Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of Vietnam 3: Synoptic key to Vietnamese species of the polistine genus Ropalidia, with notes on taxonomy and distribution

Nineteen species of the paper wasp genus Ropalidia are recorded from Vietnam, of which three are new records for Vietnam. A key to all of the species, distribution records and taxonomic remarks are given. New synonymies proposed are: Ropalidia bicolorata parvula van der Vecht, 1962, under R. bicolorata van der Vecht, 1962; R. hongkongensis juncta van der Vecht, 1941, under R. hongkongensis (de Saussure, 1854); Icaria jucunda Cameron, 1898, and R. marginata sundaica van der Vecht, 1941, under R. marginata (Lepeletier, 1836); R. rufocollaris atrata van der Vecht, 1941, under R. rufocollaris (Cameron, 1900); and R. stigma rufa van der Vecht, 1941 and R. stigma nigrolineata van der Vecht, 1962, under R. stigma (Smith, 1858).     

Pictorial key to species of the genus Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Hymenoptera,Vespidae) from China,with description of one new species

Twenty two species of the paper wasp genus Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831, are listed from China. Among them, R. malaisei van der Vecht, 1962, R. cyathiformis (Fabricius, 1804), R. santoshae Das & Gupta, 1989, R. scitula (Bingham, 1897), R. obscura Gusenleitner, 1996 and R. ornaticeps (Cameron, 1900) are new records from China. A new species, R. parartifex Tan & van Achterberg, is described. Their diagnostic characteristics are summarized in an illustrated key and 36 colourplates.     

Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian species of the Ropalidia stigma group and R. variegata group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The taxonomy of the Australian species of two Ropalidia species groups, the R. stigma group and R. variegata group, is revised and their distribution patterns are discussed. Two species in the R. stigma group (R. darwini and R. elegantula), and four species in the R. variegata group (R. flavinoda, R. gregaria, R. mutabilis and R. revolutionalis) are recognized in Australia, with a new synonymy of R. mutabilis torresiana Richards, 1978, under R. gregaria (de Saussure, 1854). Icaria torrida Smith, 1863, from Seram Island is synonymized with R. unicolor (Smith, 1859).     

Eurotiaceae Trovate in Risaia

Abstract

Studying the mycological flora of paddy and grass-fields we had the opportunity to isolate some species of Eutotiaceae which are of particular interest. Three species were not yet known in Italy and only one was found in a soil of mountain pasture. The last one is also common in paddy fields. One of the isolated species was a Pseudoeurotium van Beyma, ascomycete with asci containing 16 ascospores, not identifiable with the systematically related species described as Pseudoeurotium indicum (Chattopadhyay and Das Gupta) Chattopadhyay from « oryzetis » in India and Pseudoeurotium multisporum (Saito and Minoura) Stolk in Japan. Some distinct morphological differences exist between our isolates and P. multisporum; but they differ only faintly from P. indicum: that is our isolates have pedicellate asci. Therefore we suggest the new variety: Pseudoeurotium indicum (Chattopadhyay and Das Gupta) Chattopadhyay var. orizetorum nobis. Three species of the genus Emericellopsis van Beyma: E. minima Stolk, E. terricola van Beyma and E. humicola (Cain) Cain were also isolated. The first one from the paddy-fields and the last two, not yet described in Italy, from grass fields. The possible relationship between E. minima Stolk arid E. pusilla Mathur, Sukapure and Thirumalachar has been discussed.     

Revision of the genus Parasapyga Turner (Hymenoptera,Sapygidae), with the description of two new species

Two new species, Parasapyga boschi sp. n. from Vietnam and P. yvonnae sp. n. from Indonesia are described. Parasapyga walshae van der Vecht, 1940, is treated as a valid species instead of a subspecies of P. moelleri Turner, 1910. A key to the species of the genus is added and all species are illustrated.     

Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new genera

The species of seventeen genera of Agathidinae (Braconidae) from Vietnam are revised: Agathis Latreille, 1804, Bassus Fabricius, 1804; Biroia Szépligeti, 1900; Braunsia Kriechbaumer, 1894; Camptothlipsis Enderlein, 1920; Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892; Coronagathis gen. n. (type species: Coronagathis cornifera sp. n.); Cremnops Foerster, 1862; Disophrys Foerster, 1862; Earinus Wesmael, 1837; Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900; Gyragathis gen. n. (type species: Gyragathis quyi sp. n.), Gyrochus Enderlein, 1920; Lytopylus Foerster, 1862; Therophilus Wesmael, 1837; Troticus Brullé, 1846, and Zelodia gen. n. (type species: Zelomorpha varipes van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990). Keys to the Vietnamese species are given.Sixty-five species are recognised, of which twelve species are newly recorded for Vietnam: Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934), Coccygidium angostura (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), Cremnops atricornis (Smith, 1874), stat. n., Disophrys erythrocephala Cameron, 1900, Gyrochus yunnanensis Wang, 1984, Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lienhuachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n. and Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n.Forty-two species are new to science: Agathis citrinisoma sp. n., Bassus albobasalis sp. n., Bassus albozonatus sp. n., Biroia soror sp. n., Braunsia bicolorata sp. n., Braunsia devriesi sp. n., Braunsia maculifera sp. n., Braunsia nigrapiculata sp. n., Braunsia pumatica sp. n., Camptothlipsis hanoiensis sp. n., Coronagathis cornifera sp. n., Earinus aurantius sp. n., Earinus brevistigmus sp. n., Euagathis flavosoma sp. n., Disophrys maculifera sp. n., Disophrys quymanhi sp. n., Disophrys rhinoides sp. n., Gyragathis quyi sp. n., Therophilus annuliferus sp. n., Therophilus cattienensis sp. n., Therophilus contrastus sp. n., Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n., Therophilus depressiferus sp. n., Therophilus elongator sp. n., Therophilus levisoma sp. n., Therophilus marucae sp. n., Therophilus mellisoma sp. n., Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., Therophilus nuichuaensis sp. n., Therophilus parasper sp. n., Therophilus planifrons sp. n., Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n., Therophilus robustus sp. n., Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., Therophilus scutellatus sp. n., Troticus alloflavus sp. n., Troticus giganteus sp. n., Zelodia albobasalis sp. n., Zelodia anginota sp. n., Zelodia bicoloristigma sp. n., Zelodia brevifemoralis sp. n. and Zelodia flavistigma sp. n.The following new synonyms are proposed: Euagathis nigrithorax Bhat & Gupta, 1977, Euagathis variabilis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. tibialis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. melanopleura Enderlein, 1920 and Euagathis variabilis var. sucarandana Enderlein, 1920 with Euagathis abbotti (Ashmead, 1900); Euagathis jinshanensis Chen & Yang, 2006 and Euagathis sharkeyi Chen & Yang, 2006, with Euagathis forticarinata (Cameron, 1899). The genus Amputostypos Sharkey, 2009, is synonymised with Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892, syn. n.The following new combinations are given: Bassus subrasa (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Gyragathis angulosa (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus annulus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus asper (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus cingulipes (Nees, 1812), comb. n., Therophilus daanyuanensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus fujianicus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lanyuensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus luzonicus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus muesebecki (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus rudimentarius (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Therophilus similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus sungkangensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus tanycoleosus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tonghuaensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tongmuensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus transcasperatus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Troticus latiabdominalis (Bhat, 1978),comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n., Zelodia achterbergi (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia albopilosella (Cameron, 1908), comb. n., Zelodia chromoptera (Roman, 1913), comb. n., Zelodia nihonensis (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia cordata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia diluta (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia dravida (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia exornata (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia longiptera (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia maculipes (Cameron, 1911), comb. n., Zelodia nigra (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia philippinensis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia reticulosa (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia quadrifossulata (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Zelodia ruida (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia penetrans (Smith, 1860), comb. n. and Zelodia varipes (van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990), comb. n.     

Reproductivity of early males of the temperate paper wasp Polistes rothneyi iwatai

In Polistes paper wasps, haploid early males can mate with early emerging females and leave viable offspring. In contrast, diploid early males are eventually sterile because they contribute triploid offspring via diploid sperm. Clarifying the ploidy of early males is important for determining whether early male production is a reproductive strategy for the species. We examined the mating behavior and the ploidy of early males in the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes rothneyi iwatai van der Vecht. Thirteen early males from four colonies were all diploid. Two of the nine early males (22.2%) attempted to mate with females, but only one individual (11.1%) was successful (the female's spermatheca contained spermatozoa). These results suggest that although most early males of P. rothneyi iwatai do not produce offspring, their mating may be linked to the occasional production of triploid females.     

