Cytoskeletal Control of Cell Length Regulation

It was shown that mouse embryo fibroblasts and human foreskin diploid fibroblasts of AGO 1523 line cultivated on specially prepared substrates with narrow (15 ± 3 m) linear adhesive strips were elongated and oriented along the strips, but the mean lengths of the fibroblasts of each type on the strips differed from those on the standard culture substrates. In contrast to the normal fibroblasts, the length of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with inactivated gene-suppressor Rb responsible for negative control of cell proliferation (MEF Rb-/-), ras-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF Rb-/-ras), or normal rat epitheliocytes of IAR2 line significantly exceeded those of the same cells on the standard culture substrates. The results of experiments with the drugs specifically affecting the cytoskeleton (colcemid and cytochalasin D) suggest that the constant mean length of normal fibroblasts is controlled by a dynamic equilibrium between two forces: centripetal tension of contractile actin-myosin microfilaments and centrifugal force generated by growing microtubules. This cytoskeletal mechanism is disturbed in MEF Rb-/- or MEF Rb-/-ras, probably, because of an impaired actin cytoskeleton and also in IAR2 epitheliocytes due to the different organization of the actin-myosin system in these cells, as compared to that in the fibroblasts.     

Key Events of the Cell Cycle: Regulation and Organization

The review surveys the studies of molecular genetic mechanisms of the cell cycle control on various eukaryotic models. The major cell cycle phenomena are considered: (1) checkpoints and their role in preserving DNA integrity and fidelity of mitosis, (2) the cell oscillator model, and (3) the role of cyclins in timing of cell division and coordination of mitotic events. The main classes of regulatory proteins involved in the cell cycle are discussed in detail.     

Chromatin,And Gene Regulation In Eukaryotic Cells At The Transcriptional Leve

Phytochromes are environmental sensors, historically thought of as red/far-red photoreceptors in plants. Their photoperception occurs through a covalently linked tetrapyrrole chromophore, which undergoes a light-dependent conformational change propagated through the protein to a variable output domain. The phytochrome composition is modular, typically consisting of a PAS-GAF-PHY architecture for the N-terminal photosensory core. A collection of three-dimensional structures has uncovered key features, including an unusual figure-of-eight knot, an extension reaching from the PHY domain to the chromophore-binding GAF domain, and a centrally located, long α-helix hypothesized to be crucial for intramolecular signaling. Continuing identification of phytochromes in microbial systems has expanded the assigned sensory abilities of this family out of the red and into the yellow, green, blue, and violet portions of the spectrum. Furthermore, phytochromes acting not as photoreceptors but as redox sensors have been recognized. In addition, architectures other than PAS-GAF-PHY are known, thus revealing phytochromes to be a varied group of sensory receptors evolved to utilize their modular design to perceive a signal and respond accordingly. This review focuses on the structures of bacterial phytochromes and implications for signal transmission. We also discuss the small but growing set of bacterial phytochromes for which a physiological function has been ascertained.     

Cell Cycle And The Concept Of Physiological Age With Special Reference To Pyruvate Kinase Activity In Wi-38 Cells

Wi-38 Cells Were Synchronized By Mitotic Collection And Periodically Assayed For Pyruvate Kinase Activity. The Kinetics Of The Synchronous Cohort Were Determined By Continuous Labelling Index And By Mitotic Index. The Experimental Data Were Analysed By Computer Using A State Vector Model To Yield The Probability Density Functions For Phase Transit Times And For Cell Physiological Ages. Pyruvate Kinase Activity For These Cells As A Function Of Physiological Age Was Then Examined Using The Computer Model. Considering Dna Synthesis, Pyruvate Kinase Activity And Mitosis To Be Markers Of Physiological Age, It Was Found That A Model Which Assumes That A Cohort Of Synchronized Cells Desynchronizes Irreversibly And Uniformly From One Age Marker To The Next Is Incompatible With The Experimental Data. For Example, The Times Over Which Cells Entered The S Phase Were Too Widely Distributed To Be Consistent With The Mitotic Index Data. Also, For Pyruvate Kinase Activity To Be A Function Of Physiological Age Alone, The Cell Ages Were Probably Too Dispersed To Be Compatible With The Experimental Enzyme Data. Alternative Models For Cell Physiological Ageing Are Presented, Which Are Compatible With The Experimental Data.     

