胶原蛋白-壳聚糖支架的构建及其与骨髓基质干细胞复合的实验研究

目的:构建一种组织工程神经支架,并观察体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞在其内部的生长情况,为后续种子细胞的移植提供阶段性实验数据.方法:以Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和壳聚糖为原料通过冷冻干燥技术制备神经支架,扫描电镜观察其内部结构,测量其孔径大小、孔隙率等指标.将体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞与Ⅰ型胶原蛋白-壳聚糖神经支架复合,共培养2天;扫描电镜观察细胞在支架内部的生长情况.结果:构建的神经支架均为圆柱状,内部为纵向平行排列的孔径均匀的微管样结构,细胞紧密贴附在支架微孔内壁上,细胞生长状况良好.结论:Ⅰ型胶原蛋白-壳聚糖支架具有良好的内部三维结构和生物相容性,可与细胞复合后用于修复周围神经缺损.     

丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合材料在组织工程中应用的研究进展

丝素蛋白(silk fibroin,SF)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,然而单一组分的SF和CS支架材料的诸多缺点限制了其在组织工程研究中的应用。SF/CS复合材料克服单一组分SF和CS支架的缺点,具有力学性能优良、可塑性好、孔隙率及孔径可调和组分优势互补等特点。多种方法制备的SF/CS复合材料(微米/纳米颗粒、膜、纳米纤维、水凝胶和三维多孔支架)已用于骨、软骨、皮肤、神经、脂肪、心脏和角膜等组织工程或组织损伤修复的研究中。目前,国内外对于SF/CS复合材料在组织工程中应用的研究尚处于起步阶段。主要对SF/CS复合材料的特点、制备方法以及在多种组织工程中应用的研究现状进行了简要介绍。     

担载b-FGF的PLGA微球复合明胶支架的体外释放研究

目的:研究担载碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)微球复合明胶支架的外形特征、孔径、孔隙率及体外释放动力学,以期构建具有缓释功能、高孔隙率的担载细胞因子的新型复合明胶支架。方法:本文利用冷冻相分离法和S/O/W法先将b-FGF水溶液包裹于PLGA微球中,然后埋置于明胶溶液中制备为多孔复合明胶支架。分别对微球的形态和复合明胶支架的基本形态、孔径、孔隙率进行表征,通过Elisa法测定b-FGF在复合明胶支架中的体外释放行为。结果:制备成形态良好的三维复合明胶支架,其孔隙率为82.90%±1.45%,孔径范围为150~300μm,复合明胶支架中b-FGF在体外缓慢释放20余天。结论:担载蛋白微球复合明胶支架不仅满足组织工程支架的要求,还能有效缓释细胞因子,为细胞和组织生长提供良好的微环境,为进一步应用于组织工程领域提供了可能。     

离心粘结法制备孔隙连通的三维细胞支架

目的:改进多孔支架制备技术,使多孔支架具有孔隙结构均匀、孔隙连通性良好的特性。方法:间歇离心技术与湿度粘结方法结合,改善致孔剂粘结的均匀性;溶液浇注/颗粒沥析技术制备三维多孔细胞支架;扫描电镜观察支架的孔隙结构,原子吸收光谱检测致孔剂残余,力学实验仪与重量法表征支架的其它物理性能与制备条件的关系。结果:三维多孔支架的孔隙呈球形、分布均匀、孔隙相互连通、通道呈规则的圆形;支架中无残余致孔剂。以聚乳酸为原料制备的支架,其孔隙率、压模量、吸水率分别高达94.7±0.5%、509±6kPa、208.2±20.3%。结论:间歇离心粘结--溶剂浇注/颗粒沥析技术,能够制备出孔隙结构均匀、孔隙相互完全连通的三维细胞支架,支架的孔隙大小和通道尺寸人为可控,支架的孔隙率和强度高,孔隙结构符合组织工程的要求,是一种比较理想的三维细胞支架制备方法。     

