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1.
Vázquez-Rowe Ian Laso Jara Margallo María Garcia-Herrero Isabel Hoehn Daniel Amo-Setién Francisco Bala Alba Abajas Rebeca Sarabia Carmen Durá María Jesús Fullana-i-Palmer Pere Aldaco Rubén 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2020,25(7):1197-1209
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The main purpose of this article is to assess the nutritional and economic efficiency of food loss and waste (FLW) along the supply of 13 food... 相似文献
2.
Punam Singh Haripriya Gundimeda Matthias Stucki 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(5):1036-1048
Purpose
Cooking energy is an essential requirement of any human dwelling. With the recent upsurge in petroleum prices coupled with intrinsic volatility of international oil markets, it is fast turning into a politico-socio-economic dilemma for countries like India to sustain future subsidies on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of various cooking fuel options, namely LPG (NG), LPG (CO), kerosene, coal, electricity, firewood, crop residue, dung cake, charcoal, and biogas, in the Indian context. The purpose of this study is to find environmentally suitable alternatives to LPG and kerosene for rural and urban areas of the country.Methods
The study assessed the cooking fuel performance on 13 ReCiPe environmental impact categories using the life cycle assessment methodology. The study modeled the system boundary for each fuel based on the Indian scenario and prepared a detailed life cycle inventory for each cooking fuel taking 1 GJ of heat energy transferred to cooking pot as the functional unit.Results and discussion
The cooking fuels with the lowest life cycle environmental impacts are biogas followed by LPG, kerosene, and charcoal. The environmental impacts of using LPG are about 15 to 18 % lower than kerosene for most environmental impact categories. LPG derived from natural gas has about 20 to 30 % lower environmental impact than LPG derived from crude oil. Coal and dung cake have the highest environmental impacts because of significant contributions to climate change and particulate formation, respectively. Charcoal produced from renewable wood supply performs better than kerosene on most impact categories except photochemical oxidation, where its contribution is 19 times higher than kerosene.Conclusions
Biogas and charcoal can be viewed as potentially sustainable cooking fuel options in the Indian context because of their environmental benefits and other associated co-benefits such as land farming, local employment opportunities, and skill development. The study concluded that kerosene, biogas, and charcoal for rural areas and LPG, kerosene, and biogas for urban areas have the lower environmental footprint among the chosen household cooking fuels in the study. 相似文献3.
From protozoa to mammalian cells: a new paradigm in the life cycle of intracellular bacterial pathogens 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
It is becoming apparent that several intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans can also survive within protozoa. This interaction with protozoa may protect these pathogens from harsh conditions in the extracellular environment and enhance their infectivity in mammals. This relationship has been clearly established in the case of the interaction between Legionella pneumophila and its protozoan hosts. In addition, the adaptation of bacterial pathogens to the intracellular life within the primitive eukaryotic protozoa may have provided them with the means to infect the more evolved mammalian cells. This is evident from the existence of several similarities, at both the phenotypic and the molecular levels, between the infection of mammalian and protozoan cells by L. pneumophila . Thus, protozoa appear to play a central role in the transition of bacteria from the environment to mammals. In essence, protozoa may be viewed as a 'biological gym', within which intracellular bacterial pathogens train for their encounters with the more evolved mammalian cells. Thus, intracellular bacterial pathogens have benefited from the structural and biochemical conservation of cellular processes in eukaryotes. The interaction of intracellular bacterial pathogens and protozoa highlights this conservation and may constitute a simplified model for the study of these pathogens and the evolution of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Furthermore, in addition to being environmental reservoirs for known intracellular pathogens of humans and animals, protozoa may be sources of emerging pathogenic bacteria. It is thus critical to re-examine the relationship between bacteria and protozoa to further our understanding of current human bacterial pathogenesis and, possibly, to predict the appearance of emerging pathogens. 相似文献
4.
Castellani Valentina Sanyé-Mengual Esther Sala Serenella 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(10):2040-2055
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Current patterns of household goods consumption generate relevant environmental pressures and impacts. Environmental impacts are not only... 相似文献
5.
6.
Consequential life cycle assessment: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Mason Earles Anthony Halog 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(5):445-453
Purpose
Over the past two decades, consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) has emerged as a modeling approach for capturing environmental impacts of product systems beyond physical relationships accounted for in attributional LCA (ALCA). Put simply, CLCA represents the convergence of LCA and economic modeling approaches. 相似文献7.
