production, and it is provided further evidence that regulation of NAD(H) pool and NADH/NAD(+) ratio was very important for succinic acid production.     

Metabolic engineering of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> for biotechnological production of high-value organic acids and alcohols

Confronted with the gradual and inescapable exhaustion of the earth’s fossil energy resources, the bio-based process to produce platform chemicals from renewable carbohydrates is attracting growing interest. Escherichia coli has been chosen as a workhouse for the production of many valuable chemicals due to its clear genetic background, convenient to be genetically modified and good growth properties with low nutrient requirements. Rational strain development of E. coli achieved by metabolic engineering strategies has provided new processes for efficiently biotechnological production of various high-value chemical building blocks. Compared to previous reviews, this review focuses on recent advances in metabolic engineering of the industrial model bacteria E. coli that lead to efficient recombinant biocatalysts for the production of high-value organic acids like succinic acid, lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid and glucaric acid as well as alcohols like 1,3-propanediol, xylitol, mannitol, and glycerol with the discussion of the future research in this area. Besides, this review also discusses several platform chemicals, including fumaric acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, sorbitol, itaconic acid, and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, which have not been produced by E. coli until now.     

现代生物技术在二元酸发酵菌种改良中的应用

在分析微生物发酵生产二元酸的代谢机理和相关酶系的基础上 ,对基因工程、代谢调控等现代生物技术在长链二元酸发酵菌种改良中应用的最新进展进行了全面的综述 ,对如何将传统的微生物发酵与现代生物技术有机结合作了简要讨论。