钼对多刺裸腹溞的毒性

运用急性毒性和生命表实验方法,研究了钼对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的急性毒性和生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,钼对多刺裸腹溞的48hLC50值为134.46mg·L-1,95%置信区间为107.05～194.53mg·L-1;在2.0～15.0mg·L-1的浓度范围内,钼对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间、平均寿命和净生殖率均无显著影响,但对种群内禀增长率有显著影响。空白对照组中,多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率为0.0448±0.0033h-1,显著高于6.4、8.4、11.2和15.0mg·L-1钼浓度下多刺裸腹溞的种群内禀增长率(分别为0.0334±0.0007、0.0327±0.0010、0.0335±0.0003和0.0346±0.0005h-1)。与其他已测试的物种相比,多刺裸腹溞对钼具有较强的敏感性;在所研究的生命表统计学参数中,种群内禀增长率是最敏感的指标。     

硫丹和狄氏剂对多刺裸腹的毒性效应

为了解亚致死浓度的有机氯农药硫丹和狄氏剂对枝角类的急性、慢性和联合毒性作用,采用急性毒性实验方法研究了硫丹和狄氏剂对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的48 h半效应浓度,应用生命表实验方法研究了亚致死浓度的硫丹(0、52和208 μg/L)和狄氏剂(0、12和48μg/L)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明,硫丹及狄氏剂对多刺裸腹溞的48 h半效应浓度是834.9和185.8 μg/L.硫丹对多刺裸腹溞出生时的生命期望(e0)、世代时间(T)和净生殖率(R0)有显著的影响(P<0.05),但对种群内禀增长率(rm)没有显著的影响(P>0.05);狄氏剂仅对种群内禀增长率有显著的影响(P<0.05);硫丹与狄氏剂的交互作用对所有生命表统计学参数均无显著影响(P>0.05).与硫丹浓度为0时相比,52和208μg/L的硫丹均使多刺裸腹溞的e0.和T显著缩短,R0显著降低;与狄氏剂浓度为0时相比,48μg/L的狄氏剂使多刺裸腹溞的rm显著升高.这说明硫丹与狄氏剂对多刺裸腹溞的联合作用形式是独立相加,没有产生协同作用.     

Acute inhibition of protease and suppression of growth in zooplankter,Moina macrocopa,by Microcystis blooms collected in Central India

Cyanobacterial blooms consisting of Microcystis spp., collected from 14 water-bodies in Central India, and an adapted culture, were studied for likely impact on zooplankton community. When fed with single cells of Microcystis from several locations, in mixtures with Chlorella, population growth of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa was suppressed. Microcystis alone was unsuitable as food. In three cases, bloom extracts enhanced mortality of starved zooplankton. Extracts from several sources inhibited protease activity when trypsin or a crude extract from zooplankton served as enzyme source. Upon fractionation by solid-phase extraction, the C-18 passed extract contained the anti-protease and toxic substances for zooplankton, whereas a methanol eluted fraction retained the trypsin inhibitory substance. The study suggests that production of protease inhibitors by cyanobacteria is a factor responsible for feeding inhibition and mortality in zooplankton, which in turn could regulate the community structure of grazers.     

4种重金属离子对多刺裸腹溞的联合毒性效应

在研究了铜、铅、镉和锌4种单一因子对多刺裸腹溞（Moina macrocopa）急性毒性作用基础上,采用Marking 相加指数法研究了联合毒性效应.实验结果表明：4种重金属离子的毒性大小依次为Cd2＋＞Cu2＋＞Pb2＋＞Zn2＋,对多刺裸腹溞48h的LC50分别为0.0076mg/L,0.0306mg/L,0.0532mg/L,0.3568mg/L;Pb2＋-Cu2＋-Cd2＋、Pb2＋-Zn2＋-Cd2＋3种离子和Cu2＋-Pb2＋-cd2＋-Zn2＋4种离子共存时的毒性效应表现为拮抗作用;Cu2＋-Zn2＋-Cd2＋和Pb2＋-cu2＋-Zn2＋共存时的联合毒性较为复杂,三者浓度比1：1：1时表现为协同作用,而毒性比1∶1：1时在24h内表现为协同作用,至48h时为拮抗作用.     

