重金属在海州香薷和鸭跖草叶片提取物中的分配

海州香薷 (Ｅｌｓｈｏｌｔｚｉａｈａｉｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ)和鸭跖草 (Ｃｏｍｍｅｌｉｎａｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ)是我国长江中下游地区废铜矿石堆上最常见的两种优势植物 ,都能不同程度地富集铜 ,尤其是鸭跖草 ,铜的含量可达到超积累水平 (超过 5 0 0ｍｇ·ｋｇ-1ＤＷ)。但它们积累     

抗氧化系统在海州香薷耐铜机制中的作用

利用溶液培养的方法研究了铜胁迫下海州香薷根系和地上部分MDA含量,各种抗氧化酶及非酶抗氧化系统的变化。结果表明,不同浓度铜处理8d后,海州香薷根系中MDA含量显著增加,叶片中则无显著变化;根系中SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性和叶片中POD、SOD的活性随铜处理浓度的增加而显著增加,而50-200μmol·L^-1。铜处理条件下叶片中CAT、APX、GR活性与对照相比无明显差异。除CAT外,根系中这些抗氧化酶的活性都远远大于叶片中的活力。另外,实验结果表明,50μmol·L^-1 Cu^2＋对海州香薷的生物量并没有显著影响,当铜浓度达到100和200μmol·L^-1。时,铜则可显著降低海州香薷根系的生物量,对地上部生物量仍无显著影响。     

铜胁迫下海州香薷根中铜诱导蛋白的鉴定

以铜耐性植物海州香薷为材料,在水培条件下对其幼苗进行不同浓度的CuSO4处理,通过铜结合蛋白分析和双向电泳(2D-AGE)分析,研究铜胁迫条件下海州香薷根中铜诱导蛋白的结合方式及表达情况.结果表明(1)100μmol/L CuSO4处理海州香薷幼苗6 d,可使其根中蛋白巯基的含量显著升高.(2)将其蛋白提取液通过SephadexG-50后,发现洗脱液中铜诱导物的增加与铜分布显著相关,表明铜诱导蛋白可能为铜结合蛋白.(3)通过2D-PAGE和质谱分析发现,铜胁迫下类抗性蛋白、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶和脂肪酸羟化酶的表达升高,而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和半胱氨酸合成酶表达则降低.     

接种土壤微生物对铜胁迫下海州香薷生长及光合生理的影响

采用框栽试验方法,模拟Cu胁迫条件下,探讨接种土壤微生物对海州香薷(Elsholtzia splendens)生长和光合生理的影响。结果表明:(1)在Cu胁迫下,海州香薷株数、株高、基径、生物量、茎重比均显著低于对照;与Cu胁迫相比,接种土壤微生物能显著缓解Cu胁迫对海州香薷生长的抑制作用,使植株的株数、株高、生物量、茎重比显著提高。Cu胁迫下,接种土壤微生物均降低了植株体内不同器官Cu含量,茎和叶Cu的累积量显著减少,但对其它器官的Cu含量影响不显著。(2)秋季,各处理的海州香薷的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈"单峰"曲线,接种土壤微生物显著提高了Cu胁迫下海州香薷的日均Pn、日均蒸腾速率(Tr),而日均气孔导度(Gs)、日均胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著降低。(3)Cu胁迫下,接种土壤微生物显著提高了植株的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU),且使光补偿点(LCP)显著降低。表明接种土壤微生物通过提高光能利用率、利用弱光和碳同化能力来增强光合作用能力及有机物的积累,缓解Cu胁迫对海州香薷的毒害。因此,接种土壤微生物可促进Cu胁迫下海州香薷的生长,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中具有较好的应用潜力。     

铜矿指示植物海州香薷发现的意义

“铜草”(海州香薷)作为铜矿指示植物,于1951年首次发现于安徽。它不仅揭示了地球植物方法探寻矿产的奥秘及功用,也告诉我们今天学科交叉发展的重要性。一、“铜草”的植物学特征铜草,学名海州香薷(Elsholtziasplendens Nakai ex F Maekawa),其     

