Diversity of bacteria contaminating paper machines

Formation of microbial biofilms and slimes is a general and serious problem in the operation of paper machines. Studies of microbial populations in paper machine-derived biofilms have been conducted using standard microbiological procedures; however, the bacterial genera present in this type of samples as well as their diversity are quite poorly known. Here, the bacterial diversity of 38 process water and 22 biofilm samples from four different Finnish paper machines were analyzed by length heterogeneity analysis of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (LH-PCR). In addition, sequencing of the amplified 16S rRNA gene from 69 clones was conducted for characterization of the bacterial genera present in biofilm and slime samples. The LH-PCR profiles of both the free-living (process waters) and immobilized (biofilms) bacteria were diverse at all stages of the papermaking process. Out of the 69 sequenced clones, 44 belonged to alpha-Proteobacteria, most of which were close to the nitrogen-fixing root nodule genera Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Azorhizobium. Other clones were assigned to beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria and the phylum Bacteroidetes. In addition, eight of the clones were assigned to a yet uncultivated phylum, TM7. Finally, epifluorescence microscopy revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were predominant in both the biofilm (65%) and process water (54%) samples and a small coccoid cell morphology was most common in all samples. Together, our results show that the analysis of microbial samples from paper machines using modern molecular biology techniques adds valuable information and should, therefore, be useful as a more specific and sensitive microbiological method for the paper industry. This information could further be applied, e.g., in the development of more specific and environmental friendly antimicrobial agents for paper mills.     

Polysaccharide-producing bacteria isolated from paper machine slime deposits

Development of novel enzymatic methods for slime deposit control in paper mills requires knowledge of polysaccharide-producing organisms and the polysaccharide structures present in deposits. In this work, 27 polysaccharide-producing bacteria were isolated from slime samples collected from different parts of a paper machine. Most of the isolates produced polysaccharides in liquid culture and nine of them were selected for production of polysaccharides for characterisation. The selected isolates belonged to seven different genera: Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Cytophaga, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus and Starkeya. Using ribotyping, partial 16S rDNA sequencing, physiological tests and fatty acid analysis, four of the nine isolates: Bacillus cereus, Brevundimonas vesicularis, K. pneumoniae and P. stellifer were identified to the species level. Production of polysaccharides by the selected isolates varied between 0.07 and 1.20 g L^–1, the highest amount being produced by B. vesicularis. The polysaccharides were heteropolysaccharides with varying proportions of galactose, glucose mannose, rhamnose fucose and uronic acids.     

Carbon utilization profiles of bacteria colonizing the headbox water of two paper machines in a Canadian mill

Forty-one bacterial strains isolated from the headbox water of two machines in a Canadian paper mill were associated with the genera Asticcacaulis, Acidovorax, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Hydrogenophaga, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas based on the sequence of their 16S rRNA genes. The metabolic profile of these strains were determined using Biolog EcoPlate, and the bacteria were divided into four metabolic groups. Metabolic profiles of the bacterial communities colonizing the headbox water of two paper machines was also determined weekly over a 1 year period. The only compound that was not reduced by the bacterial community was 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Utilization frequency of the other carbon sources in the Biolog EcoPlate ranged from 3 to 100%. The metabolic profiles of the bacterial community did not vary considerably between the two paper machines. However, the metabolic profile varied among the sampling dates.     

水稻褐飞虱内生共生细菌Arsenophonus的鉴定和系统分析

利用16S rDNA通用引物扩增了水稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stål）体内共生细菌的序列,经克隆、测序和NCBI数据库比对,发现褐飞虱体内存在杀雄菌属Arsenophonus类共生细菌,系统发育上与粉虱科和木虱科体内的Arsenophonus属亲源关系较近。在褐飞虱体内该共生细菌具有两种长度不同的16S rDNA序列,分别为1 504 bp和547 bp,其中后者为前者中间缺失了957 bp,其余序列相同。通过重新设计两对引物进行扩增,进一步确认不同褐飞虱地理种群及寄主种群均存在两种片段。Arsenophonus特异的 23S rDNA引物的扩增结果表明,Arsenophonus存在于所有检测的褐飞虱种群中,但不存在于水稻寄主中。荧光定量PCR检测发现3个褐飞虱室内寄主种群Arsenophonus属共生细菌含量不同,其中TN1种群明显高于Mudgo种群和ASD7种群。此为水稻褐飞虱体内存在Arsenophonus属共生细菌的首次报道。     

