用狂犬病毒核蛋白基因小干扰RNA库抑制狂犬病毒复制和感染的研究

采用RNaseⅢ消化长片段双链RNA的方法,制备了狂犬病毒N基因、P基因和G基因小干扰RNA库(siRNACocktail)。将siRNA转染BSR和MNA细胞单层后,采用直接免疫荧光法观察发现,N基因siRNACocktail能够对RV的复制和感染产生明显和稳定的抑制作用,并且通过RT-PCR在转录水平探测到mRNA产量的降低;而P基因或G基因siRNACocktail对RV的复制和感染不产生或仅产生弱的抑制作用。这一结果为RNA干扰在RV研究中靶基因的选择及进一步的应用提供了依据。     

用狂犬病毒核蛋白基因小干扰RNA库抑制狂犬病毒复制和感染的研究

采用RNase Ⅲ消化长片段双链RNA的方法,制备了狂犬病毒N基因、P基因和G基因小干扰RNA库(siRNA Cocktail).将siRNA转染BSR和MNA细胞单层后,采用直接免疫荧光法观察发现,N基因siRNA Cocktail 能够对RV的复制和感染产生明显和稳定的抑制作用,并且通过RT-PCR在转录水平探测到mRNA产量的降低;而P基因或G基因siRNA Cocktail对RV的复制和感染不产生或仅产生弱的抑制作用.这一结果为RNA干扰在RV研究中靶基因的选择及进一步的应用提供了依据.     

A Novel Rabies Vaccine Based on a Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5 Expressing Rabies Virus Glycoprotein

Untreated rabies virus (RABV) infection leads to death. Vaccine and postexposure treatment have been effective in preventing RABV infection. However, due to cost, rabies vaccination and treatment have not been widely used in developing countries. There are 55,000 human death caused by rabies annually. An efficacious and cost-effective rabies vaccine is needed. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is thought to contribute to kennel cough, and kennel cough vaccines containing live PIV5 have been used in dogs for many years. In this work, a PIV5-vectored rabies vaccine was tested in mice. A recombinant PIV5 encoding RABV glycoprotein (G) (rPIV5-RV-G) was administered to mice via intranasal (i.n.), intramuscular (i.m.), and oral inoculation. The vaccinated mice were challenged with a 50% lethal challenge dose (LD₅₀) of RABV challenge virus standard 24 (CVS-24) intracerebrally. A single dose of 10⁶ PFU of rPIV5-RV-G was sufficient for 100% protection when administered via the i.n. route. The mice vaccinated with a single dose of 10⁸ PFU of rPIV5-RV-G via the i.m. route showed very robust protection (90% to 100%). Intriguingly, the mice vaccinated orally with a single dose of 10⁸ PFU of rPIV5-RV-G showed a 50% survival rate, which is comparable to the 60% survival rate among mice inoculated with an attenuated rabies vaccine strain, recombinant LBNSE. This is first report of an orally effective rabies vaccine candidate in animals based on PIV5 as a vector. These results indicate that rPIV5-RV-G is an excellent candidate for a new generation of recombinant rabies vaccine for humans and animals and PIV5 is a potential vector for oral vaccines.     

双表达狂犬病毒基因的非复制型痘苗病毒改建及免疫效果

为减少重组病毒非必需外源基因,进一步提高非复制重组痘苗病毒狂犬病疫苗的安全性,本研究改建不含报道基因LacZ的双表达狂犬病毒aG株G、N的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRGΔCKRN。采用G418-neo富集、蓝白斑及免疫蚀斑筛选等方法,以表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白(RG)基因的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKlacZ作为亲本株,利用同源重组原理,删除C与K片断间lacZ,并将狂犬病毒核蛋白(RN)基因插入C-K片段间。经核酸及蛋白水平检测表明VTKRGΔCKRN能同时稳定有效地表达狂犬病毒G和N,并具有非复制病毒生长特性。重组病毒裸鼠毒力实验表明VTKRG△CKRN较复制型重组痘苗病毒VTKRG病毒毒力显著减弱。VTKRGΔCKRN免疫小鼠可诱生较高有效中和抗体,并能保护小鼠免于致死剂量狂犬病毒攻击。以1.6×106PFU较低免疫剂量、仅一次免疫狗可保护狗经致死量中国狂犬病毒街毒株SBD株攻击后存活,诱生具有保护性中和抗体。非复制狂犬-痘苗重组病毒VTKRGΔCKRN免疫效果好、更具安全性。     