A new name for Limnophyes montanus Chaudhuri,Sinharay & Das Gupta (Diptera: Chironomidae) from India

Limnophyes nigripes is proposed as a replacement name for Limnophyes montanus Chaudhuri, Sinharay & Das Gupta, nee Limnophyes montanus Goetghebuer.     

Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) from rice stores in Thailand, with description of two new species

Five species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) were collected from rice stores in Thailand. Proconura minusa Narendran was dominant and is thought to be an important parasitoid of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). Many individuals of Proconura caryobori (Hanna) were collected, and the host in rice stores of this species was Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). Antrocephalus mitys (Walker) is known to parasitize C. cephalonica, but few individuals were collected; therefore, it is thought not to be important in Thailand. Notaspidiella clavata Narendran and Konishi sp. nov. and Notaspidium thailandicum Narendran and Konishi sp. nov. are described.     

Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera)

A phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships and revised generic concepts for the Trigonalidae is presented. The Trigonalidae is divided into two subfamilies, the Orthogonalinae and the Trigonalinae. Orthogonalinae consists of a single primitive genus, Orthogonalys, sharing many generalized apocritan characters, but lacking advanced trigonalid characters including antennal tyloids and female metasomal armature. No synapomorphies have been detected for the Orthogonalinae. Trigonalinae are characterized by the presence of tyloids. The Trigonalinae were originally defined by the absence of female armature, and were therefore polyphyletic because armature has been lost several times. Within the revised concept of Trigonalinae, the tribe Trigonalini is characterized by the presence of elongate parameres and an intertorulus distance subequal to the distance between the torulus and the eye. A second tribe, Nomadinini, is based on the secondary loss of tyloids, and comprises the previous subfamilies Seminotinae, Nomadininae, Bareogonalinae and Lycogastrinae. The two tribes Trigonalini and Nomadinini share the presence of female armature, although in some Trigonalini it has been secondarily lost. The genera Labidogonalos Schulz, Lycogastroides Strand, Lycogonalos Bischoff, Nanogonalos Schulz, Poecilogonalos Schulz and Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki are synonymised under Taeniogonalos Schulz. The species Lycogaster zimmeri Bischoff, Tapinogonalos maschuna Schulz, and Trigonalys pictifrons Smith (placed in Lycogaster by Schulz, 1906a) are transferred to Taeniogonalos. The genera Discenea Enderlein and Stygnogonalos Schulz are synonymised under Trigonalys Westwood. The species Labidogonalos flavescens Bischoff, L. sanctaecatharinae Schulz, Trigonalys lachrymosa Westwood (placed in Lycogaster by Bischoff, 1938), T. maculifrons Cameron (placed in Labidogonalos by Bischoff, 1938) and T. rufiventris Magretti (placed in Lycogaster by Schulz, 1907a) are transferred to Trigonalys.Trigonalys costalis Cresson is synonymised with Taeniogonalos gundlachii (Cresson). Xanthogonalos fasciatus Bertoni and X.severini Schulz are synonymised with Trigonalys sanctaecatharinae (Schulz). Mimelogonalos partiglabra Riek and M. punctulata Riek are synonymised with M. bouvieri Schulz. Lectotypes are designated for Trigonalys melanoleuca Westwood and Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis (Cameron). The author of Trigonalys maculifrons is Sharp (1895), not Cameron (1897), and the author of Taeniogonalos enderleini is De Santis (1980), not Schulz 1906. Viereck (1914) designated Trigonalys pulchella Cresson as type of the genus Tapinogonalos Schulz, preceding Bischoff's (1938) designation, making Tapinogonalos a synonym of Orthogonalys. A new genus, Afrigonalys, is proposed for the three species that were described in ‘Tapinogonalos’sensu Bischoff, nec Viereck.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Valone Jr., J. A. (1970): Electrical emission in Gymnotus carapo and their relation to social behaviour Endler , John (1970): Kinesthetic orientation in the California Newt Slater , Peter J. B. (1970): Nestbuilding in the Bengalese Finch White , Sheila J. und R. E. C. (1970): Individual voice production in Gannets Ehrlich , Annette (1970): Response to novel objects in three lower primates Smith , W. John (1970): Song-like displays in Sayornis species Parker , G. A. (1970): The reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria L. IV. Epigamic recognition and competition between males for the possession of females Heinroth , Katharina (1970): Handaufzuchten Todt , Dietmar (1970): Die antiphonen Paargesänge des ostafrikanischen Grassängers Swenson , Leland C. (1970): One versus two discrimination by Whitenecked Ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus) Wüst, W. (1970): Die Brutvögel Mitteleuropas Sambraus , H. H. (1971): Das Sexualverhalten des Hausrindes, speziell des Stieres Kühn , Alfred (1971): Grundriß der Vererbungslehre Wurmbach , H. (1970): Lehrbuch der Zoologie, Band I, Allgemeine Zoologie und Ökologie Wurmbach , H. (1968): Lehrbuch der Zoologie Erdmann , Kurt (1970): Einführung in die Zoologie für Landwirte und Tierärzte ed. Aronson , L. R., E. Tobach , D. S. Lehrman und J. R. Rosenblatt (1970): Development and Evolution of Behaviour, essays in memory of T. C. Schneirla     

