Epistatic interaction among loci controlling the palmitic and the stearic acid levels in the seed oil of sunflower

Two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mutants with high concentrations of saturated fatty acids in their seed oil have been identified and studied extensively. The mutant line CAS-5 has high concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) (>25% compared with 7% in standard sunflower seed oil) and low-C18:0 values (3%). CAS-3 is characterized by its high levels of stearic acid (C18:0) (>22% compared with 4% in standard sunflower seed oil) and a low-C16:0 content (5%). CAS-5 also possesses elevated levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) (>5%), which is absent in standard sunflower seed oil. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the loci controlling the high-C16:0 and the high-C18:0 traits in these mutants. Plants of both mutants were reciprocally crossed. Gas chromatographic analyses of fatty acids from the seed oil of F₁, F₂, F₃ and the BC₁F₁ to CAS-5 generations indicated that the loci controlling the high-C16:0 trait exerted an epistatic effect over the loci responsible for the high-C18:0 character. As a result, the phenotypic combination containing both the high-C16:0 levels of CAS-5 and the high-C18:0 levels of CAS-3 was not possible. However, phenotypes with a saturated fatty acid content of 44% (34.5% C16:0+9.5% C18:0) were identified in the F₃ generation. These are the highest saturated (C16:0 and C18:0) levels reported so far in sunflower seed oil. When F₃ C16:0 segregating generations in both a high- and a low-C18:0 background were compared, the high-C16:1 levels were not expressed as expected in the high-C18:0 background (CAS-3 background). In this case, the C16:1 content decreased to values below 1.5%, compared with >5% in a low-C18:0 background. As the stearoyl-ACP desaturase has been reported to catalyze the desaturation from C16:0-ACP to C16:1-ACP, these results suggested that a decrease in its activity was involved in the accumulation of C18:0 in the high-C18:0 mutant CAS-3. Received: 10 March 1999 / Accepted: 16 June 1999     

Ethnicity in the USSR and the CIS

After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Anatoly M. Khazanov. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. 311pp.
Who Gets the Past? Competition for Ancestors among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia. Victor A. Shnirelman. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966. 98 pp.
In the Soviet House of Culture:. Century of Perestroikas. Bruce Grant. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 225 pp.     

Application of the\mathop m\limits^* - m method to the analysis of spatial patterns by changing the quadrat sizemethod to the analysis of spatial patterns by changing the quadrat size

A method for the analysis of spatial pattern using quadrats of different sizes is developed on the basis of the relationship of mean crowding () to mean density (m). The -on-m regression obtained by successive changes in quadrat size in a single population (unit-size relation) shows a characteristic pattern according to the type of distribution. By aid of the ρ-index proposed here, we can distinguish the random, aggregated and uniform distributions of the basic components (individual or group of individuals). The ρ serves as an index of spatial correlation between neighbouring quadrats, and it also provides information on the approximate area occupied by clump (colony), distribution pattern of individuals within clumps, and possibly the distribution pattern of clumps themselves. Even in a specified type of distribution, the unit-size relation is not necessarily identical with the relation for a series of populations at a particular quadrat size (series relation). The changes in the series relationship with successive changes of quadrat sizes are also considered for some basic patterns of distributions. The combined use of the unit-size and the series relations for a set of populations of the species under study may provide a satisfactory picture of the spatial pattern characteristic of the species. Application of the method is illustrated by using distribution data of several species of animals and plants. The advantage of the present method over other methods are discussed, and the formulae for determining the optimum quadrat unit in sampling surveys are given.     

Novel identification of the different types of cones in the retina of the chicken

1. Although single cones and double cones in the chicken retina had been documented for more than 30 years, the exact morphology of these cells had never been studied by the scanning electronmicroscopy. In this brief report, we present the evidence for the first time the existence of two types of single cones and three types of double cones (termed as types A, B, and C), each with distinct morphology.2. The proportion of type A:type B:type C double cones, as estimated from the midperipheral and central regions of our scanning specimens, was about 30%:50%:20%.3. Based on the literature data that red oil droplets reside in single cones and yellow oil droplets in chief cones of the double cones, the proportion of single to double cones was deciphered and the relative proportion was estimated to be 1:0.91 in the central region, 1:0.92 in the midperiphery, and 1:0.84 in the periphery.     

