Photo-oxygenation of glycosylfurans. Rearrangement of C-glycosyl into O-glycosyl derivatives

Photo-oxygenation of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl)-2-methylfuran and 3-hydroxymethyl-5-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl)-2-methylfuran yields the corresponding endo-peroxides which rearrange at room temperature into the O-glycosyl derivatives ethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl 2-acetylfumarate and 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl 3-acetyl-3-hydroxymethylacrylate, respectively. The endo-peroxides can be reduced without rearrangement, yielding C-glycosyl derivatives. Alcoholysis of the O-glycosyl derivatives yields 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-erythrose, dialkyl 2-acetyl-3-alkoxysuccinates, 4-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran and 4-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-5-methyl-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran.     

The Spontaneous Rearrangement of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Substituent in Ribonucleosides Under Neutral Conditions

In the cytidine and adenosine derivatives an isomerization of a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group between the 2′- and 3′-positions of the ribose was observed under neutral conditions. Moreover, it was shown that isomerization of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group in conditions required to synthesize phosphoramidites and lability in aqueous ammonia make chemical synthesis of 2′-O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oligonucleotides impossible.     

Determination of amino acids as 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives. Serine and lysine

1. Serine and lysine in complicated mixtures, such as protein hydrolysates, are dinitrophenylated quantitatively, isolated chromatographically and determined. 2. The method is accurate, moderately rapid and suitable for a number of estimations in parallel, but uses only normal laboratory apparatus.     

Biodegradation, sorption, and transport of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in saturated and unsaturated soils.

The fate of an organic contaminant in soil depends on many factors, including sorption, biodegradation, and transport. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used as a model compound to illustrate the impact of these interacting factors on the fate of an organic contaminant. Batch and column experiments performed with a sandy loam soil mixture under saturated and unsaturated conditions were used to determine the effects of sorption and biodegradation on the fate and transport of 2,4-D. Sorption of 2,4-D was found to have a slight but significant effect on transport of 2,4-D under saturated conditions (retardation factor, 1.8) and unsaturated conditions (retardation factor, 3.4). Biodegradation of 2,4-D was extensive under both batch and column conditions and was found to have a significant impact on 2,4-D transport in column experiments. In batch experiments, complete mineralization of 2,4-D (100 mg kg-1) occurred over a 4-day period following a 3-day lag phase under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The biodegradation rate parameters calculated for batch experiments were found to be significantly different from those estimated for column experiments.     

Activities of 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid derivatives

Esters of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid (2-8) (methyl, ethyl, butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl and benzyl), olivetol (9), methyl, ethyl, butyl perlatolates (10-12), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid (15), and methyl and ethyl esters of (15) were prepared through structural modifications of perlatolic acid (1) with the aim to detect new antifungal and antibacterial substances and also to evaluate the toxicity by the brine shrimp lethality assay against Artemia salina. The antifungal assays were carried out against the fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum through the bioautography method, and methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoate (13) showed the highest antifungal activity (2.5 yg). Olivetol (9) and 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic acid (15) are also potent inhibitors of the growth of the fungus (5.0 microg). Except for methyl (10), the ethyl (11) and butyl (12) perlatolates were less active than perlatolic acid (1). The activities presented by methyl (2) and ethyl (3) 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoates and methyl (13) and ethyl (14) 2,4-dihydroxy-6-n-pentylbenzo-ates suggest that compounds with a free hydroxy group in the aromatic ring (C-4) have a more pronounced effect against C. sphaerospermum. Antibacterial activities were tested by the disc diffusion method using pathogenic strains of S. aureus and E. coli. The compounds were weakly active with inhibition zones between 9-15 mm. The 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoic esters 2-8 and alkyl perlatolates 10-12 were selective against E. coli. Perlatolic acid (1) and methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-pentylbenzoate (2) were the most active with LD50 values of 24.1 microM and 27.2 microM, respectively. The other compounds were not toxic to Artemia salina larvae.     

In vivo micronucleus assays on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives.