蜜蜂螺原体的分离鉴定及致病性研究

从患"爬蜂病"的蜜蜂体内分离到一株螺原体M10,具有典型的螺原体形态和运动性,能透过0.22μm孔径的滤膜,在含青霉素浓度为2000U/mL的R-2培养基中生长良好。该菌株生长需要血清,能利用葡萄糖、精氨酸、不能利用尿素,其16S rDNA序列与Spiroplasma melliferum BC-3(=ATCC33219)同源性为99.86%。通过饲喂菌液的方式,发现供试蜜蜂4d开始出现"爬蜂病"病症,15d内71%的蜜蜂死亡,说明M10对蜜蜂具有较强的致病性,且感染致死的蜜蜂体内螺原体的分离率为100%,利用螺原体特异性16S rDNA引物在感染致死的蜜蜂的不同部位(头、胸、腹、足)均能扩增出螺原体16S rDNA,反映了螺原体对蜜蜂的系统性侵染。     

虾池中具有降解硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐能力的细菌多样性

水产养殖过程中,氮素积累日益严重,而其中亚硝酸盐由于转化速度低,毒性强,对养殖的危害更加突出。对从对虾养殖池中通过反硝化条件选择性富集培养得到的具有去除硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐能力的细菌进行筛选,结果分离到27株能够还原硝酸盐的异养细菌,其中24株在7d内能有效地降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度;特别是LZX22、LZX27、LZX23、LZX21等4株使硝酸盐氮由起始的422．25mg／L降至4．00mg／L以下,亚硝酸盐浓度也降至0．40mg／L以下。对这些菌株进行16S rDNA系统发育分析,结果显示：27株菌分属于5个不同的类群,α-Proteobacteria（1）,γ-Proteobacteria（10）,Actinobacteria（12）,Firmicutes（3）,和Bacteroides（1）;它们在系统发育上分别与11个属相近,分别是Pseudomonas,Halomonas,Acinetobacter,Paracoccus,Arthrobacter,Microbacterium,Cellulosimicrobium,Bacillus,Stenotrophom,和Sphingobacterium。表明所分析的虾池中具有去除硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐能力的细菌具有较高的多样性,特别是多株细菌为首次报道具有去除硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的能力,为下一步筛选亚硝酸盐高效去除细菌提供了丰富的菌种资源。     

一株石油烃降解菌分子鉴定及特性分析

从受污海水中分离筛选了具有石油烃降解能力的降解菌Bac1020,经PCR扩增得到1 497 bp长16S rDNA序列,通过Blast比对,与主要石油烃降解菌属16S rDNA序列构建系统发生树,鉴定其为不动杆菌(Acinetobactersp.)。降解菌(Acinetobactersp.)在72 h内生长稳定,对石油烃的降解率随时间的延长而不断增加。建立了快速筛选及鉴定石油烃降解菌的方法,应用于海洋石油烃污染的生物降解。     

一株甲烷利用菌的分离、鉴定和性能研究

目的：研究土壤中能利用甲烷的细菌类型及特性。方法：运用传统的富集、分离、纯化方法得到1株甲烷利用菌,结果：该菌株在显微镜下呈球形,在液体培养基中生长72h后OD值可达到0.8左右,其最适生长温度30℃,最佳pH值7左右。对该菌株进行了16SrDNA扩增,测序结果表明其与Pseudoxanthomonas菌属的序列相似性为93%,其生理生化特征和分子鉴定结果表明,该菌与假黄单胞菌为不同的属。甲烷消耗气相色谱分析结论显示,120h后培养瓶中的甲烷浓度降低60%左右,说明该菌株具有较好的利用甲烷的性能。     

1株土壤放线菌的分类鉴定及其抗菌活性的研究

对从土壤微生物中筛选到的放线菌菌株1356进行分类学和抗菌活性的研究。采用多相分类法,对菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性及16 SrRNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明:该菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性为链霉菌属的特征;16S rDNA序列分析及系统进化树分析表明其序列与灰色产色链霉菌的同源性最高;该菌株的发酵产物对番茄叶霉、白色念珠菌、小麦根腐菌等17种真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。放线菌1356菌株具有广谱抗真菌活性而对细菌无作用;初步确定其为链霉菌属灰色产色链霉菌的一个亚种。     