LAS和5种洗衣粉对多刺裸腹氵蚤的毒性研究

采用多刺裸腹氵蚤（Ｍｏｉｎａｍａｃｒｏｃｏｐａ）对ＬＡＳ（十二烷基苯磺酸钠）和５种洗衣粉的毒性进行了研究。结果显示,这些物质能够抑制多刺裸腹氵蚤的运动,并且造成氵蚤的大量死亡。４８小时所测得的半数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）,ＬＡＳ为７１ｐｐｍ;ＷＣ、ＦＣ、ＢＬ、ＯＭ、ＴＺ洗衣粉的ＬＣ５０分别为６６、５５、５１、４２和３５５ｐｐｍ。     

百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的毒性效应

采用急性毒性实验方法研究了两种常见除草剂百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的48hLC50值,应用生命表实验方法研究了亚致死浓度的百草枯(0、0.01和0.04mg·L-1)和草甘膦(0、0.4和1.6mg·L-1)对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明:百草枯和草甘膦对多刺裸腹溞的48hLC50值分别为0.626和26.287mg·L-1;百草枯浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),草甘膦浓度对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01),百草枯和草甘膦的交互作用对多刺裸腹溞的世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响(P<0.01)。多重比较显示:当忽略草甘膦的影响时,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著延长,而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯则相反,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯使多刺裸腹溞的净生殖率显著降低;当忽略百草枯的影响时,0.4和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦均使多刺裸腹溞的生命期望显著缩短;与空白对照组相比,0.01mg·L-1的百草枯和1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著延长;而0.04mg·L-1的百草枯和0、0.4、1.6mg·L-1的草甘膦混合液均使多刺裸腹溞的世代时间显著缩短,种群内禀增长率显著降低。随着草甘膦浓度的升高,0.04mg·L-1的百草枯对多刺裸腹溞的毒性显著降低,表现出明显的拮抗作用。     

DDT对多刺裸腹溞的急性毒性和生命表参数的影响

采用48 h急性毒性试验研究了DDT对多刺裸腹溞的48小时LC₅₀值,采用生命表试验方法研究了暴露于不同浓度（1、8、16、24、32和40 μg·L^-1）DDT溶液中的多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数.结果表明：DDT对多刺裸腹溞48小时LC₅₀值为324 μg·L^-1;浓度在1～40 μg·L^-1的 DDT对多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、净生殖率、世代时间和总繁殖率均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对种群内禀增长率(r_m)影响显著 (P<0.05).与空白对照组相比,浓度为8、16和40 μg·L^-1的DDT显著地提高了多刺裸腹溞种群r_m.在使用多刺裸腹溞的生命表统计学参数监测亚致死浓度的DDT的生态影响时,r_m是较敏感的指标.     

Effect of Azo Dyes on Survivorship,Oxygen Consumption Rate,and Filtration Rate of the Freshwater Cladoceran Moina macrocopa

Toxicity of the azo dyes Procion Red MX-5B (PR), Procion Yellow HE-4R (PY), and Congo Red (CR) on the freshwater cladoceran Moina macrocopa was studied. The 4-day LC₅₀ values for PR, PY, and CR were 59.0, 9.50, and 0.16 mg/L, respectively. Reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint than mortality. The onset of reproduction was delayed at azo dye concentrations ≥ 0.01 mg/L. The total number of young produced over 7 days was reduced by 49.8% in PR, 44.5% in PY, and 69.0% in CR. No reproduction was recorded at PY concentrations ≥ 100 mg/L and CR concentrations ≥ 1.0 mg/L. A significant decrease in oxygen consumption rate was observed after 4 days of exposure to azo dyes at concentration equivalent to 25% of the 4-day LC₅₀. The effect of CR on oxygen consumption rate was observed after 4 days of exposure to a concentration equivalent to 10% of the 4-day LC₅₀. Filtration rate was a more sensitive endpoint than oxygen consumption rate. For all three dyes, filtration rate was reduced after 4 days of exposure to concentrations equivalent to 10% of the 4-day LC₅₀. Based on mortality, reproduction, oxygen consumption, and filtration, the order of toxicity was CR > PY > PR.     