海州香薷（Elsholtzia splendens）根际铜抗性细菌的筛选及生物多样性

摘要：【目的】重金属耐性植物海州香薷根际铜抗性细菌的筛选及生物多样性研究将有助于了解微生物－超富集植物相互关系和植物修复机理、开发微生物－香薷重金属修复新技术。【方法】采用稀释平板涂布法从海州香薷根际筛选铜抗性菌株,测定菌株溶磷和产生吲哚乙酸、铁载体、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶的特性,采用16S rDNA限制性酶切多态性分析（amplified rDNA restriction analysis, ARDRA）研究铜抗性细菌的遗传多样性,根据16S rDNA相似性对产ACC脱氨酶的菌株进行了     

海州香薷Actin基因片段克隆及表达分析

通过克隆海州香薷Actin基因片段并分析其组织表达,为研究海州香薷重金属抗性相关基因的表达调控奠定基础。根据Gen Bank中其他植物Actin基因保守序列设计兼并引物,以海州香薷根总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术分离得到Actin基因片段。序列分析结果表明,海州香薷Actin基因片段长576 bp,编码192个氨基酸,与其他植物同源基因的氨基酸序列相似性为84%-97%,所克隆的序列为Actin基因的同源片段,将其命名为Eh ACT,在Gen Bank中提交序列,获得登录号AGT37260。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,Eh ACT在海州香薷的根、茎和叶中表达相对稳定,初步表明其可作为研究海州香薷基因表达的内参基因。     

巨菌草对Cu、Cd污染土壤的修复潜力

通过田间小区试验,对比研究了土著植物金黄狗尾草、香根草、海州香薷、巨菌草分别与0.21%石灰联合对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,石灰处理可以显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效态Cu、Cd含量。4种植物在与石灰联合后均有一定的生产潜力,且表现为巨菌草海州香薷香根草金黄狗尾草;修复潜力方面表现出与生产潜力相同的趋势。     

铜官山铜尾矿库植被及土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,对铜官山铜尾矿库的植被状况和土壤酶活性进行了研究．结果表明,铜宫山铜尾矿库自然定居的高等植物有34种,隶属于16个科33个属,多为1—2年生草本植物,主要隶属于菊科、禾本科和豆科,蔗类植物节节草在尾矿库中也具有较大优势．尾矿库植被形成了节节草+白茅群落、狗牙根+白茅群落及芦苇群落等小群落,但仍以单种植物组成的斑块零散分布为主．对尾矿库土壤酶活性的研究表明,3种土壤酶活性和尾矿库的植被状况具有较强的相关性,且3种酶活性与其相关性表现为脲酶＞蔗糖酶＞过氧化氢酶．建议用脲酶活性作为废弃地复垦的一个指示指标。     

聚金属元素植物

古代人就认识到土壤和它上面生长的植被的相互关系。16世纪德国人就注意到矿脉上的植被往往是异常的,植物的生长发育受到阻碍。含有金属的岩石发育成的土壤,由于重金属,如锌、铅、铜、镍和钴的污染,对植物都是极有害的。但这样的土壤却是一些特有植物群的适宜生长场所。这些植物形成了对某些金属元素的忍耐性。忍耐有毒金属的植物大多数忍耐金属的植物,叶子中常积累高浓度的金属元素,如镍、钴、铜和铅的浓度可占叶子干重的1%以上。在德国和比利时的边境附近,有一块“磷酸锌矿植物群”,它们是堇菜属的Viola calaminaria和开白花的遏蓝菜属的Thlaspi calaminaria。通过分析,它们的含锌量分别相当于叶子干重的     

Effects of Different Re-vegetation Patterns on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Bacterial Community in Kunyang Phosphate-mine