MC 3T3-E1细胞在纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架上的增殖和分化

用原位合成纳米羟基磷灰石的方法制备多孔纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架;在支架上接种MC3T3-E1细胞,瑞氏染色检测细胞形态,MTT法检测其增殖情况;在诱导培养基中培养30d后,碱性磷酸酶染色比较其分化水平;定量检测细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性;RT-PCR检测成骨相关基因的表达情况。实验结果表明:MC3T3-E1细胞在纳米级羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架上粘附铺展良好,其增殖率显著高于培养于纯壳聚糖支架上的细胞。碱性磷酸酶染色表明复合支架上的细胞有较高水平的碱性磷酸酶表达。进一步定量检测细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性,结果说明在复合支架上细胞比纯壳聚糖支架上培养的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性提高了约8倍。此外,骨分化相关特征基因骨桥蛋白OPN在复合支架上培养的细胞中的表达水平也明显高于纯壳聚糖上培养的细胞。分化成熟标志基因骨钙素OC在复合支架上培养的细胞中有表达,但是纯壳聚糖支架上培养的细胞中却未检测到。支架中纳米羟基磷灰石的加入不仅提高了前成骨细胞在复合支架上的增殖,而且还促进了它的分化。纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架表现出良好的生物相容性和生物活性,是极具前景的骨组织工程支架材料。     

MC 3T3-E1细胞在纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架上的增殖和分化

用原位合成纳米羟基磷灰石的方法制备多孔纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架;在支架上接种MC 3T3-E1细胞,瑞氏染色检测细胞形态,MTT法检测其增殖情况;在诱导培养基中培养30d后,碱性磷酸酶染色比较其分化水平;定量检测细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性;RT-PCR检测成骨相关基因的表达情况。实验结果表明：MC 3T3-E1细胞在纳米级羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架上粘附铺展良好,其增殖率显著高于培养于纯壳聚糖支架上的细胞。碱性磷酸酶染色表明复合支架上的细胞有较高水平的碱性磷酸酶表达。进一步定量检测细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性,结果说明在复合支架上细胞比纯壳聚糖支架上培养的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性提高了约8倍。此外,骨分化相关特征基因骨桥蛋白OPN在复合支架上培养的细胞中的表达水平也明显高于纯壳聚糖上培养的细胞。分化成熟标志基因骨钙素OC在复合支架上培养的细胞中有表达,但是纯壳聚糖支架上培养的细胞中却未检测到。支架中纳米羟基磷灰石的加入不仅提高了前成骨细胞在复合支架上的增殖,而且还促进了它的分化。纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合支架表现出良好的生物相容性和生物活性,是极具前景的骨组织工程支架材料。     

牙源性干细胞复合微渠多孔羟基磷灰石支架成骨性能研究*

目的: 探讨牙源性干细胞复合微渠多孔羟基磷灰石支架(grooved porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds, HAG支架)的成骨性能,为骨缺损修复治疗提供新手段。方法: 从健康成人第三磨牙中提取牙周膜干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cells, PDLSCs)及牙髓干细胞(dental pulp stem cells, DPSCs)分别接种于HAG支架上,进行多向分化鉴定及碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性测定;并通过CCK-8检测细胞增殖能力;逆转录聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2, BMP-2)、骨钙素(osteocalcin, OCN)和骨桥蛋白(osteopontin, OPN)等成骨相关基因的表达。体内研究中将搭载PDLSCs和DPSCs的HAG支架移植到裸鼠的背部皮下,8周后取材,组织切片后采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察新骨形成,提取组织蛋白采用Western blot检测ALP、OCN等成骨相关蛋白的表达。结果: 体外研究中DPSCs复合HAG支架组的细胞增殖能力、ALP活性,以及成骨相关基因ALP、BMP2、OCN等的表达均高于PDLSCs复合HAG支架组。体内研究中HE染色显示,PDLSCs复合HAG支架组及DPSCs复合HAG支架组均较空白HAG支架组有更多细胞生长区、纤维细胞增生及骨基质形成,且DPSCs复合HAG支架组的骨基质面积更大,成纤维细胞数量更多;PDLSCs复合HAG支架组及DPSCs复合HAG支架组成骨相关蛋白的表达量均高于空白HAG组,且DPSCs复合HAG支架组中ALP蛋白表达量显著高于PDLSCs复合HAG支架组。结论: PDLSCs、DPSCs复合HAG支架在体内外均表现出良好的成骨性能,其中DPSCs复合HAG支架的成骨性能更为优异。     