Studies On The Role Of Ubiquinone In The Control Of The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

This study examines the possible role of Coenzyme Q (CoQ. ubiquinone) in the control of mitochondrial electron transfer. The CoQ concentration in mitochondria from different tissues was investigated by HPLC. By analyzing the rates of electron transfer as a function of total CoQ concentration, it was calculated that, at physiological CoQ concentration NADH cytochrome c reductase activity is not saturated. Values for theoretical V_max could not be reached experimentally for NADH oxidation, because of the limited mis-cibility of CoQ₁₀ with the phospholipids. On the other hand, it was found that CoQ₃ could stimulate α-glycerophosphate cytochrome c reductase over three-fold. Electron transfer being a diffusion-coupled process. we have investigated the possibility of its being subjected to diffusion control. A reconstruction study of Complex I and Complex III in liposomes showed that NADH cytochrome c reductase was not affected by changing the average distance between complexes by varying the protein: lipid ratios. The results of a broad investigation on ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase in bovine heart submitochondrial particles indicated that the enzymic rate is not diffusion-controlled by ubiquinol. whereas the interaction of cytochrome c with the enzyme is clearly diffusion-limited     

A型核纤层蛋白在氧化应激和DNA损伤反应中的作用

核纤层蛋白是一种存在于真核细胞核膜下的中间丝纤维蛋白,是细胞核中重要的骨架蛋白,对维持细胞核的结构和功能具有重要作用。其基因突变会引起一系列的遗传性疾病,称为核纤层蛋白病。这些疾病在细胞水平表现出氧化应激和DNA损伤的特征,提示核纤层蛋白在氧化应激和DNA损伤反应中具有重要作用。本文主要就A型核纤层蛋白在氧化应激、DNA损伤反应中的作用机制进行综述。     

Control the Host Cell Cycle: Viral Regulation of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex

Viruses commonly manipulate cell cycle progression to create cellular conditions that are most beneficial to their replication. To accomplish this feat, viruses often target critical cell cycle regulators in order to have maximal effect with minimal input. One such master regulator is the large, multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC) that targets effector proteins for ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. The APC is essential for cells to progress through anaphase, exit from mitosis, and prevent a premature entry into S phase. These far-reaching effects of the APC on the cell cycle are through its ability to target a number of substrates, including securin, cyclin A, cyclin B, thymidine kinase, geminin, and many others. Recent studies have identified several proteins from a number of viruses that can modulate APC activity by different mechanisms, highlighting the potential of the APC in driving viral replication or pathogenesis. Most notably, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein pUL21a was recently identified to disable the APC via a novel mechanism by targeting APC subunits for degradation, both during virus infection and in isolation. Importantly, HCMV lacking both viral APC regulators is significantly attenuated, demonstrating the impact of the APC on a virus infection. Work in this field will likely lead to novel insights into viral replication and pathogenesis and APC function and identify novel antiviral and anticancer targets. Here we review viral mechanisms to regulate the APC, speculate on their roles during infection, and identify questions to be addressed in future studies.     