Unterschiedliche Wirkung von Captan auf das Wachstum einiger Stämme von Chlorella und Scenedesmus

Zusammenfassung Das Fungicid Captan erwies sich bei 37 Stämmen von Chlorella als ein wirksamer Wachstumshemmstoff. Nur 3 Chlorella-Stämme besitzen eine gewisse Captanresistenz. Das Merkmal Captanresistenz scheint in der Gattung Chlorella nicht artspezifisch verteilt zu sein.Bei Scenedesmus acutus f. alternans Hortob. und Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.) Smith wird Captan noch in einer Dosis von 50 mg/l vertragen, ohne daß Anzeichen einer Hemmwirkung zu erkennen sind.

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Differential action of captan on the growth of some strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus

Summary The fungicide captan was found to inhibit strongly the photoautotrophic growth of 37 Chlorella strains. Only 3 strains are fairly resistant to captan. In the genus Chlorella resistance to captan does not seem to be species specific.Two strains of Scenedesmus (Scenedesmus acutus f. alternans Hortob. and Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.) Smith) tolerate captan up to 50 mg/l without being inhibited at all.

     

Alarm communication in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ropalidia</Emphasis> social wasps

Summary Alarm pheromones, chemical substances produced by social insects to alert the colony to threat, are the principal means by which colony defence is co-ordinated. We present the results of a study on alarm behaviour in 5 swarming species of wasps belonging to the genus Ropalidia. These species show a remarkably efficient strategy of alarm communication, including visual display and attack synchronization. We show that pheromones released from the venom gland play an important role in alarm recruitment in species belonging to the Ropalidia flavopicta group, but not in Ropalidia sumatrae. We analysed the contents of the venom reservoirs content of four of the studied species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glands were found to contain a complex mixture of volatile compounds as well as spiroacetals of higher molecular weight. Interestingly, despite all species producing similar chemical compounds from the venom gland, these were found to elicit alarm behaviour in only those species that build nest envelopes, suggesting a link between chemical release of alarm behaviour and the evolution of nest architecture in Ropalidia wasps.Received 19 August 2003; revised 29 February 2004; accepted 10 March 2004     