Soil microorganisms are applied to evaluate soil quality and significant in restoration ecology for their important roles on nutrient cycle and sensitivity to environment changes. To investigate the effects of re vegetation pattern on soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community and the reasons for soil bacterial community discrepancy, the soils of three re vegetation patterns (grass of Miscanthus sinensis, the mixed forest of Alnus nepalensis, Cupressus torulosa and Quercus acutissima, the mixed forest of Cupressus torulosa and Alnus nepalensis) in Kunyang phosphate mine, near Kunming, Yunnan province of China were studied. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR DGGE) and soil physicochemical indices were used to analyze soil bacterial communities (diversity and species composition) and soil physicochemical properties. The results indicated that re vegetation contributed to soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties were different in these three patterns. As for soil bacterial community, the diversity and species composition varied in different patterns. Pearson correlation showed that soil bacterial community diversity was correlated with re vegetation pattern significantly but not with any soil physicochemical properties determined in this research. Soil bacterial species composition was strongly correlated with soil available nitrogen and re vegetation pattern but no others through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). It is concluded that both soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community (diversity and species composition) vary in different re vegetation patterns and the reason for diversity difference is re vegetation pattern while the affecting factors of soil bacterial community composition are soil available nitrogen and re vegetation pattern orderly.     

植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响

目前关于植被恢复对排土场土壤团聚性的影响还不清楚,以植被恢复下黄土区露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用湿筛法测定了排土场土壤水稳性团聚体组成,研究了植被恢复类型(草地、灌木)和排土场地形(平台、边坡)对土壤团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:植被恢复促进了排土场水稳性团聚体的形成,平台0—20 cm土层水稳性大团聚体数量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别达到31.1%,0.70 mm和0.26 mm,边坡分别达到13.3%,0.37 mm和0.17 mm,均显著高于裸地,分形维数(D)在平台和边坡分别为2.91和2.96,均显著低于裸地;平台土壤团聚性要好于边坡,草地对于平台土壤团聚结构改良效果较好,而灌木对于边坡改良效果较好;排土场土壤有机碳和粘粒含量均与土壤团聚体指标有显著相关性。植被恢复提高了排土场土壤团聚性,植被恢复类型和地形对排土场土壤团聚体特征有显著影响。     

The fall and rise of the Oblong woodsia in Britain

Summary

The vegetation of a small spoil heap at Jerah mine near Stirling was classified as species-rich acid grassland, an open barren-soil community with a high frequency of the moss Pohlia nutans, and a group which showed intermediate characteristics. Copper was present in the soil in potentially toxic concentrations and when the vegetation data were ordinated the axes showed highly significant correlations with soil copper and loss-on-ignition. The results suggest that copper is a major determinant of the spoil-heap vegetation, and contrast sharply with those reported for the Burn of Sorrow mine, a site with many superficial similarities.     

Soil moisture dynamics and restoration of self‐sustaining native vegetation ecosystem on an open‐cut coal mine

Post‐mining landscape reconstruction on open‐cut coal mines aims to support restoration of self‐sustaining native vegetation ecosystems that in perpetuity require no extra inputs relative to unmined analogs. Little is known about the soil moisture retention capacity of the limited layer of topsoil replaced (often <30 cm deep), impacts of deep ripping of the profile, and the combined impacts of these on plant available water during the mine restoration process. We examined changes in soil moisture parameters (soil water potential, Ψ, and soil water content, Θ) daily using automated soil sensors installed at 30 and 45–65 cm depths on mine restoration sites aged between 3 and 22 years and on adjacent remnant vegetation sites following heavy rainfall events at Meandu mine, southeast Queensland, Australia. Consistent patterns in soil moisture attributes were observed among rehabilitated sites with generally marked differences from remnant sites. Remnant site soil profiles had generally higher Θ after drying than rehabilitated sites and maintained high Ψ for extended periods after rain events. There was a relatively rapid decline of Ψ on reconstructed soil profiles compared with remnant sites although the times of decline onset varied. This response indicated that vegetation restoration sites released soil moisture more rapidly than remnant sites but the rate of drying decreased with increasing rehabilitation age and increased with increasing tree stem density. The rapid drying of mine rehabilitated sites may threaten the survival of some remnant forest species, limit tree growth, and delay restoration of self‐sustaining native ecosystem.     