Active release of microcystins controlled by an endogenous rhythm in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The active release of microcystins in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, strain BCCUSP232 was confirmed. The microcystin release is controlled by an endogenous rhythm, pointing to a biosynthetic pattern of toxins in cyanobacteria. Proofing tests for this active release were carried out by experiments at two independent 24 h cycles, light : dark and continuous light (12:12 h) along the exponential growing phase. Cultivation samples at light, temperature and photoperiod controlled conditions were collected in 2‐h intervals. Microcystin concentrations from the pellet aliquots (intracellular microcystin per cell‐quota –IMC) and supernatant (extracellular microcystin per equivalent cell‐quota – EMC) were quantified with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The IMC concentrations showed increases and decreases in both cycles. Decreases of IMC clearly demonstrate that the toxin was actively released to the surrounding medium and not by cell lysis. The total microcystins concentrations (IMC and EMC) between the light : dark and continuous light cycles presented similar variations between the same hours.     

饥饿胁迫对多刺裸腹溞糖与蛋白质代谢的影响

研究了饥饿24 h和48 h对多刺裸腹溞Moina macrocopa糖和蛋白质代谢中间代谢产物以及主要代谢酶的影响.结果显示,饥饿能够显著影响多刺裸腹溞机体内葡萄糖、丙酮酸、总町溶性蛋白和总氨基酸含量;同时对琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活力也有不同程度的影响.饥饿24 h和48 h,葡萄糖含量分别降低了32.17%和37.55%;丙酮酸含量分别降低了46.04%和38.53%,与对照组相比.发生了显著性变化(P<0.05).饥饿24 h可溶性蛋白含量降低了32.14%(P<0.05);饥饿24 h和48 h总氨基酸含量呈极显著下降趋势(P<0.01),分别下降了61.47%和65.38%.实验证明,饥饿胁迫可诱导SDH活力增加,48 h时活力极显著升高(P<0.01);而PK活力变化不显著(P>0.05);GPT和GOT两种转氨酶活性在饥饿胁迫下呈上升趋势,但是与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).     

生态因子的波动对多刺裸腹溞雄体发生的影响

采用克隆培养法,研究了几种主要生态因子的波动对多刺裸腹氵蚤雄体发生的影响和该氵蚤对上述生态因子波动的敏感程度.结果表明,无论是一次性剧烈刺激,还是持续性渐进刺激,该氵蚤均未能直接产生雄体,即氵蚤的孤雌生殖雌体不能直接转变为混交雌体(两性生殖雌体);在光照、温度、饵料密度、pH值持续性渐进波动时,该氵蚤种群的内禀增长率分别为0.7748、0.7481、0.6539和0.6310d-1ind-1,比对照组降低0.9%、4.0%、16.4%和19.3%,表明该氵蚤对饵料密度和pH值的波动较为敏感,对温度的敏感性次之     

Fecundity,reproduction, and growth of Moina macrocopa fed different algae

Three micro algae, Ankistrodesmus convolutus, Scenedesmus incrassatulus and Chlorella vulgaris, at three concentrations, were tested as diets for Moina macrocopa. Their effect on reproduction, fecundity, growth and survival was evaluated. All three algae satisfied the nutritional requirements of M. macrocopa, despite their difference in size. The best concentration, expressed in dry weight, was 5 mg l^–1 for all three. Time to first reproduction was 4 days with all diets. Average time between clutches was 33 hours, and maximum number of clutches was 12; the highest average number of offspring per brood was 27. The largest broods were the fourth to sixth, depending on the diet. Ephippium hatching depends on temperature, taking only 24 hours at 30 °C and 48 hours at 27 °C. This species could be an important test organism in aquatic bioassays, and a live food in aquaculture.     