Concerted Action Of Reduced Glutathione And Superoxide Dismutase In Preventing Redox Cycling Of Dihydroxypyrimidines, And Their Role In Antioxidant Defence

Dialuric Acid, the reduced form of the β-cell toxin alloxan, and the related fava bean derivatives divicine and isouramil, autoxidize rapidly in neutral solution by a radical mechanism. GSH promotes redox cycling of each compound, with concomitant GSH oxidation and H₂O₂ production. With superoxide dismutase present, there is a lag period in which little oxidation occurs, followed by rapid oxidation. GSH extends this lag and decreases the subsequent rate of oxidation, so that with superoxide dismutase and a sufficient excess of GSH. coupled oxidation of GSH and each pyrimidine is almost completely suppressed. This mechanism may be a means whereby GSH in combination with superoxide dismutase protects against the cytotoxic effects of these reactive pyrimidines. Superoxide dismutase may also protect cells against oxida-tive stress in other situations where GSH acts as a radical scavenger. and we propose that the concerted action of GSH and superoxide dismutase constitutes an important antioxidant defence     

Concerted Action Of Reduced Glutathione And Superoxide Dismutase In Preventing Redox Cycling Of Dihydroxypyrimidines,And Their Role In Antioxidant Defence

Dialuric Acid, the reduced form of the β-cell toxin alloxan, and the related fava bean derivatives divicine and isouramil, autoxidize rapidly in neutral solution by a radical mechanism. GSH promotes redox cycling of each compound, with concomitant GSH oxidation and H₂O₂ production. With superoxide dismutase present, there is a lag period in which little oxidation occurs, followed by rapid oxidation. GSH extends this lag and decreases the subsequent rate of oxidation, so that with superoxide dismutase and a sufficient excess of GSH. coupled oxidation of GSH and each pyrimidine is almost completely suppressed. This mechanism may be a means whereby GSH in combination with superoxide dismutase protects against the cytotoxic effects of these reactive pyrimidines. Superoxide dismutase may also protect cells against oxida-tive stress in other situations where GSH acts as a radical scavenger. and we propose that the concerted action of GSH and superoxide dismutase constitutes an important antioxidant defence     

GNL3L Is a Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling Protein: Role in Cell Cycle Regulation

GNL3L is an evolutionarily conserved high molecular weight GTP binding nucleolar protein belonging to HSR1-MMR1 subfamily of GTPases. The present investigation reveals that GNL3L is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein and its export from the nucleus is sensitive to Leptomycin B. Deletion mutagenesis reveals that the C-terminal domain (amino acids 501–582) is necessary and sufficient for the export of GNL3L from the nucleus and the exchange of hydrophobic residues (M567, L570 and 572) within the C-terminal domain impairs this process. Results from the protein-protein interaction analysis indicate that GNL3L interaction with CRM1 is critical for its export from the nucleus. Ectopic expression of GNL3L leads to lesser accumulation of cells in the ‘G2/M’ phase of cell cycle whereas depletion of endogenous GNL3L results in ‘G2/M’ arrest. Interestingly, cell cycle analysis followed by BrdU labeling assay indicates that significantly increased DNA synthesis occurs in cells expressing nuclear export defective mutant (GNL3L^∆NES) compared to the wild type or nuclear import defective GNL3L. Furthermore, increased hyperphosphorylation of Rb at Serine 780 and the upregulation of E2F1, cyclins A2 and E1 upon ectopic expression of GNL3L^∆NES results in faster ‘S’ phase progression. Collectively, the present study provides evidence that GNL3L is exported from the nucleus in CRM1 dependent manner and the nuclear localization of GNL3L is important to promote ‘S’ phase progression during cell proliferation.     

芽殖酵母细胞周期的检查点调控

芽殖酵母是研究真核细胞的模式菌。细胞周期检查点是确保细胞周期正常运行的一种调控机制。就芽殖酵母细胞周期检查点调控加以介绍。     

雌激素对兔子宫内膜细胞EGF受体和细胞周期的调控

 由受体放射配基结合分析证明家兔子宫内膜细胞的EGF受体Kd值为0.53nmol/L,每个细胞的最大结合容量为1.11×10~4结合位点。10~(-10)mol/L雌二醇处理24h,细胞的最大结合容量增至2.75×10~4结合位点数/细胞,而Kd值无明显变化,可是,当10~(-5)mol/L雌二醇处理24h,细胞的EGF受体结合率,DNA合成速度率均下降。G_0/G_1期细胞比值明显下降,而G_2+M期和S期细胞明显上升。