狂犬病毒核蛋白（NP）的纯化及其免疫原性的研究

对重组痘苗毒和重杆状病毒表达的狂犬病毒NP及原代地鼠肾细胞培养的狂犬病毒核衣壳蛋白（RNP）、先经Sepharose CL 4B分子筛柱初步提纯,再经抗狂犬病毒NP McAB 2C12-S-epharose 4B亲和层析柱纯化分离,经ELISA、SDS－PAGE电泳和Western-Blot分析证实,获得了高纯度和免疫反应性的NP和RNP。以相同剂量的纯化蛋白免疫小鼠,RNP和两种重组NP均可诱生特异的抗NP抗体,三种蛋白间无明显差异;狂犬病毒CVS株攻击保护实验结果显示,三种蛋白免疫的小鼠存活率约为50％;两种重组NP的免疫反应性和免疫原性与天然狂犬病毒RNP相似。     

Morphology of the Nucleoprotein Component of Rabies Virus

The intracytoplasmic ground substance, or matrix, associated with the development of rabies virus and the nucleocapsid of the virus were investigated. The filaments of the matrix were identified as virus-specific by means of ferritin-labeled antibodies. In thin sections, the diameter was 15 nm and the strands seemed to be incorporated into virions during morphogenesis of the virus. The nucleocapsid was isolated from purified virus preparations and was studied in negative contrast. The rabies nucleocapsid appeared as a single-stranded helix with a diameter of 16 nm and a periodicity of 7.5 nm; its length was in excess of 1 mum.     

白细胞介素-2和狂犬病毒N蛋白基因重组与表达

研究白细胞介素－２ 与狂犬病毒Ｎ蛋白基因工程产物的免疫活性。采用生物工程技术,结果显示经基因扩增分别获得４００ｂｐ 和１４００ｂｐ 的ＩＬ－２ 和狂犬病毒Ｎ蛋白基因片段,构建了表达载体ＰＬＹ－４ＩＮ,于工程菌中转化后。得到５６ＫＤ重组蛋白产物,该产物具有ＩＬ－２活性,可诱导小鼠抵抗狂犬病毒攻击。     

狂犬病毒核蛋白(NP)的纯化及其免疫原性的研究

对重组痘苗病毒和重组杆状病毒表达的狂犬病毒NP及原代地鼠肾细胞培养的狂犬病毒核衣壳蛋白（RNP）,先经Sepharose CL 4B分子筛柱初步提纯,再以抗狂犬病毒NP McAB 2C12-Sepharose 4B亲和层析柱纯化分离,经ELISA,SDS-PAGE电泳和Western-Blot分析证实,获得了高纯度和免疫反应性的NP和RNP。以相同剂量的纯化蛋白免疫小鼠,RNP和两种重组NP均可诱生特异的抗NP抗体,三种蛋白间无明显差异;狂犬病毒CVS株攻击保护实验结果显示,三种蛋白免疫的小鼠存活率约为50%;两种重组NP的免疫反应性和免疫原性与天然狂犬病毒RNP相似。     

双表达狂犬病毒基因的非复制型痘苗病毒改建及免疫效果

为减少重组病毒非必需外源基因,进一步提高非复制重组痘苗病毒狂犬病疫苗的安全性,本研究改建不含报道基因LacZ的双表达狂犬病毒Ag株G、N的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKRN.采用G418-neo富集、蓝白斑及免疫蚀斑筛选等方法,以表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白(RG)基因的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKlacZ作为亲本株,利用同源重组原理,删除C与K片断间lacZ,并将狂犬病毒核蛋白(RN)基因插入C-K片段间.经核酸及蛋白水平检测表明VTKRG△CKRN能同时稳定有效地表达狂犬病毒G和N,并具有非复制病毒生长特性.重组病毒裸鼠毒力实验表明VTKRG△CKRN较复制型重组痘苗病毒VTKRG病毒毒力显著减弱.VTKRG△CKRN免疫小鼠可诱生较高有效中和抗体,并能保护小鼠免于致死剂量狂犬病毒攻击.以1.6×106PFU较低免疫剂量、仅一次免疫狗可保护狗经致死量中国狂犬病毒街毒株SBD株攻击后存活,诱生具有保护性中和抗体.非复制狂犬-痘苗重组病毒VTKRG△CKRN免疫效果好、更具安全性.     