Cysteine and serine protease-mediated proteolysis in body homogenate of a zooplankter, Moina macrocopa, is inhibited by the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806

The paper describes the characterization of proteases in the whole body homogenate of Moina macrocopa, which can possibly be inhibited by the extracts of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806. With the use of oligopeptide substrates and specific inhibitors, we detected the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and cysteine protease. Cysteine protease, the predominant enzyme behind proteolysis of a natural substrate, casein, was partially purified by gel filtration. The substrate SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of body homogenate revealed the presence of nine bands of proteases (17-72 kDa). The apparent molecular mass of an exclusive cysteine protease was 60 kDa, whereas of trypsin, it was 17-24 kDa. An extract of M. aeruginosa PCC7806 significantly inhibited the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and cysteine protease in M. macrocopa body homogenate at estimated IC(50) of 6- to 79-microg dry mass mL(-1). Upon fractionation by C-18 solid-phase extraction, 60% methanolic elute contained all the protease inhibitors, and these metabolites could be further separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The metabolites inhibitory to M. macrocopa proteases also inhibited the corresponding class of proteases of mammalian/plant origin. The study suggests that protease inhibition may contribute to chemical interaction of cyanobacteria and crustacean zooplankton.     

Maternal effects, conspecific chemical cues, and switching from parthenogenesis to gametogenesis in the cladoceran Moina macrocopa

The change in reproductive mode from parthenogenesis to gametogenesis in Cladocera is controlled by multiple environmental cues. Maternal effects are involved in the control of reproductive switching. In this study, we estimated the readiness of Moina macrocopa females to change reproduction mode under the effect of conspecific chemicals on maternal and offspring generations. The results demonstrated that information about the chemical environment was not transmitted between generations (none of the females produced diapausing eggs in the control medium irrespective of their mothers' environment). Differences in maternal energetic investments were not significant, hence the maternal environment did not affect the fecundity. However, tested animals adapted to the effect of the diapause inducing factor. When offspring of mothers cultured in crowded water were also cultured in crowded water (the constant effect of conspecific chemicals), they switched less readily to gametogenesis than offsprings of mothers cultured in fresh medium.     

Effect of lead on the reaction of O-demethylase in p-nitro anisole in the cladoceran Moina macrocopa

The presence of the Mixed-Function Oxydase (MFO) system, in Moina macrocopa was detected through the transformation of p-nitroanisole to para-nitrophenol. The presence of this enzymatic system suggested that this cladoceran participates in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. This capacity, in conjunction with the aquatic flea's high tolerance to environmental stress, suggested that M. macrocopa could be used in bioremediation efforts to increase ecosystem health. The effects of lead on the MFO system in M. macrocopa, were also studied. Lead acted as an inhibitor of the enzymatic complex. Therefore, induction of MFO-activity as an early warning may not work in waterbodies affected by both inducers of MFO and inhibitors like lead.     

Isolation of eight microsatellite markers from Moina macrocopa for assessing cryptic genetic structure in the wild

We isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the zooplankton Moina macrocopa (Straus), which is sensitive to pollutants such as insecticides and heavy metals. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with three to seven alleles among 23 individuals. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.167 to 0.787. These loci can be used to examine cryptic genetic structure and to infer the connectivity among metapopulations.     

Pb2+浓度和藻类食物密度对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响

采用48h急性毒性试验研究了Pb2+对多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)的48h-LC50值,采用生命表试验方法在0.5×106、1.0×106、2.0×106个细胞/mL的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度下研究了浓度为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0mg/L的Pb2+对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,Pb2+对多刺裸腹溞48h-LC50值为10.5mg/L。与各食物密度下的对照组相比,除了0.5×106、1.0×106个细胞/mL下0.2mg/L的Pb2+显著延长了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望,0.5×106个细胞/mL的食物密度下0.4mg/L的Pb2+显著提高了多刺裸腹溞的净生殖率、0.40.8mg/L的Pb2+显著提高了种群内禀增长率外,较高浓度的Pb2+显著缩短了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望,降低了净生殖率、总生殖率和种群内禀增长率;且随着食物密度的升高,使净生殖率和总生殖率显著降低的Pb2+浓度阈值呈降低的趋势,但使世代时间显著缩短的Pb2+浓度阈值则呈升高的趋势。Pb2+浓度、食物密度以及它们间的交互作用对多刺裸腹溞的各主要生命表统计学参数均有显著的影响(P0.05)。0.5×106、1.0×106cells/mL食物密度下,Pb2+浓度与多刺裸腹溞的各主要生命表统计学参数间均有显著的剂量-效应关系;2.0×106cells/mL食物密度下,Pb2+浓度与多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、总生殖率和净生殖率间均有显著的剂量-效应关系。多刺裸腹溞的生命期望、净生殖率和内禀增长率对Pb2+污染的敏感性因食物密度的不同而存在着差异。     