8.
Andreas Ciroth 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(4):209-210
This paper is a two-fold introduction. For one, it introduces a new, open source, LCA software. Second, it is to establish
a new section in Int J LCA named ‘LCA Software’. Herewith, the editors of the journal recognise the growing possibilities
and the impact of software, meaning both databases and calculation as well as modelling software, for practical applications
as well as for the scientific development in LCA. This section is designed to house a broad variety of papers to beLCA focused
and related to ICT (Information and Communication Technology). In this sense, announcements (as this one), conference reports,
but also peer-reviewed papers on methodology and case studies, are most welcome. 相似文献
9.
Carla Tagliaferri Roland Clift Paola Lettieri Chris Chapman 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(12):1944-1956
Purpose
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is expected to become an important component of the UK’s energy supply because the national hydrocarbon reserves on the continental shelf have started diminishing. However, use of any carbon-based fuel runs counter to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Hence, a broad environmental assessment to analyse the import of LNG to the UK is required.Methods
A cradle to gate life cycle assessment has been carried out of a specific but representative case: LNG imported to the UK from Qatar. The analysis covers the supply chain, from gas extraction through to distribution to the end-user, assuming state-of-the-art facilities and ships. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted on key parameters including the energy requirements of the liquefaction and vaporisation processes, fuel for propulsion, shipping distance, tanker volume and composition of raw gas.Results and discussion
All environmental indicators of the CML methodology were analysed. The processes of liquefaction, LNG transport and evaporation determine more than 50% of the cradle to gate global warming potential (GWP). When 1% of the total gas delivered is vented as methane emissions leakage throughout the supply chain, the GWP increases by 15% compared to the GWP of the base scenario. The variation of the GWP increases to 78% compared to the base scenario when 5% of the delivered gas is considered to be lost as vented emissions. For all the scenarios analysed, more than 75% of the total acidification potential (AP) is due to the sweetening of the natural gas before liquefaction. Direct emissions from transport always determine between 25 and 49% of the total eutrophication potential (EP) whereas the operation and maintenance of the sending ports strongly influences the fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP).Conclusions
The study highlights long-distance transport of LNG and natural gas processing, including sweetening, liquefaction and vaporisation, as the key operations that strongly affect the life cycle impacts. Those cannot be considered negligible when the environmental burdens of the LNG supply chain are considered. Furthermore, the effect of possible fugitive methane emissions along the supply chain are critical for the impact of operations such as extraction, liquefaction, storage before transport, transport itself and evaporation.10.
基于生命周期评价的上海市水稻生产的碳足迹 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
碳足迹是指由企业、组织或个人引起的碳排放的集合。参照PAS2050规范并结合生命周期评价方法对上海市水稻生产进行了碳足迹评估。结果表明:(1)目前上海市水稻生产的碳排放为11.8114 t CO2e/hm2,折合每吨水稻生产周期的碳足迹为1.2321 t CO2e;(2)稻田温室气体排放是水稻生产最主要的碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.9507 t CO2e,占水稻生产全部碳排放的77.1%,其中甲烷(CH4)又是最主要的温室气体,对稻田温室气体碳排放的贡献率高达96.6%;(3)化学肥料的施用是第二大碳排放源,每吨水稻生产的总排放量为0.2044 t CO2e,占水稻生产总碳排放的16.5%,其中N最高,排放量为0.1159 t CO2e。因此,上海低碳水稻生产的关键在降低稻田甲烷的排放,另外可通过提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮肥施用等方法减少种植过程中碳排放。 相似文献
11.
França Wagner Teixeira Barros Murillo Vetroni Salvador Rodrigo de Francisco Antonio Carlos Moreira Maria Teresa Piekarski Cassiano Moro 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(2):244-274
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The purpose of this document is to carry out a critical review of the existing literature by specifically addressing the following: (i) the... 相似文献
12.