Generation of deletions in the region of the crp gene on the Escherichia coli chromosome

Deletions in the argD, crp, cysG genes (73-74 min of the Escherichia coli genetic map) were obtained by heat induction of the phage lambda c1857 b221 rex::Tn5 integrated previously into the cysG gene by homologous recombination in the cysG::Tn5 mutant. Properties of the deletions obtained suggest the gene order: argD-crp-cysG.     

白头叶猴日活动时间分配及其季节性变化

<正>活动节律和活动时间分配是动物行为学研究的两个重要方面,它们直接与动物的代谢和能量收支相关,但它们又会随环境不同不断调整。通过比较不同生态条件下动物的活动节律和活动时间分配,     

Interplay between the cpSRP pathway components, the substrate LHCP and the translocase Alb3: An in vivo and in vitro study

The chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) and its receptor, cpFtsY, posttranslationally target the nuclear-encoded light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCPs) to the translocase Alb3 in the thylakoid membrane. In this study, we analyzed the interplay between the cpSRP pathway components, the substrate protein LHCP and the translocase Alb3 by using in vivo and in vitro techniques. We propose that cpSRP43 is crucial for the binding of LHCP-loaded cpSRP and cpFtsY to Alb3. In addition, our data suggest that a direct interaction between Alb3 and LHCP contributes to the formation of this complex.

Structured summary

MINT-7992851: Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) physically interacts (MI:0915) with cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) by two hybrid (MI:0018)MINT-7992897: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) physically interact (MI:0915) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-7993251: SRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) binds (MI:0407) to LHCP (uniprotkb:P27490) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993207: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with ftsY (uniprotkb:O80842), LHCP (uniprotkb:P27490), SRP-54 (uniprotkb:P37106) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993272: Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) and LHCB (uniprotkb:P27490) physically interact (MI:0915) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-7992960: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) binds (MI:0407) to Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993236: Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) binds (MI:0407) to LHCP (uniprotkb:P27490) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993166: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with LHCP (uniprotkb:P27490) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993118: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4), SRP-54 (uniprotkb:P37106) and LHCP (uniprotkb:P27490) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993046: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with ftsY (uniprotkb:O80842), SRP-54 (uniprotkb:P37106) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)MINT-7993004: cpSRP43 (uniprotkb:O22265) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SRP54 (uniprotkb:P37106) and Alb3 (uniprotkb:Q8LBP4) by pull down (MI:0096)     

Fish-otoliths from the early Miocene of the Castillo Formation,Venezuela: a view into the proto-Caribbean teleostean assemblages

We describe the otolith assemblage from the early Miocene (Burdigalian) exposures of the Castillo Formation at the Cerro La Cruz locality (Falcón Basin, Lara State, northwestern Venezuela). The samples were obtained through surface and bulk sampling at distinct stratigraphic levels of the study area. The otolith assemblage from Cerro La Cruz includes 14 families, 25 genera and 30 taxa, of which 20 are reported for first time from the Castillo Formation. These include two new sciaenid taxa, Ctenosciaena angusticaudata nov. sp. and Pareques laraensis nov. sp. The Castillo Formation otolith assemblage represent fishes typical of shallow and near-shore and coral reef associated environments as characterized primarily by a high taxonomic diversity and abundance of Sciaenidae, and the lack of mesopelagic families (Myctophidae). The faunal composition of Cerro La Cruz is similar to other chronological equivalent sedimentary units along the proto-Caribbean area (Pirabas and Cantaure formations; Brazil and Venezuela respectively), though the Castillo Formation fish fauna shows lower taxonomic diversity, suggesting some heterogeneity of the coastal and near shore marine environments along the southern portion of the proto-Caribbean.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B79F51B8-BC35-4119-8957-84544286868D     

Discovering the role of the adrenal gland in the control of body function

This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online: Cannon WB and de la Paz D. Emotional stimulation of adrenal secretion. Am J Physiol 28: 64-70, 1911 (http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/1/64). Cannon WB. The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and the major emotions. Am J Physiol 33: 356-372, 1914 (http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/33/2/356). Cannon WB. Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. V. The isolated heart as an indicator of adrenal secretion induced by pain, asphyxia and excitement. Am J Physiol 50: 399-432, 1919 (http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/50/3/399).     