Besprechungen

Book Reviewed in this article: Salzen, Eric A. (1968): Contact and social attachment in Domestic Chicks (Berührungsreize und soziale Bindungen bei Hühnchen). Oviatt, Candace A. (1968): Light-influenced movement of the starfish Asterias forbesi (Desor) (Lichtabhängige Bewegungsweisen beim Seestern). Emlen, Stephen T. (1968): Homing ability and orientation in the Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta marginata (Heimfinden und Orientierungsweise bei der Zierschildkröte Ch. p. m.). Burghardt, Gordon M. (1968): Comparative prey-attack studies in newborn Snakes of the genus Thamnophis (Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Beuteauswahl neugeborener Strumpfbandnattern). Dingle, Hugh , und Roy L. Caldwell (1968): The aggressive and territorial behaviour of the Mantis Shrimp Gonodactylus bredini Manning (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) (Angriffs- und Revierverhalten des Stomatopoden G. b.). Delius, Juan D. (1968): A stochastic analysis of the maintenance behaviour of Skylarks (Eine stochastische Analyse des der Selbsterhaltung dienenden Verhaltens der Feldlerche). 1. Ruttner, F. (1966): Welche Faktoren bestimmen das Geschlecht? Neue Ergebnisse der Studien an Hautflüglern. 2. Ruttner, Friedrich und Hans (1965): Untersuchungen über die Flugaktivität und das Paarungsverhalten der Drohnen: 2. Beobachtungen an Drohnensammel-plätzen. 3. Dieselben (1966): dasselbe, 3. Flugweite und Flugrichtung der Drohnen. 4. Dieselben (1968): dasselbe, 4. Zur Fernorientierung und Ortsstetigkeit der Drohnen auf ihren Paarungsflügen. Norman, J. R. (1966): Die Fische. Eine Naturgeschichte für Sport- und Berufsfischer, Aquarianer, Biologen und Naturfreunde. In 2. engl. Ausg. bearb, von P. H. Greenwood. Deutsche Ausg. bearb. und erweit. von K. H. Lüling. Lüdicke, N. (1964): 5. Ordnung der Klasse Reptilia, Serpentes (5). Dücker, G. (1965): Das Verhaten der Viverriden. Frädrich, H. (1967): Das Verhaten der Schweine (Suidae, Tayassuidae) und Flußpferde (Hippopotamidae). Lang, T. G. , und H. A. P. Smith (1965): Communication between Dolphins in separate tanks by way of an electronic acoustic link (Telefonische Unterhaltung von Delphinen in verschiedenen Tanks). Müller-Using, D., und R. Schloeth (1967): Das Verhalten der Hirsche. Kellogg, Winthrop N. (1968): Communication and Language in the Home-Raised Chimpanzee (Verständigungsweisen und Sprache bei vom Menschen aufgezogenen Schimpansen). Kühn, A. ? (1969): Grundriß der allgemeinen Zoologie, 17. Auflage. Raikov, Boris Eugenewitsch (1968): Karl Ernst v. Baer 1792–1876, sein Leben und sein Werk. Hazelhoff, F. F. (1968): Belauschte Tierwelt. Aus dem Holländischen übersetzt von Margret Hossmann. Carthy, J. D. (1967): Tiere in ihrer Welt, englisch 1965: Animal Behaviour, übersetzt von Margaret Auer. Jahn, Theo (1968) Wunder des Lebendigen, mit einer Einleitung von Adolf Portmann. Altner, G. (1966): Charles Darwin und Ernst Haeckel, ein Vergleich nach theologischen Aspekten, mit einem Geleitwort von Wulf Emmo Ankel.     

Besprechungen/Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Hadidian, J. (1980): Yawning in an old world monkey, Macaca nigra (Primates: Cercopithecidae) (Das Gähnen des Schopfmakaken) Rothstein, S. I. (1980): The preening invitation or head-down display of parasitic cowbirds: II. Experimental analysis and evidence for behavioural mimicry (Kopfsenken als Einladung zum Putzen, ein Täuschungsmanöver von Kuhstärlingen) Borgia, G. (1980): Sexual competition in Scatophaga stercoraria: size- and density-related changes in male ability to capture females (Konkurrenz der Männchen bei Dungfliegen: Größe- und dichteabhängige Unterschiede in der Fähigkeit, Weibchen zu fangen) Slater, P. J. B., S. A. Ince und P. W. Colgan (1980): Chaffinch song types: their frequencies in the population and distribution between repertoires of different individuals (Über die Häufigkeit verschiedener Gesangsformen innerhalb einer Buchfinkenpopulation und ihr Auftreten in Repertoires verschiedener Individuen) Menzel, Ch. R., und E. W. Menzel jr. (1980): Head-cocking and visual exploration in marmosets (Saguinus fuscicollis) (Visuelles Erkunden durch Drehen des Kopfes beim Braunrückentamarin) Lindberg, W. J., und R. B. Frydenborg (1980): Resource centered agonism of Pilumnus sayi (Brachyura, Xanthidae), an associate of the Bryozoan Schizoporella pungens (Kämpfe um Besitz bei der mit Bryozoen vergesellschafteten Krabbe P. s.) Michel, R. (1980): Etude au laboratoire du développement possible de l'activité migratrice chez le criquet pélerin, Schistocerca gregaria, lors des invasions et des récessions (Laborversuche zum Wanderverhalten der Wüstenheuschrecke) Wrangham, R. W. (1980): An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups (Ein ökologisches Modell von Primatengruppen. deren Zusammenhalt auf Bindungen der Weibchen beruht) Assem, J. van den, F. Jachmann und P. Simbolotti (1980): Courtship behaviour of Nasonia vitripennis (Hym., Pteromalidae): Some qualitative, experimental evidence for the role of pheromones (Versuche zur Bedeutung von Pheromonen in der Balz der Erzwespe N. v.) Faßnacht, G. (1979): Systematische Verhaltensbeobachtung. Eine Einführung in die Methodologie und Praxis (Ethological methods; an introduction) Lehner, P. N. (1979): Handbook of ethological methods (Handbuch ethologischer Methoden)     