多孔钛合金不同孔径大小对新骨长入的影响

目的:评价不同孔径多孔钛合金植入物在骨缺损区对新骨长入的影响。方法:采用电子束熔融(EBM)技术制备三种不同孔径(孔径分别为1.0 mm,2.0 mm,3.0 mm)的多孔钛合金材料,其孔隙率依次为73%,79%,86%。将18只家犬随机分为1.0 mm孔径材料组,2.0 mm孔径材料组,3.0 mm孔径材料组,每组6只。制备家犬双侧股骨外侧髁缺损模型,然后植入各孔径组材料,于术后4周,8周,12周分别行大体标本观察,X线片观察,组织形态学观察三组不同孔径材料与周围骨的整合情况及孔隙中的新骨长入情况。结果:通过大体标本观察和X线片观察显示,12周后三组材料均与周围紧密骨连接。其中1.0 mm孔径组材料中心明显成骨,2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组中心仍为较多白色组织填充。组织学观察显示,12周时2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组材料周围有骨质包绕,但中心空洞,基本无骨质形成。1.0 mm孔径组材料周围骨质包绕紧密,孔中新生骨形成较多,且有大量纤维母细胞和软骨细胞形成。各时间点1.0 mm孔径组新生骨面积百分比明显高于2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组,P<0.01,差异具有统计学意义。2.0 mm孔径组和3.0 mm孔径组相比,P>0.05,无显著差异。结论:孔径大小影响多孔钛合金材料的骨长入,适当孔径的设计将更有利于材料的传导成骨。     

制备大孔径静电纺丝组织工程支架的研究进展

研究表明静电纺丝可以制备出模拟细胞外基质的三维结构,其中限制静电纺丝纤维支架应用的问题之一就是纤维排列紧密导致支架的孔径较小,从而阻碍了细胞的浸入,组织中血管化的形成以及支架与宿主细胞的融合。为了增大支架的孔径,提高孔隙率,许多研究者提出了相应的策略。本文综述了多种制备大孔径静电纺丝纤维支架的方法,主要包括不同接收装置控制电场分布、盐粒子/聚合物析出法、水浴接收、低温静电纺丝以及激光/紫外烧蚀法等,以上的方法都能够有效的增大静电纺丝三维支架的孔径,进而提高了细胞的浸润性、营养物质的传输以及废物的排出,为静电纺丝纤维支架在组织工程中的应用奠定了基础。     

京尼平或紫外线交联制备的壳聚糖/ 藻酸盐复合支架材料比较

目的:比较京尼平或紫外线交联的壳聚糖/藻酸盐复合支架材料的降解率、孔隙率、含水量、细胞毒性以及生物力学等特性。方法:①按照交联方法不同分为:京尼平组、紫外线组。②扫描电镜下观察材料的表面结构以及检测材料的降解率、孔隙率、含水量、细胞毒性以及生物力学。结果:①紫外线组与京尼平组均表现为多孔隙结构,无明显差异。②紫外线组降解率高于京尼平组。③京尼平组与紫外线组的孔隙率差异无统计学意义,含水量差异比较有统计学意义。④两组均表现为较低的细胞毒性,良好的生物相容性。⑤京尼平交联组的生物力学特性较紫外线组显著提高。结论:京尼平交联的壳聚糖/藻酸盐复合支架材料,具有良好的生物学特性,为组织工程脊髓领域提供了非常具有潜力的材料。     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Annular and non-annular binding sites on the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase

Quenching of the fluorescence of the $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ purified from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum can be used to measure relative binding constants of hydrophobic compounds to the phospholipid-protein interface. We show that the binding constant for cholesterol is considerably less than that for phosphatidylcholine, so that cholesterol is effectively excluded from the phospholipid annulus around the ATPase. However, dibromocholestan-3β-ol causes quenching of the fluorescence of the ATPase, and so has access to other, non-annular sites. We suggest that these non-annular sites could be at protein/protein interfaces in ATPase oligomers. Oleic acid can bind at the phospholipid/protein interface, although its binding constant is less than that for a phosphatidylcholine, and it can also bind at the postulated non-annular sites. The effects of these compounds on the activity of the ATPase depend on the structure of the phospholipid present in the systems.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).