微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解活性研究

采用从巢湖水华蓝藻细胞中提取、提纯的藻毒素（Microcystins,MCs）为微生物生长的唯一碳源和氮源,通过平板分离纯化,从巢湖底泥中分离出5株能够降解藻毒素的菌株,并对其中降解活性较高的一株进行分子鉴定。应用PCR技术克隆到16S rDNA片段,核苷酸序列分析结果表明,该菌的16S rDNA的全序列与吉氏库特菌kurthia gib-soniistrain HC050630C-1的相似性达99%。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,用15mg/L乙醇作为外加碳源时可显著提高菌株M9降解MCs的能力,在48h内对初始浓度分别为17.1mg/L的MC-RR和11.3mg/L的MC-LR的降解率分别达到70.0%和81.6%。而葡萄糖对菌株M9的生长有明显抑制作用。     

Isolation and characterization of novel Serratia marcescens (AY927692) for pentachlorophenol degradation from pulp and paper mill waste

Seven aerobic bacterial strains were isolated from pulp paper mill waste and screened for pentachlorophenol (PCP) tolerance on PCP containing mineral salt agar medium (MSM). The organism was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing which showed 99.7% sequence similarity with Serratia marcescens. PCP degradation was routinely monitored with spectrophotometric analysis and further confirmed by HPLC analysis. Among seven strains, ITRC S₇ was found to degrade up to 90.33% of 1.127 mM (300 mg/l) of PCP and simultaneous release of chloride ion (2.435 mM) emphasized the bacterial dechlorination in the medium in presence of glucose as an additional carbon and energy source under optimized condition within 168 h incubation. In absence of glucose bacterium was unable to utilize PCP indicating the phenomenon of co-metabolism. Bacterium was identified as S. marcescens (AY927692), was a novel and potential aerobic bacterial strain capable of degrading PCP in axenic condition. Further, this strain may be used for bioremediation of PCP containing pulp paper mill waste in the environment.     

1株虎源致病性肠球菌的分离鉴定及序列分析

从病死老虎肺脏中分离到1株肠球菌,并对该菌做了生理生化鉴定、药敏试验,致病性试验。本菌对多种抗生素高度耐药,对小白鼠有强致病性,其LD50为2.7×109.2cfu。并用PCR方法扩增分离菌株16S rDNA基因,获得1 415 bp片段,该片段核苷酸序列提交GenBank,登陆号为HM346186,将分离株的16S rDNA核苷酸序列与GenBank上其他肠球菌进行同源性分析。结果表明,分离株的16S rDNA核苷酸序列与肠球菌(EU285587)的同源性为100%,因此该分离菌株被鉴定为致病性肠球菌,命名为YN-1株(云南-1株)。     

Identification of culturable bacteria present in haemodialysis water and fluid

Water used to prepare haemodialysis fluid is not sterile, and its microbiological control is important for the prevention of haemodialysis-associated illness. Bacterial populations inhabiting a distribution system for haemodialysis water were studied over an 18-month period. 203 planktonic bacteria isolated on R2A medium were identified by restriction analysis and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. A diverse bacterial community was detected, containing predominantly Gram-negative members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, as well as representatives of the genus Mycobacterium. Ecological and clinical consequences are discussed: bacteria from the genera Novosphingobium, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas have been described in the build-up of biofilms, and others like Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium or Brevibacterium may represent a health risk to patients under haemodialysis treatment.     

Identification of yeast and bacteria involved in the mezcal fermentation of Agave salmiana

Aims:  To identify the yeast and bacteria present in the mezcal fermentation from Agave salmiana .
Methods and Results:  The restriction and sequence analysis of the amplified region, between 18S and 28S rDNA and 16S rDNA genes, were used for the identification of yeast and bacteria, respectively. Eleven different micro-organisms were identified in the mezcal fermentation. Three of them were the following yeast: Clavispora lusitaniae , Pichia fermentans and Kluyveromyces marxianus. The bacteria found were Zymomonas mobilis subsp. mobilis and Zymomonas mobilis subsp. pomaceae, Weissella cibaria , Weissella paramesenteroides , Lactobacillus pontis , Lactobacillus kefiri , Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus farraginis .
Conclusions:  The phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and ITS sequences showed that microbial diversity present in mezcal is dominated by bacteria, mainly lactic acid bacteria species and Zymomonas mobilis . Pichia fermentans and K. marxianus could be micro-organisms with high potential for the production of some volatile compounds in mezcal.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  We identified the community of bacteria and yeast present in mezcal fermentation from Agave salmiana.     