The potential for 2,4-D and seven of its salts and esters to induce cytogenetic abnormalities in mammalian cells in vivo was investigated in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. All the test materials were administered to male and female mice by oral gavage and the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) in the bone marrow were determined at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h following dosing. There were no significant increases in the incidence of MN-PCE in the treated mice at any of the bone marrow sampling times. These results are consistent with the reported lack of in vitro genetic toxicity for these materials in various in vitro genotoxicity assays as well as the absence of carcinogenic potential for 2,4-D in both mice and rats.     

Studies on the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. XII. Reaction catalyzed by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase of Escherichia coli

Incorporation of deuterium atoms from deuterium-labeled NADPH and 2H2O during the reaction catalyzed by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. When trans-2,cis-4-decadienoyl-CoA was incubated with 4R- or 4S-[4-2H1]NADPH in the presence of purified 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, no deuterium was detected in the reaction product by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization to its pyrrolidine amide. On the other hand, when the dienoyl-CoA was incubated in the presence of NADPH and the reductase in 2H2O, two deuterium atoms were incorporated: One deuterium atom was located at the C-4 position of trans-2-decenoate, and the other at the C-5 position. The UV and shorter wavelengths of the visible spectrum of the reductase solution revealed that the reductase contained flavin as a prosthetic group. Therefore it is considered that a hydrogen atom of NADPH was first transferred to the flavin moiety of the reductase, and then the hydrogen atom was rapidly exchanged for one in the medium before its direct transfer to the substrate.     

Engineering 2,4-D resistance into cotton

Summary To reduce damage by drift-levels of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, we have engineered the 2,4-D resistance trait into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus plasmid pJP5 was isolated, modified and expressed in transgenic tobacco and cotton plants. Analyses of the transgenic progeny showed stable transmission of the chimeric tfdA gene and production of active 2,4-D monooxygenase. Cotton plants obtained were tolerant to 3 times the field level of 2,4-D used for wheat, corn, sorghum and pasture crops.     

Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of morpholinothiazolyl-2,4-thiazolidindione derivatives

We report the synthesis and the in vitro insulin releasing and glucose uptake activity of the morpholino thiazolyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones (1-15). Compounds 5, 11-15 (at lower concentration; 0.001?mg/ml) were able to increase insulin release in the presence of 5.6 mmol/l glucose. The compounds, except derivative 3 show an increase of glucose uptake. Various compounds are interesting potential antidiabetic leads showing pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects.     

Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of morpholinothiazolyl-2,4-thiazolidindione derivatives

We report the synthesis and the in vitro insulin releasing and glucose uptake activity of the morpholino thiazolyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones (1-15). Compounds 5, 11–15 (at lower concentration; 0.001?mg/ml) were able to increase insulin release in the presence of 5.6 mmol/l glucose. The compounds, except derivative 3 show an increase of glucose uptake. Various compounds are interesting potential antidiabetic leads showing pancreatic and extrapancreatic effects.     

Methanesulfonamido-cyclohexylamine derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine as potent ALK inhibitors

The incorporation of R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane at C4 in a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines led to a number of ALK inhibitors in which optimized activity was achieved by conversion of the 2-amino group into a methanesulfonamide. Tumor growth inhibition was observed when an orally bioavailable analog was evaluated in a Karpas-299 tumor xenograft mouse model.     

Fused bicyclic derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine as c-Met inhibitors

The HGF-c-Met signaling axis is an important paracrine mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions involving the regulation of multiple cellular activities including cell motility, mitogenesis, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of c-Met signaling (e.g., overexpression or increased activation) is associated with the development of a wide range of tumor types; thus, inhibiting the HGF-c-Met pathway is predicted to lead to anti-tumor effects in many cancers. Elaboration of a 2-arylaminopyrimidine scaffold led to a series of potent c-Met inhibitors bearing a C4-2-amino-N-methylbenzamide group. Specifically, a series of C2-benzazepinone analogs demonstrated potent inhibition of c-Met in enzymatic and cellular assays. Kinase selectivity could be tuned by varying the nature of the alkyl group on the benzazepinone nitrogen.     