Establishment of Restoration Trajectories for Upland Tundra Communities on Diamond Mine Wastes in the Canadian Arctic

Mining in the arctic amplifies restoration challenges due to inherent environmental conditions by removing soil, vegetation, and the propagule bank, adding coarse textured wastes with low water holding capacity and nutrients, and introducing salt and metal contamination. Short‐term reclamation focuses on rebuilding soil and providing rapid native plant cover for erosion control, supporting longer term reestablishment of ecological processes for sustainable tundra communities that provide essential wildlife habitat. This study evaluated methods to restore soil and plant communities 5 years after implementation of treatments at a diamond mine in the Canadian arctic. Five substrates including mine waste materials (processed kimberlite, glacial till, gravel, and mixes), four amendments (inorganic fertilizer, salvaged soil, sewage sludge, and water treatment sludge), five native species seed mixes and natural recovery were investigated. Soil and plant response were assessed annually. Soil chemistry was ameliorated with time. Chromium, cobalt, and nickel concentrations in processed kimberlite remained high and potentially toxic to plants. Adding fine textured materials such as glacial till to mine wastes improved nutrient and water retention, which in turn enhanced revegetation. Sewage and inorganic fertilizer increased available nitrogen and phosphorus, plant density and cover. Soil amendment increased species richness. Seeding was essential to establish a vegetation cover. After 5 years, seed mix composition and diversity had no effect on plant community development; soil and plant community properties among treatments changed considerably, providing evidence that restoration in the arctic is dynamic yet slow and success cannot be determined in the short term.     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场土壤与地形因子对植被恢复的影响

在脆弱的生态环境改善和恢复过程中,植被恢复与重建扮演着重要的角色。黄土露天煤矿区生态环境极其脆弱,认识矿区损毁土地植被恢复与地形、土壤因子之间的作用规律对矿区土地复垦与生态恢复改善至关重要。为此,选择山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿南排土场对2条样带27个复垦样地的土壤、地形、植被参数进行了采集与测定,并应用单因素方差分析与CANOCO4.5软件的降趋势对应分析和冗余分析研究了地形与土壤因子对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:植被与土壤变量之间呈显著相关,与地形变量之间相关性不明显;坡度主要影响草本覆盖度,坡向与有机质和速效磷之间具有线性相关性;速效钾对植被的变化起着重要的作用;土壤容重与砾石含量对土壤养分含量具有明显的指示作用;有机质与全氮呈显著正相关,各土壤养分指标之间存在明显的相关关系。为了改善和恢复黄土区露天煤矿排土场脆弱的生态系统,应该考虑植被和土壤的联合演替。在当地的生态环境状况下土地复垦与生态恢复的关键是改善土壤状况和增加人工植被,同时加强对排土场人工和自然植被的保护。     

不同植被恢复模式下矿区复垦土壤真菌群落组成及多样性

本研究利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析安太堡露天煤矿生态复垦区4种植被恢复模式(刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia、油松Pinus tabulaeformis、沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides和柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii)土壤真菌群落组成及多样性,并探究其与土壤环境因子的相关性。高通量测序结果共获得821 508条有效序列和1 841个OTUs,子囊菌门Ascomycota和担子菌门Basidiomycota为优势菌门,序列数占真菌总数的88.43%,此外还含有3.72%未被分类学鉴定的真菌。真菌α多样性分析结果表明：刺槐模式、沙棘模式和柠条锦鸡儿模式的Sobs指数、Chao1指数、Ace指数和Shannon指数均显著高于油松模式(P<0.01),而油松模式的Simpson指数显著高于其余3种植被恢复模式(P<0.05)。真菌β多样性分析结果显示：OTU水平下4种植被恢复模式土壤真菌群落组成差异显著(R=0.709 9,P=0.005),其中,油松模式的土壤真菌群落与其他3种模式距离较远,差异显著(P<0.01),而其余3种植被恢复模式之间两两组成相近,差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过土壤理化性质的测定、典范对应分析、冗余分析以及Spearman相关性分析,结果发现土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷是显著影响4种植被恢复模式土壤真菌群落组成的环境因子。综上所述,在矿区生态复垦过程中刺槐模式是物种相对多度最高的植被恢复模式,油松模式是优势菌群含量最高的植被恢复模式。研究结果可为植被修复煤矿复垦区土壤及真菌资源的开发利用提供理论依据。     

