抑癌小分子化合物RITA的研究进展

RITA(reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis)是经筛选得到的小分子化合物,它主要通过抑制鼠双微体2(murine double minute 2,MDM2)和p53的结合激活p53功能。RITA通过调控细胞内参与细胞增殖、凋亡、衰老和代谢等过程的信号通路,抑制肿瘤的发生和发展,提高耐药细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。本文主要从靶向MDM2和p53结合位点的抑癌小分子概况、RITA的结构与作用机制以及RITA的功能研究进展三个方面进行论述,为进一步推进抑癌小分子化合物RITA在抗肿瘤中发挥作用的研究提供理论参考。     

抑癌小分子Nutlin-3基础研究及临床应用

Nutlin-3是经人工设计合成的一种小分子鼠双小蛋白2(murine double minute 2,MDM2)拮抗剂,可以调动p53的活性,在终止细胞周期进程、促进细胞凋亡、抑制细胞转移和侵袭、抑制新生血管生成等方面发挥重要的功能.基于Nutlin-3设计的药物Idasanutlin已经进入临床试验阶段.本文主要从...     

p53-Mdm2模块和泛素化系统

p53(肿瘤抑制基因)诱导鼠双微粒体蛋白2(Mdm2)的表达,Mdm2反之抑制p53的活性,Mdm2和p53形成了一个自动调整的模块。Mdm2的一个重要的结构标志是一个中心酸性区域,另外的结构标志是在酸结构域下游的一个锌指结构,和一个C端的环指区域。Mdm2的表达是由p53来调节,Mdm2作为E3连接酶使p53泛素化并且驱使p53降解,进而控制p53的功能。对于p53泛素化的结构要求是p53的寡聚化。p53泛素化作用的调整模式是通过蛋白质之间的相互作用。Mdm2中环指区域的作用是通过使p53泛素化来推进p53的降解。泛素化后的酸性结构在Mdm2的降解中起作用。     

p53家族及其通路相关蛋白调节母性生殖的新功能

p53是一种重要的抗癌基因,同时它也是机体感受环境压力并进行相应调节的关键基因之一。最近的研究发现东亚人群p53 Arg72Pro受到冬季温度自然选择,表明p53可能在生殖中发挥作用。同时,p53及其通路中的癌基因鼠双微体2(Murinedoubleminute2,Mdm2)、MdmX和Hausp(Herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease)基因的单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)与女性生殖疾病易感性相关。P53蛋白通过其DNA结合区(DNA-binding domain,DBD)调控白血病抑制因子(Leukaemiainhibitory factor,LIF)表达,从而影响胚胎植入过程,实现其在母性生殖中的作用。p53通路中Mdm2、MdmX和Hausp可以调控P53蛋白的表达水平和活性,同时还可以在胚胎植入时准确的调控p53的表达水平,促进胚胎植入;P53家族成员P63、P73具有P53相似的DBD区,但P63和P73是通过别的途径影响到母性生殖;在卵母细胞受到射线或者化学损伤后,P63能促进其凋亡,减少畸型的产生;P73能影响纺锤体复合物的组装,而纺锤体复合物缺失将导致胚泡质量低下,微管结合的动粒缺失和细胞非整倍性的增加。文章主要综述了p53家族、p53通路中的相关蛋白对母性生殖的影响,为提高IVF-ET成功指出了新方法,同时也为不明原因的不孕患者提供了新的诊断思路,将有助于制定合理的个性化治疗不孕方案。     

Deneddylation修饰酶NEDP1的作用机制及研究进展

神经前体表达发育下调蛋白8(neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 8,Nedd8)是一种类泛素蛋白,其参与蛋白质修饰的作用机制与泛素高度相似,即通过与底物的赖氨酸残基共价结合,从而对底物进行Neddylation修饰。Neddylation修饰可调控多种重要的生命活动,如细胞周期和免疫应答等。Nedd8蛋白酶1(Nedd8 protease 1, NEDP1)是隶属于小类泛素修饰物特异性蛋白酶家族(small ubiquitin-like modifier specific protease family, Ulp/Senp family)家族的半胱氨酸蛋白酶,可以特异性去除底物与Nedd8的共价结合,例如,NEDP1能够去除p53、鼠双微体蛋白(murine double min-utes 2 protein, Mdm2)、smad泛素化调节因子1(smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor 1, Smurf1)等多个蛋白质的Neddylation修饰,进而调节Neddylation修饰蛋白的生物学功能。临床研究表明,NEDP1与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,包括肺癌、结肠癌、胶质母细胞瘤等,另外,NEDP1还参与成骨发育异常、神经退行性疾病、血管炎症等病变过程。本文对NEDP1蛋白的结构,调控Neddylation通路的作用模式和NEDP1作用底物的进展进行总结,以期为肿瘤等相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供参考。     

Nucleostemin与MDM2在肺腺癌组织中的表达及意义

核干细胞因子(Nucleostemin,NS)是细胞增殖的调节因子,在肺腺癌组织中的表达及与鼠双微染色体2(murine double minute 2,MDM2)表达的相关性不清楚.通过反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测22对肺腺癌和癌旁正常组织NS mRNA的表达;应用免疫组织化学SP法检测45例肺腺癌和22例癌旁正常组织NS与MDM2蛋白的表达,分析其相关性及意义.研究发现,肺腺癌组织中NS mRNA的相对表达强度明显高于癌旁正常组织(P0.01).NS和MDM2蛋白在肺腺癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为73.3%(33/45)、57.8%(26/45),而癌旁正常组织中无阳性表达(P0.01).二者的阳性表达均与组织学分级相关(P0.05),并且表达呈正相关(P0.05),而与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、TNM分期及淋巴结转移无关(P0.05).结果表明NS基因的高表达对肺腺癌细胞的恶性增殖发挥了重要作用,可能是通过p53通路对细胞周期影响所实现的.     

泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2活性及稳定性调控的研究进展

泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2(Murine double minute 2)具有癌基因活性, MDM2高表达会导致抑癌基因p53失活而诱发肿瘤, 但在至少7%的肿瘤中p53基因正常而mdm2异常扩增, 表明MDM2还具有其他底物分子, 以p53不依赖的方式促进肿瘤的发生。鉴于MDM2的重要作用, 文章在基因水平、转录水平、翻译后修饰水平、相互作用分子的调节等方面系统总结了目前对MDM2调控的主要研究机制及其进展。     

HCV核心蛋白、p53、Mdm2及Bcl-2在HCC中的表达意义

目的:探讨HCC组织中的核心蛋白、突变p53、Mdm2、Bcl-2的表达以及其相关性,探讨HCV核心蛋白是否有可能促进p53突变、Mdm2和Bel-2的表达.方法:收集手术切除HCC组织42例,采用免疫组织化学EnVision法检测HCC组织核心蛋白、突变p53、Mdm2、Bel-2的表达,用统计学方法及临床联系分析它们之间的关系.结果:C蛋白、p53、Mdm2和Bcl-2在HCC癌组织中的表达率分别为40.5%、47.6%、75.6%、83.3%;4组强度等级资料Kruskal.Wallis秩和检验H=19.01,差异性显著(p=0.000),Mann-Whimey U test:C蛋白和p53、Mdm2、Bcl-2蛋白问的P值分别0.43、0.009、0.00;C蛋白与突变p53、Bcl-2阳性强度两者间相关性检验P值分别为0.000、0.914,相关系数rs分别为0.67、0.08;突变p53与Mdm2、Bcl-2两者相关性检验P值为0.000、0.27,相关系数rp为0.72、0.32.结论:在HCV核心蛋白表达的HCC中核心蛋白可能促进野生型p53突变和表达;突变p53很可能促进Mdm2的表达;核心蛋白和突变p53都有可能促进Bcl-2蛋白的表达;HCV相关的HCC中这些蛋白的变化很可能促进肝细胞增殖或恶性生长.     

iNOS抑制剂1400W通过p53途径增强顺铂对宫颈癌SiHa细胞的化疗效果

该文探讨了iNOS抑制剂1400W联合顺铂对宫颈癌SiHa细胞株生长抑制作用及其机制。应用MTT法检测1400W及顺铂对宫颈癌Si Ha细胞生长的抑制作用;流式细胞仪检测1400W及顺铂对宫颈癌Si Ha细胞凋亡的影响;quantitative RT-PCR和Western blot检测1400W及顺铂对宫颈癌Si Ha细胞p53、鼠双微基因2(murine double minut 2,MDM2)、DNA依赖蛋白激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase,DNA-PK)蛋白及m RNA表达的影响。结果显示,通过i NOS抑制剂1400W联合顺铂作用于宫颈癌Si Ha细胞株发现,1400W联合顺铂能明显抑制Si Ha细胞生长,其抑制作用与剂量呈正相关。1400W可以增强顺铂诱导的细胞凋亡作用。进一步研究证实,1400W可以抑制顺铂诱导的p53积聚,增加鼠双微基因2及DNA依赖蛋白激酶的表达。该实验结果为治疗宫颈癌患者提供了新的治疗策略,即通过联合使用i NOS抑制剂,可以增强顺铂对宫颈癌细胞的杀伤作用,提高顺铂对宫颈癌患者的治疗作用。     

MDM2反义寡核苷酸对血管平滑肌细胞MDM2和p53表达的影响

目的:研究小鼠双微体扩增基因(mouse double minute 2;MDM2)反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide;ASON)对血管平滑肌细胞MDM2和p53表达的影响,探讨MDM2反义寡核苷酸包埋支架防治支架内再狭窄的可行性。方法:人工合成一段针对MDM2 mRNA的反义寡核苷酸,脂质体包裹不同浓度ASON转染兔血管平滑肌细胞,RT-PCR和Western-blotting检测MDM2反义寡核苷酸对兔血管平滑肌细胞MDM2和p53表达的影响。结果:不同浓度MDM2反义寡核苷酸作用于兔血管平滑肌细胞后,MDM2和p53 mRNA表达量各浓度组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01),MDM2和p53蛋白表达量各浓度组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:MDM2反义寡核苷酸体外能够特异性抑制兔血管平滑肌细胞MDM2表达,提高细胞内p53基因表达量,MDM2反义寡核苷酸有望被进一步应用于药洗脱支架研究。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.