Changes in the carbohydrate content of the KB cell during the growth cycle

KB cells were grown in suspension culture and synchronized with a double thymidine block. Cells were removed at various times during the cell cycle and analyzed for sialic acid, fucose, mannose and galactose. The mannose, galactose, and fucose contents of the cells all showed a decrease during the mitotic phase. The content of sialic acid decreased, but later in the cycle. When the cell was not dividing the molar rations of sialic acid to fucose: mannose: galactose were approximately 2:5:3 when sialic acid was expressed as 1; the ratios dropped to approximately 1:3:1.5 throughout division. These results indicate that the glycoprotein and/or glycolipid contents of KB cells probably change throughout the cell cycle.     

Edge effects on epiphytic lichen diversity in the forest-steppe of the Kazakh Altai

Background: Forests in forest-steppe ecotones are usually highly fragmented and much of the forested area is exposed to climate and land-use-related edge effects.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that the epiphytic lichen diversity at the forest edges was reduced compared with that in the forest interior, and to analyse lichen diversity in comparison with the more highly elevated and more continental Mongolian Altai.

Methods: Six plots each in the interior and the edge with a total of 240 Larix sibirica trees were studied in the Katon-Karagai National Park, East Kazakhstan.

Results: Species richness and evenness at the tree level were higher in the interior than at the edge. The epiphytic lichen diversity in the forest interior was similar in the Kazakh and Mongolian Altai, whereas that at the forest edge was lower in the Mongolian Altai.

Conclusions: Strong degradation of the forest edges in the Kazakh Altai is the probable cause of the reduced epiphytic lichen diversity compared with the interior. The similar species richness in the forest interiors of the Kazakh and Mongolian Altai suggests that the differences at the forest edge are probably, at least partly, due to different land-use regimes and not to differences in macroclimate.     

Characterization of steroid receptors in the gut and kidney of the frog (Rana catesbeiana) and in the gut of the turtle (Chrysemys picta)

Paraglucocorticoid- and paramineralocorticoid-binding cytosolic receptors (pGR, pMR) were demonstrated in the intestine and kidney of the frog, Rana catesbeiana and in the intestine of the turtle, Chrysemys picta, in the presence of sodium molybdate. These receptors were of high affinity and low capacity with the following binding parameters: pGR:Kd:frog intestine (FI), triamcinolone acetonide (TA): 3.3 nM, corticosterone (B): 3.4 nM; frog kidney (FK), TA:4.3 nM, B: 9.3 nM; turtle intestine (TI), TA: 4.8 nM; Nmax: FI, TA: 357, B: 371; FK, TA: 301, B: 157; TI, TA: 350 fmol/mg protein. pMR:Kd: FI, aldosterone: 0.9 and 90 nM (biphasic curves); FK, aldosterone: 0.6 and 36 nM (biphasic curves); Nmax: FI, 13 and 147 fmol/mg protein; FK, 78 and 109 fmol/mg protein. The receptor had the following ligand affinities: pGR: FI and FK: triamcinolone acetonide greater than DOC greater than 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone greater than progesterone greater than corticosterone greater than cortisol greater than aldosterone greater than 11-dehydrocorticosterone greater than 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone greater than cortisone; TI: triamcinolone acetonide greater than corticosterone greater than progesterone greater than DOC greater than cortisol greater than aldosterone; pMR: FI and FK: corticosterone greater than 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone greater than aldosterone greater than triamcinoline acetonide = cortisol greater than DOC greater than 11-dehydrocorticosterone greater than progesterone greater than 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone greater than cortisone. Androgens, estrogens or 18-hydroxycorticosterone did not compete for binding in either tissue. The heat activated frog receptors did not bind to naked DNA, though the turtle receptor did. It was possible to show that cytosol receptor-ligand complexes from all tissues were bound by nuclear acceptor sites. On linear sucrose gradients, the FI TA-receptor complex sediments with a single peak (7.5S), the FK TA-receptor complex gave two peaks (8.0 and 4.4S) and the TI TA-receptor complex showed a single peak (9.0S). The hydrodynamic parameters of the pGR's were determined by gel exclusion on Sephacel S-300. The following results were obtained: Mr: FI, 265, 80, 40 kDa (multiple proteins); FK, 280, 60, 20 kDa (multiple proteins); TI, 366 kDa; Rs: FI, 6.9, 3.9 nm; FK, 6.9, 2.9 nm; TI, 7.6 nm; f/f0: FI, 1.6; FK, 1.6; TI, 1.6. It is suggested on the basis of the binding and hydrodynamic parameters that non-mammalian epithelia corticosterone receptors have undergone biochemical evolution from one class of vertebrates to another.     