Rearrangement of 3-ketoceramide.

N-Acetyl 3-ketosphingosine was converted under mild alkaline conditions to an unknown nonpolar compound with a good yield. From its mass, infrared, and NMR spectra, the structure of the unknown compound was deduced to be 2-tridecyl-5-(N-acetylamino)-tetrahydro-γ-pyrone. This rearrangement occurred by an intramolecular Michael-type addition reaction.     

Rearrangement of interstrand cross-links into intrastrand cross-links in cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-modified DNA.

In the reaction of the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) with DNA, bifunctional intrastrand and interstrand cross-links are formed. In this work, we show that at 37 degrees C interstrand cross-links (ICL) are labile and rearrange into intrastrand cross-links. The ICL instability was first studied with a 10 base pairs (bp) double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a unique site-specific ICL resulting from chelation of the N7 position of two guanine residues on the opposite strands of DNA at the d(GC/GC) site by a cis-diammineplatinum(II) residue. The bonds between the platinum and the N7 of guanine residues within the interstrand adduct are cleaved. In 50 mM NaCl or NaClO4, this cleavage results in the formation of monofunctional adducts which subsequently form intrastrand cross-links. One cleavage reaction takes place per cross-linked duplex in either of both DNA strands. Whereas the starting cross-linked 10 bp duplex is hydrogen bonded, the two complementary DNA strands separate after the cleavage of the ICL. Under these conditions, the cleavage reaction is irreversible allowing its rate measurement (t1/2= 29+/-2 h) and closure of monofunctional adducts to intrastrand cross-links occurs within single-stranded DNA. Within a longer cross-linked oligonucleotide (20 bp), ICL are apparently more stable (t1/2= 120+/-12 h) as a consequense of monofunctional adducts closure back to ICL. We propose that the ICL cleavage is reversible in DNA and that these adducts rearrange finally into intrastrand cross-links. Our results could explain an 'ICL unhooking' in previously reported in vivo repair studies [Zhenet al. (1993)Carcinogenesis14, 919-924].     

2,4-二氨基喹唑啉衍生物的抑菌活性研究

喹唑啉衍生物具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗菌活性。为发现此类化合物中具有潜在抑菌活性的化合物,本研究考察了15种带有哌嗪二硫代甲酸酯侧链的2,4-二氨基喹唑啉衍生物7a~7o的抑菌活性。首先采用分子对接方法对底物与酶的结合能进行预测,并用标准2倍稀释法测定这15种化合物对多重耐药大肠埃希菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果表明,15种化合物与阳性对照相比均具有较好的抑菌活性。化合物7a、7g和7k具有明显的抑菌活性,其MIC均≤1mg/mL。进一步采用高效毛细管电泳筛选模型对7a、7g和7k进行分子水平抑菌实验,分别测定其抑制率与半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration,IC50),发现化合物7k具有最佳抑制活性(IC_(50)为4.97×10~(-2) mg/mL)。此外,对15种化合物抑菌活性构效关系的研究表明,苯环上连有吸电子基团的哌嗪二硫代甲酸酯侧链对抑菌活性有贡献。这一研究有望为抑菌药物的研发提供有效的先导化合物。     

Studies on the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. XV. Purification and properties of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from rat liver peroxisomes

Peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase was purified from rat liver to homogeneity. The subunit molecular weight of 33,000 was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native molecular weight close to 120,000 was estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 Superfine. trans-2, trans-4-Decadienoyl-CoA was the most active substrate among the dienoyl-CoA's of various chain lengths. The total activity of peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase exceeded that of the mitochondrial one even in the livers of rats fed with a standard diet. Furthermore both reductases were remarkably and coordinately induced in the livers of clofibrate-treated rats.     

Development of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives as novel SNSR4 antagonists

2,4-Diaminopyrimidines derivatives were developed as a novel class of SNSR4 antagonists. Structure activity relationship of the diamino pyrimidine core was explored and a tool compound suitable for target validation was identified.