Composting of pulp and paper mill fly ash with wastewater treatment sludge

Wastewater treatment sludge and power boiler fly ash were combined and composted in mixed and static windrows 50 m long, 4 m high and 6 m wide. Moisture content was maintained above 50%. The final compost had a pH of 8.5, contained high concentrations of specific nutrients, and an average C:N ratio of 43:1. All metal, PCB, chlorophenol and PAH concentrations were below levels stipulated by local regulations. Over the first 8 weeks of the composting period dioxin concentration decreased by 45% to 41 pg/g TEQ. Leachate tests indicated minimal (<0.1 mg/l Cu and Pb; <50 mg/l Na, P, and SO₄⁻²) leaching of contaminants from the composted material. Application of compost (8 cubic yards/acre) at a sod farm improved soil characteristics as measured by a number of parameters. The dioxin concentration in the final soil/compost mixture was 3 pg/g TEQ, allowing the soil/compost mixture to be classified as agricultural soil. It was concluded that composting produced an acceptable soil conditioner attractive for large volume users of inexpensive soil material (sod farms, golf courses, land reclamation sites).     

海因酶与氨甲酰水解酶产生菌的鉴定及分布

利用Biolog微生物鉴定系统和16S rDNA序列分析相结合的方法对自行筛选的24株海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌进行了鉴定。海因酶与氨甲酰水解酶产生菌主要分布在Bacillus,Geobacillus,Brevibacillus,Aneurinibacillus,Microbacterium,Pseudomonas,Kurthia和Empedobacter等菌属,特别的是,Kurthia和Empedobacter是新的海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌属,说明海因酶和氨甲酰水解酶产生菌在细菌中分布较广泛。进一步分析比较发现,D-海因酶产生菌主要分布于Pseudomonas,Agrobacterium等菌属中,而大部分L-海因酶产生菌分布于Bacillus,Geobacillus,Microbacterium等菌属中,说明D-海因酶产生菌与L-海因酶产生菌分布特点具有一定的种属倾向性。这些工作不仅提供了多种海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶的生物材料,而且对双酶的结构与功能及分子进化研究等具有重要意义。     

变质豆浆中腐败微生物的分离与初步鉴定

从5种变质豆浆中分离得到3株腐败菌株S1、S2和S3。3株菌均能在1×105Pa、30min杀菌条件下和添加300mg/kgNisin杀菌条件下存活。对分离菌株进行了菌落形态、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定结果表明3株菌均为革兰氏阴性细菌,分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)和短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus borstelensis),GenBank登录号为EF439666~EF439668。     

高碱性纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及鉴定

从化纤厂土样中分离得到菌株AC-4,碱性纤维素酶活力达0.602 IU/mL。通过分析菌株形态学特性、培养特征及16S rDNA序列,确定该菌株为短小芽孢杆菌。对该菌所产碱性纤维素酶的酶学性质进行测定,确定其最适作用pH为9.5,最适作用温度为50℃。     

产酸性脲酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及其脲酶的应用初探

利用传统微生物筛选方法,从动物粪便中经过酸性平板初筛、中性平板复筛,得到一株产酸性脲酶的菌株JN_R12。通过比较形态特征、生理生化以及16S rDNA测序结果,结合系统发育分析,确定该菌为肠出血性大肠埃希氏菌Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157：H7。JN_R12所产脲酶对酒精有较好的耐受性。离心后得到的全细胞在模拟酒样中的尿素去除率接近100%;黄酒中24h孵化后的去除率在60%以上。     

产广谱细菌素乳酸菌的筛选和鉴定

以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为指示菌,从分离自四川传统发酵食品中的267株乳酸菌中,采用平板打孔法初筛、牛津杯法复筛(排除酸、过氧化氢干扰以及胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶处理),筛选出1株分离自醪糟的具有较强抑菌作用的产广谱细菌素的乳杆菌菌株P158,结合形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,该菌株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。