艾氏剂对连续三个世代多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响

利用生命表技术对连续3个世代暴露于不同浓度(20、40、80、160、320μg/L和640 μg/L)艾试剂(aldrin)溶液中的多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)生命表统计学参数进行了研究.结果表明:艾试剂对3个世代多刺裸腹溞所有生命表统计学参数均有显著性影响(P<0.05).与空白对照组相比,浓度高于80 μg/L的艾氏剂使多刺裸腹溞母代的生命期望和净生殖率显著降低;浓度高于160 μg/L的艾氏剂使母代的世代时间显著缩短,种群内禀增长率显著降低.浓度高于40 μg/L的艾氏剂使多刺裸腹溞F1代的生命期望显著缩短,20μg/L和80～640 μg/L的艾试剂使F1代的净生殖率显著降低,320μg/L和640 μg/L的艾氏剂使F1代的世代时间显著缩短,所有浓度的艾试剂均使F1代的种群内禀增长率显著降低.160～640 μg/L的艾氏剂使多刺裸腹溞F2代的生命期望和世代时间显著缩短,160 μg/L和640 μg/L的艾氏剂使F2代的净生殖率显著降低;除40和320 μg/L外,所有浓度的艾试剂均显著提高了F2代的种群内禀增长率.在实验设置的艾试剂浓度范围内,除F2代种群内禀增长率外,3个世代多刺裸腹溞的所有生命表统计学参数均与艾试剂浓度呈曲线相关.在慢性毒性试验中,污染物对多刺裸腹溞生命表统计学参数的影响因其暴露时所处发育时期和持续暴露世代数的不同而存在着重要的差异.     

铜和镉对多刺裸腹溞的联合毒性效应

采用48 h急性毒性试验研究了Cu2+、Cd2+和Cu2+ +Cd2+对多刺裸腹潘的48 h LC50值,采用生命表试验方法研究了不同浓度的Cu2+、Cd2+和Cu2++ Cd2+对多刺裸腹潘生命表统计学参数的影响.结果表明:Cu2+、Cd2+和Cu2+ +Cd2+对多刺裸腹溞的48 h LC5o值分别为0.106、0.117和0.212 mg·L-1,Cu2+ +Cd2+的联合急性毒性表现为拮抗作用.Cu2+对多刺裸腹潘的生命期望、总生殖率、净生殖率、世代时间和种群内禀增长率均没有显著影响.Cd2+和Cu2+ +Cd2+对多刺裸腹潘的生命期望、总生殖率、净生殖率和世代时间均有显著影响,但对种群内禀增长率无显著影响.与对照相比,浓度为0.004和0.005 mg·L-1的Cd2+以及浓度为0.006 ～0.010mg·L-1(Cu2+∶Cd2+=1∶1,下同)的Cu2++Cd2+均显著缩短了多刺裸腹溞的生命期望,降低了其总生殖率;浓度为0.004和0.005 mg·L-1的Cd2+以及浓度为0.008～0.010 mg·L-1的Cu2+Cd2+均显著降低了多刺裸腹溞的净生殖率,缩短了其世代时间.Cu2+和Cd2+对多刺裸腹溞的慢性联合毒性表现为协同作用.Cd2+和Cu2++ Cd2+浓度与多刺裸腹潘出生时的生命期望、总生殖率、净生殖率和世代时间之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系.