Andreas Emanuelsson Friederike Ziegler Leif Pihl Mattias Sköld Ulf Sonesson 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(5):1156-1168
Purpose
Overfishing is a relevant issue to include in all life cycle assessments (LCAs) involving wild caught fish, as overfishing of fish stocks clearly targets the LCA safeguard objects of natural resources and natural ecosystems. Yet no robust method for assessing overfishing has been available. We propose lost potential yield (LPY) as a midpoint impact category to quantify overfishing, comparing the outcome of current with target fisheries management. This category primarily reflects the impact on biotic resource availability, but also serves as a proxy for ecosystem impacts within each stock.Methods
LPY represents average lost catches owing to ongoing overfishing, assessed by simplified biomass projections covering different fishing mortality scenarios. It is based on the maximum sustainable yield concept and complemented by two alternative methods, overfishing though fishing mortality (OF) and overfishedness of biomass (OB), that are less data-demanding.Results and discussion
Characterization factors are provided for 31 European commercial fish stocks in 2010, representing 74 % of European and 7 % of global landings. However, large spatial and temporal variations were observed, requiring novel approaches for the LCA practitioner. The methodology is considered compliant with the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) standard in most relevant aspects, although harmonization through normalization and endpoint characterization is only briefly discussed.Conclusions
Seafood LCAs including any of the three approaches can be a powerful communicative tool for the food industry, seafood certification programmes, and for fisheries management. 相似文献13.
Nongnuch Poolsawad Wanwisa Thanungkano Jitti Mungkalasiri Ruthairat Wisansuwannakorn Prakaytham Suksatit Athiwatr Jirajariyavech Kittipoj Datchaneekul 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(11):1731-1743
Purpose
In the near future, the products of Thai industries and companies mainly producing parts and products for export to the European Union (EU) will require the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) to assess the environmental performance and resource efficiency of products by using a life cycle perspective. The potential generic (often used interchangeably with background data) data have to be modified and improved for mandatory use in the product-specific and country-specific PEF database.Methods
PEF is used as a tool for assessing the environmental burden of products and services for export to the EU. It requires both specific data from primary sources and generic data to fulfill assessment requirement. Accordingly, the Thai national life cycle inventory (LCI) database plays a key role in generic data that was used to evaluate the environmental performance of products. This paper presents the perspective of Thai data readiness for PEF in which the quality of LCI is the main issue of concern. The current situation of the Thai national LCI database was reviewed. Then, the gaps of data were addressed, and the gaps were also filled. Non-representative data and untreated waste are the selected issues that were presented in this paper.Results and discussion
Many gaps were revealed for the Thai national LCI database because this database was developed based on ISO 14040/44, which may not be compliant with the PEF guide. The issues that have been selected for improvement are non-representative data and untreated waste because these gaps can offer inaccuracy concerning the environmental burden of products potentially leading to the reliability of products for export to the EU. However, the Thai national LCI database has not achieved the data quality aspects of the PEF, continuously improving the quality of data to meet the requirements of the PEF.Conclusions
The lessons learned from the real-world situation of data quality development based on PEF requirements were extracted. The practical procedure and recommendations were transparent for drivers and researchers who would like to start with data quality issues and prepare for the EU single market.14.
IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
The new IMPACT 2002+ life cycle impact assessment methodology proposes a feasible implementation of a combined midpoint/damage
approach, linking all types of life cycle inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via 14 midpoint categories
to four damage categories. For IMPACT 2002+, new concepts and methods have been developed, especially for the comparative
assessment of human toxicity and ecotoxicity. Human Damage Factors are calculated for carcinogens and non-carcinogens, employing
intake fractions, best estimates of dose-response slope factors, as well as severities. The transfer of contaminants into
the human food is no more based on consumption surveys, but accounts for agricultural and livestock production levels. Indoor
and outdoor air emissions can be compared and the intermittent character of rainfall is considered. Both human toxicity and
ecotoxicity effect factors are based on mean responses rather than on conservative assumptions. Other midpoint categories
are adapted from existing characterizing methods (Eco-indicator 99 and CML 2002). All midpoint scores are expressed in units
of a reference substance and related to the four damage categories human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources.
Normalization can be performed either at midpoint or at damage level. The IMPACT 2002+ method presently provides characterization
factors for almost 1500 different LCI-results, which can be downloaded at http://www.epfl.ch/impact 相似文献
15.
The development of the LCIA programme of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative started with a global survey of LCA practitioners.
There were 91 LCIA-specific responses from all global regions. Respondents gave an indication of how they use LCA with respect
to both the stage of LCA that they base decisions on (LCI, LCIA or a combination of both) as well as the types of decisions
which they support with LCA information. The issues requiring immediate attention within the UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative
identified from this User Needs analysis are the need for transparency in the methodology, for scientific confidence and for
scientific co-operation as well as the development of a recommended set of factors and methodologies. Of interest is the fact
that results from the different regions highlighted the need for different impact categories. Based on this information proposals
were made for new impact categories to be included in LCA (and thus LCIA).