岷江上游高原植被类型与景观特征对土壤性质的影响

土壤空间异质性是土壤的重要属性之一采用地统计学的理论和方法与传统统计学原理,研究了青藏高原东缘高原面土壤性质的空间异质性及其理化因子和植被类型、景观位置的相关性。变异函数分析结果表明,土壤水分与养分元素具有明显的空间异质性由于植被类型与景观性质的影响,利用传统统计学方法,对研究的样地进行了分类统计,结果表明,植被类型与土壤养分之间的相关性很大,海拔高度也是影响养分与水分分布的一个重要因子,灌丛群落类型土壤质量指数高;不同坡位对养分的影响具有相同的趋势,对于不同海拔的地貌来说,丘陵组下坡位>上坡位>中坡位,而低山组为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位;坡面尺度上土壤养分的空间变异受景观性质与生态系统类型的综合影响。     

Mine tailing disposal sites: contamination problems,remedial options and phytocaps for sustainable remediation

Mining practices and the absence of proper mine land reclamation has led to heavy metal contaminated sites with serious impact on the ecosystems and risk for human health. The origin of the contamination is often associated to mine tailing deposits because they are a source of the acid mine drainage (AMD). These areas are devoid of vegetation due to the harsh soil conditions that prevent the rooting of plant species. The remediation of these areas followed by revegetation is necessary to suppress the generation of the AMD and its negative effects on the ecosystems. Conventional remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated sites are usually not applicable because of the high cost associated with chemicals and energy requirements, as well as the long treatment time to remediate large areas. In this study, the use of phytocapping for the remediation of mine tailing deposits and abandoned mine areas is reviewed. Phytocapping is cost effective, environmentally friendly and has multifunctional role against various problems of mine tailings: it provides erosion control, landscape rehabilitation, enhances the soil properties for further colonization of other more demanding vegetal species, reduces the leachability of metals downwards the groundwater, and favors the immobilization of metals forming less bioavailable species. The most critical step in phytocapping is the developing of the first vegetative cover because of the biotoxicity of the mine soil and mine tailings. Several amendment materials can be used to ameliorate soil conditions creating a favorable environment for the rooting of plants, as well as serving as a source of nutrients. Local plant species with fast growing are preferable because their adaptation to the soil and climate conditions favors their self-propagation.     

腾格里沙漠固沙植被区蚂蚁群落分布特征及其对土壤理化性质的影响

为了阐明固沙过程中蚂蚁群落结构分布特征及其对土壤性质的影响,在腾格里沙漠固沙植被区选取流动沙地以及5 a、8 a、34 a和57 a固沙植被区为研究样地,对不同样地蚂蚁群落的个体数、类群数以及蚁丘内外土壤理化性质进行测定,进而分析了不同样地蚂蚁群落分布特征及其与土壤因子间的关系。结果表明:(1)固沙植被区蚂蚁群落中的优势类群为掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia),个体数占比为78.87%。(2)57 a固沙植被区蚂蚁密度显著低于8 a和34 a固沙植被区(P < 0.05);5 a固沙植被区蚂蚁类群数显著低于其他植被区(P < 0.05)。(3)57 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤含水量、土壤黏粒和土壤全钾显著高于非蚁丘,而土壤电导率和土壤粉粒显著低于非蚁丘(P < 0.05)。8 a和57 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤pH显著高于非蚁丘,8 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤有机碳显著高于非蚁丘,8 a和34 a固沙植被区蚁丘中土壤全氮显著高于非蚁丘(P < 0.05)。(4)蚂蚁群落组成与土壤粒径、电导率、pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量的相关关系显著;偏RDA 结果表明,蚂蚁类群数是影响固沙区土壤理化性质的主要限制因子。综合表明,腾格里沙漠不同固沙年限植被区蚂蚁群落组成差异较大,更丰富的蚂蚁群落有利于改善土壤质地,促进土壤理化性质向良好的方向发展,对实现荒漠生态系统恢复起到推进作用。