Anti-apoptotic protein TCTP controls the stability of the tumor suppressor p53

In this study, we identified p53 as a novel TCTP-interacting protein using TCTP as bait. Also, we determined the critical binding sites between TCTP and p53. To elucidate the functional consequence of the interaction, we developed the overexpression and inhibition system of TCTP and p53 expression. Overexpression of TCTP in lung carcinoma cells reversed p53 mediated apoptosis and inhibition of TCTP expression by small interfering RNA increased apoptosis of lung carcinoma cells. Moreover, it was observed that TCTP overexpression promotes degradation of p53. These results clearly indicate that the interaction between TCTP and p53 prevents apoptosis by destabilizing p53. Thus, TCTP acts as a negative regulator of apoptosis in lung cancer.

Structured summary

MINT-8057107, MINT-8057116: p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TCTP (uniprotkb:P13693) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-8057141: TCTP (uniprotkb:P13693) physically interacts (MI:0915) with p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) by two hybrid pooling approach (MI:0398)MINT-8057126: p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TCTP (uniprotkb:P13693) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007) MINT-8057160: TCTP (uniprotkb:P13693) physically interacts (MI:0915) with p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) by two hybrid (MI:0018)     

Identification of the sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic diatom Nitzschia alba

The four major sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic marine diatom, Nitzschia alba, were isolated in pure form and their structures were established spectrometrically and by identification of their hydrolysis products as (a) 24-methylene cholesterol sulfate, (b) 1-deoxyceramide-1-sulfonate, (c) phosphatidyl sulfocholine (a sulfonium analogue of phosphatidylcholine) and (d) sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride. The major characteristic fatty acids of the sulfolipids were: for the deoxyceramide sulfonate, 16 : 0 (26%) and 16 : 1-delta3-trans (64%); for the sulfonium analogue, 14 : 0 (30%), 18 : 1 (12%), 18 : 2 (8%), 20 : 5 (27%) and 22 : 6 (4%); and for the sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride (two species, respectively), 14 : 0 (9%, 22%), 16 : 0 (16%, 28%), 18 : 1 (8%, 22%), 20 : 5 (42%, 23%) and 22 : 6 (14%, 2%). Traces of lyso-derivatives of sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride and phosphatidyl sulfocholine were also detected. The deoxyceramide sulfonate and the phosphatidyl sulfocholine represent novel membrane lipid components not previously detected in other organisms. They may however have a widespread distribution in marine diatoms and perhaps in marine organisms generally.     

Effect of photoperiod on the first-instar development in the lacewing Nineta pallida

ABSTRACT Nineta pallida (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae were reared at 21^CC under various stationary photoperiods. The duration of the first stadium varied with daylength. Long-day regimes (LD 18:6 and 16:8 h) induced the fastest development, whereas the first ecdysis was more or less delayed in LD 14:10 and 13:11 h. Medium days (LD 12:12 h) resulted in the longest duration of the first stadium and high mortality, and all shorter days (LD 10:14, 8:16 and 6:18 h) in a moderate delay in the first ecdysis in all individuals. The facultative delay in development is thought to be a diapause, and viewed as a factor contributing to the annual synchronization of the life cycle.     

Surfing the Sixth Wave: A Hardboiled Technological Wonderland and the End of the World

The sixth wave: How to succeed in a resource-limited world, by James Bradfield Moody and Bianca Nogrady. Vintage Books, North Sydney, 2010, 311pp., endnotes, index. ISBN: 978-1-74166-889-6 (paperback).

This review article critically evaluates predictions about the near future of humanity put forward in The Sixth Wave: How to Succeed in a Resource-Limited World, a book produced by Australian author James Bradfield Moody (Executive Director, Development, CSIRO) in collaboration with freelance science journalist Ms Bianca Nogrady. The book paints a picture of the future, starting from the observation that society today is on the brink of several major crises demanding comprehensive change. Each of these crises presents its own challenge but, according to the authors, they are all related and call for one basic response: we must drastically increase the resource efficiency of our lifestyles. The main limitation of this attempt at ‘prophesy’ is the authors’ poverty of understanding regarding the political and cultural drivers of social change, and hence their misplaced faith in technological innovation as a panacea for all that ails contemporary societies. Anthropology, I argue, can provide a more holistic account of the present moment in human history, and of what may lie in store for us.     