The LCIA programme aims to enhance the availability of sound LCA data and methods and to deliver guidance on their use. More
specifically, it aims to 1) make results and recommendations widely available for users through the creation of a worldwide
accessible information system and 2) establish recommended characterisation factors and related methodologies for the different
impact categories, possibly consisting of sets at both midpoint and damage level. The work of the LCIA programme of the UNEP/SETAC
Life Cycle Initiative has been started within four task forces on 1) LCIA information system and framework, 2) natural resources
and land use, 3) toxic impacts, and 4) transboundary impacts. All participants willing to contribute to these efforts are
invited to contact the LCIA programme manager or to join the next LCIA workgroup meeting that will take place in at the world
SETAC congress in Portland on Thursday 18 November 2004. 相似文献
16.
Bo Weidema 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(4):237-240
Different lists of application areas for life cycle assessment are reviewed together with some suggestions for a typology
of these application areas. It is concluded that the scope of a life cycle assessment is determined by the area of validity
of the decision with respect to time, space, and interest groups affected. On this basis, six application areas are distinguished.
It is further concluded that the application area has limited influence on the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases,
although these may be influenced significantly by the decision-maker and the complexity of the trade-offs between the involved
environmental impacts. The reporting format for a life cycle assessment depends on the socio-economic importance of the decision,
the intended audience, and the time available for decision making. 相似文献
17.
Andreas Jørgensen Agathe Le Bocq Liudmila Nazarkina Michael Hauschild 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(2):96-103
Goal, Scope and Background
In recent years several different approaches towards Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) have been developed. The purpose of this review is to compare these approaches in order to highlight methodological differences and general shortcomings. SLCA has several similarities with other social assessment tools, although, in order to limit the expanse of the review, only claims to address social impacts from an LCA-like framework are considered. 相似文献18.
Background and Objective
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a highly data intensive undertaking, where collecting the life cycle inventory (LCI) data is the most labour intensive part. The aim of this paper is to show a method for representing the LCI in a simplified manner which not only allows an estimative, quantitative LCA, but also the application of advanced analysis methods to LCA. 相似文献19.
Sara González-García Érica G. Castanheira Ana Cláudia Dias Luis Arroja 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(4):796-811
Purpose
The dairy sector covers multiple activities related to milk production and treatment for alimentary uses. Different dairy products are available in the markets, with yoghurt being the second most important in terms of production. The goal of this study was to analyse from a cradle-to-grave approach the environmental impacts and energy balance derived from the yoghurt (solid, stirred and drinking yoghurts) manufacture process in a specific dairy factory processing 100 % Portuguese raw milk.Methods
The standard framework of life cycle assessment (LCA) was followed and inventory data were collected on site in the dairy factory and completed using the literature and databases. The following impact categories were evaluated adopting a CML method: abiotic depletion (ADP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP), global warming (GWP), ozone layer depletion (ODP), land competition (LC) and photochemical oxidants formation (POFP), with the energy analysis carried out based on the cumulative non-renewable fossil and nuclear energy demand (CED). A mass allocation approach was considered for the partitioning of the environmental burdens between the different products obtained since not only yoghurts are produced but also dairy fodder.Results and discussion
The key processes from an environmental point of view were identified. Some of the potential results obtained were in line with other specific related studies where dairy systems were assessed from an LCA perspective. The production of the milk-based inputs (i.e. raw milk, concentrated and powdered milk) was the main factor responsible of the environmental loads and energy requirements, with remarkable contributions of 91 % of AP, 92 % of EP and 62 % of GWP. Other activities that have important environmental impacts include the production of the energy requirements in the dairy factory, packaging materials production and retailing. Potential alternatives were proposed in order to reduce the contributions to the environmental profile throughout the life cycle of the yoghurt. These alternatives were based on the minimisation of milk losses, reductions of distances travelled and energy consumption at retailing and household use, as well as changes to the formulation of the animal feed. All of these factors derived from light environmental reductions.Conclusions
The main reductions of the environmental impact derived from yoghurt production can be primarily obtained at dairy farms, although important improvements could also be made at the dairy factory. 相似文献20.
Huabo Duan Mingwei Hu Jian Zuo Jiasong Zhu Ruichang Mao Qifei Huang 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2017,22(5):683-693