Revision of the genus Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)

Summary Only nine species of the genus Haemonchus are considered valid, namely, H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898 (type), H. bedfordi Le Roux, 1929, H. dinniki Sach, Gibbons & Lweno, 1973, H. krugeri Ortlepp, 1964, H. lawrencei Sandground, 1933, H. longistipes Railliet & Henry, 1909, H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929, H. similis Travassos, 1914 and H. vegliai Le Roux, 1929. These are redescribed. H. bispinosus Molin, 1860, H. placei Place, 1893, H. cervinus Baylis & Daubney, 1922, H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part), H. tartaricus Evranova, 1940, H. contortus contortus Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus cayugensis Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus bangalorensis Rao & Rahman, 1967, H. contortus hispanicus Martínez Gómez, 1968, H. contortus kentuckiensis Sukhapesna, 1974 and H. contortus var. uktalensis Das & Whitlock, 1960 are considered synonyms of H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898.The synonymy of H. lunatus Travassos, 1914, H. atectus Lebedev, 1929, H. pseudocontortus Lebedev, 1929 and H. fuhrmanni Kamensky, 1929 with H. contortus is confirmed. H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part) is considered a synonym of H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929 and H. bubalis Chauhan & Pande, 1968 is considered a synonym of H. similis Travassos, 1914. H. bovis Bonelli, 1941 and H. contortus var. kashmirensis Fotedar & Bambroo, 1965 are considered species inquirendae. An illustrated key to the species of the genus is provided.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

国产合瓣花植物名称的后选模式指定——Ⅰ. 杜鹃花科

在整理保存于中国科学院植物研究所中国国家植物标本馆（PE）的国产合瓣花植物模式标本时,根据《国际藻类、菌类、植物命名法规》（墨尔本法规）规则9.5,发现一些植物名称的模式为合模式,其中包括杜鹃花科的奇异杜鹃、怒江杜鹃、绢毛杜鹃、橙黄杜鹃、光蕊杜鹃、棕背川滇杜鹃、拟镰果杜鹃、镰果杜鹃、粘毛杜鹃、粗毛杜鹃、腾冲杜鹃、剑川杜鹃和红粗毛杜鹃。遵照规则8.1、9.11和9.12,以及辅则9A.3的精神,对这13个名称做出后选模式指定。     

Distribution of foundress group size in Ropalidia fasciata and R. plebeiana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): an analysis using zero-truncated distribution models

Distribution patterns of the number of foundresses per newly established nest (foundress group size, FGS) of two primitively eusocial, independent-founding wasps, Ropalidia fasciata and R. plebeiana, were studied using zero-truncated distribution models. The distribution pattern of the FGS of R. fasciata is significantly different from a zero-truncated Poisson distribution but fits the zero-truncated negative binomial distribution well, indicating a strongly contagious distribution. R. plebeiana sometimes establishes new colonies by reusing old nests. In this case, distributions are strongly contagious. Competition among foundresses may be one reason for the contagious distribution of FGS in R. fasciata and in cases of old-nest reuse by R. plebeiana, but further studies, especially on the behaviour of foundresses in relation to FGS, are necessary. Electronic Publication     

A Quantitative Description of the Copulatory Behavior of Western Harvest Mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis)

Das Kopulationsverhalten von Reithrodontomys megalotis wurde an 9 ♂♂ und 13 ♀♀ in 34 Versuchen analysiert. Jeder Versuch dauerte, bis eine halbe Stunde ohne Einführungen blieb. Die Einführungen sind kurz; “Hängen” und Beckenstöße fehlen. Es gibt mehrfache Ejakulationen, aber mehrfache Einführungen vor der Ejakulation sind nicht nötig. Bis zur ersten Einführung vergingen im Mittel etwa 20 min, im Laufe der Versuche immer weniger. Die erste Ejakulation folgte nach nur drei Einführungen nach etwa 3 min. R. megalotis braucht zur Ejakulation weniger Genitalreizung als andere bisher untersuchte Nager. Da ihre Umgebung wenig Schutz bietet, scheint die schnelle Ejakulation von R. megalotis mit dem Feinddruck zusammenzuhängen.