Interactions between membrane-bound cellulose synthases involved in the synthesis of the secondary cell wall

It has not yet been reported how the secondary CESA (cellulose synthase) proteins are organized in the rosette structure. A membrane-based yeast two-hybrid (MbYTH) approach was used to analyze the interactions between the CESA proteins involved in secondary cell wall synthesis of Arabidopsis and the findings were confirmed in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. Results indicated that although all CESA proteins can interact with each other, only CESA4 is able to form homodimers. A model is proposed for the secondary rosette structure. The RING-motif proved not to be essential for the interaction between the CESA proteins.

Structured summary

MINT-6951243: PIP2-1 (uniprotkb:P43286) physically interacts (MI:0218) with PIP2-1 (uniprotkb:P43286) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-6950816: CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) physically interacts (MI:0218) withCESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) by membrane bound complementation assay (MI:0230)MINT-6951056, MINT-6951071, MINT-6951088, MINT-6951103: CESA7 (uniprotkb:Q9SWW6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-6950949, MINT-6950990: CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) by membrane bound complementation assay (MI:0230)MINT-6950909, MINT-6951030: CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA7 (uniprotkb:Q9SWW6) by membrane bound complementation assay (MI:0230)MINT-6951042: CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-6951004, MINT-6951016: CESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA7 (uniprotkb:Q9SWW6) by membrane bound complementation assay (MI:0230)MINT-6951217, MINT-6951230: CESA4 (uniprotkb:Q84JA6) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-6951120, MINT-6951140, MINT-6951156, MINT-6951170, MINT-6951185: CESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) physically interacts (MI:0218) withCESA7 (uniprotkb:Q9SWW6) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)MINT-6951199: CESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) physically interacts (MI:0218) withCESA8 (uniprotkb:Q8LPK5) by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (MI:0809)     

Characterization of the Lipopolysaccharide and Structure of the O-Specific Polysaccharide of the Bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens IMV 948

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens IMV 948 by mild extraction of the microbial cells with saline, and the properties, composition, and structure of the LPS were studied. The LPS showed low toxicity in D- galactosamine-sensitized mice and low biological activity in plants. Structural components of LPS--lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide (OPS)--were obtained by mild acid degradation and characterized. The lipid A contained fatty acids 3-HO-C10:0, C12:0, 2-HO-C12:0, 3-HO-C12:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1, as well as components of the hydrophilic moiety: GlcN, ethanolamine, phosphate, and phosphoethanolamine. The LPS core contained components typical of pseudomonads: glucose, rhamnose (Rha), L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, GlcN, GalN, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonic acid, alanine, and phosphate. The OPS consisted of L-Rha and D-GlcNAc in the ratio 4 : 1 and was structurally heterogeneous. The main pentasaccharide repeating unit of the OPS has the following structure: [structure see text]. Immunochemical studies showed that P. syringae pv. atrofaciens IMV 948 is serologically separate from other P. syringae strains, including those that have structurally similar OPS.     

Playback survey trial for the Little Owl Athene noctua in the UK

Capsule: Playback is effective at improving detectability of Little Owls.

Aims: To trial a playback survey methodology for Little Owls in the UK to determine detectability and practicalities which could inform potential future national monitoring efforts.

Methods: Nocturnal playback surveys were carried out in an open landscape in the east of England in spring 2015. Twelve 2?×?2?km survey squares were each visited four times. Little Owl calls were broadcast from three locations within each square along a linear transect and spaced 500 m apart. The responses of owls of any species were recorded. Little Owl occupancy was later confirmed through existing nest monitoring efforts.

Results: Little Owls were detected responding to playback in all survey squares and were confirmed to be breeding in 8 of the 12. Detection and response rates were greater when combining data from multiple broadcast locations. The likelihood of Little Owls responding decreased with greater distance of broadcast location to known nest site, but no relationships were identified with time of evening or the presence of other owl species.

Conclusion: Playback methodology proved to be effective at increasing detectability of Little Owls and this study provides an estimated response rate to inform future efforts.