CEE-ing is believing: Bioscience ventures in Central and Eastern Europe

Bioscience ventures in Central and Eastern Europe are becoming a presence in world healthcare markets despite a perennially short supply of venture funding and other support mechanisms relative to other world economic regions. Here are three up-and-coming CEE stories worth keeping an eye on.Innovations in bioscience happen every day all over the world—in laboratories, on university campuses, in rich and poor nations alike—coming to life somewhere in the minds of inspired scientists who think they just might have a breakthrough solution to some daunting healthcare problem. The vast majority of these innovations, unfortunately, never make it to commercial markets, where they could be applied to solve actual medical challenges. This is true for a variety of reasons: intellectual property stuck in the recesses of academia; lack of practical know-how in running a business on the part of the innovators; but perhaps most of all because of the absence, in most parts of the world, of a supporting ecosystem of institutions and individuals that encourage and invest in highly risky early stage opportunities. There are very few localities that can replicate the intellectual know-how and financial resources on tap in places like Silicon Valley, and for all that the world economy has globalized over the last twenty years, venture capital is still very much a local backyard business.That being said, there are stories out there demonstrating that you don''t have to live in Palo Alto and sign a major venture capital backer to bring a worthwhile idea into fruition, establish a solid commercial value proposition and position yourself on a potentially robust growth trajectory. This article is about three such stories. The common thread between them is that they all took root in Central and Eastern Europe. This is a region with a relatively short history of modern free market economics and plenty of bumps in the road since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989 but at the same time one that retains a longstanding tradition of commitment to research and scientific excellence. Now the knowledge and expertise resident in what was once the bleak landscape stuck behind the Iron Curtain has the potential to help solve important healthcare challenges the world over. The founders of these three companies—an eclectic group of individuals from different backgrounds who perceived opportunities and accepted the daunting risks involved in choosing to pursue them—have brought themselves into a position where they may yet reap significant rewards for their labors.     

Seeing is believing

Ischemic injury to the kidneys is a prevalent clinical problem, contributing importantly to chronic kidney disease. Yet, underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive. To address the possible role of autophagy, we engineered a novel strain of mice harboring a ubiquitously expressed CAG-RFP-EGFP-LC3 transgene. Using this tool, we examined the post-ischemic kidney and detailed the dynamics of renal tubular epithelial autophagy. In addition, we defined the role of MTOR in the resolution of autophagy during epithelial survival and kidney repair.     

Chromosome segregation: seeing is believing

For chromosome segregation in mitosis, each centromere directs assembly of a complex, proteinaceous structure - the kinetochore, which connects the chromosome to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. A recent study has provided important new insights into the mechanism by which kinetochores capture spindle microtubules.     

Intestinal allergy expels hookworms: seeing is believing

It is unclear how immunity limits hookworm infection. Australian researchers, using capsule and conventional gastrointestinal endoscopy in volunteers inoculated with Necator americanus, have reported that virtually all larvae reach the intestine within six weeks. Unlike the neutral response surrounding resident hookworms, newly arrived adults provoke an eosinophilic enteropathy. This allergic reaction curtails the attachment of hookworms and accompanies the passage of additional worms as they are expelled from the proximal small intestine.     

Hearing is not necessarily believing in nocturnal anurans

The recent discovery of the use of visual cues for mate choice by nocturnal acoustic species raises the important, and to date unaddressed, question of how these signals affect the outcome of mate choice predicted by female preference for male calls. In order to address this question, we presented female Hyla arborea tree frogs with a series of choices between combinations of acoustic and visual cues of varying quality in nocturnal conditions. While females exhibited the expected preference for a combination of attractive values for visual and acoustic signals over combinations of unattractive values for both signals, when presented with conflicting acoustic and visual cues, they equally adopted one of two strategies, preferring either attractive calls or intense vocal sac coloration. This constitutes novel evidence that the outcome of mate choice, as predicted on the basis of male calling quality, can be drastically different when additional communication modalities—in this case vision—are taken into account. These results also highlight the possible existence of individual variation in female rules for cue prioritization. The implications of these results for the study of mate choice in nocturnal acoustic species are discussed.     

Seeing is believing: GFP transgenics illuminate synapse elimination

Synapses are lost during developmental synapse elimination. Until now, it has been impossible to follow elimination in the entirety of any neuron's branches and synapses. Using transgenic mice in which one or two of a muscle's motoneurons express variants of GFP, Keller-Peck et al. show in this issue of Neuron that elimination occurs asynchronously by local competitive interactions at each synaptic site, apparently independent of events elsewhere in the neuron's terminal field.