用lac基因筛选表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组痘苗病毒

为了研制基因工程狂犬病疫苗,我国于1991年首次报道了在痘苗病毒天坛株中表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白,但报道中重组病毒的选择是先经人骨髓瘤细胞(TK-143)在诱变剂5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrudR)作用下通过标记拯救技术筛选出携带有同源基因的重组病毒,然后再利用重组病毒中携带的Lac基因为选择标记,通过噬斑纯化获得重组病毒,用这种选择方式获得的重组病毒,经过了TK-143细胞和BrudR,因此不宜发展成疫苗,本研究探索不经过TK-143细胞和BrudR,仅利用Lac基因为选择标记,直接在鸡胚细胞上通过噬斑纯化获得重组病毒,现将研究结果报道如下。     

Linear and Conformation-Dependent Antigenic Sites on the Nucleoprotein of Rabies Virus

A set of 29 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the rabies virus nucleoprotein (N protein) was prepared and used to analyze the topography of antigenic sites. At least four partially overlapping antigenic sites were delineated on the N protein of rabies virus by competitive binding assays. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests using MAbs with a series of rabies and rabies-related viruses showed that epitopes shared by various fixed and street strains of rabies virus were mainly localized at antigenic sites II and III, while epitopes representing the genus-specific antigen of Lyssavirus were widely presented at sites I, III and IV. All but one of seven MAbs specific for antigenic sites I, IV and bridge site (I and II) reacted with the antigen that had been denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate or 2-mercaptoethanol, as well as with the denatured N protein in Western blotting assays. However, none of the MAbs against antigenic sites II and III reacted with the denatured antigen. These data indicate that antigenic sites I and IV, and sites II and III on the N protein of rabies virus are composed of linear and conformation-dependent epitopes, respectively.     

Identification of a Phosphatase-Sensitive Epitope of Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein Which Is Recognized by a Monoclonal Antibody 5-2-26

We have investigated a phosphatase-sensitive sequential epitope of the nucleoprotein (N), one of the phosphoproteins of rabies virus, which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody (MAb) #5-2-26. The epitope was shared in common by all of the rabies virus strains we tested, including the HEP, ERA, CVS and Japanese strains (Nishigahara and Komatsukawa). Thin layer chromatography of the acid hydrolyzates of ³²P-labeled N protein showed that the protein contained phosphoserine and phospho-threonine at a molar ratio of about 4 to 1, while no phosphotyrosine was detected. Immunoprecipitation studies with several deletion mutants of the N protein showed that the epitope is located in a region spanning from amino acid 344 to 415. If the phosphatase-sensitive epitope is located at or near the phosphoamino acid, the location of the latter could be narrowed further to a region from amino acid 354 to 389 by comparing the amino-acid sequences among the viral strains. To examine this assumption, point mutation was introduced by amino-acid substitution with alanine at either of five potential phosphorylation sites (i.e., positions 354, 375, 377, 386 and 389) in the 354–389 region. Among those, only one substitution, at position 389, greatly affected the antigenicity. Substitution of serine-389 by threonine also reduced the antigenicity. These results strongly suggest that serine-389 is a phosphorylation site and essential for constructing or stabilizing the antigenic structure for MAb 5-2-26.     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Natural Recombinant H5N5 Influenza Virus from Ducks in Central China

We reported the complete genome sequence of an H5N5 avian influenza virus (AIV) that was first isolated from duck in central China in 2010. Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that this virus was a recombinant between H5N1 AIV circulated in southeastern Asia and an N5 subtype influenza virus. These data are beneficial for investigating the epidemiology and ecology of AIVs in central China.     

A New Rabies Vaccine Based on a Recombinant Orf Virus (Parapoxvirus) Expressing the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein

The present study describes the generation of a new Orf virus (ORFV) recombinant, D1701-V-RabG, expressing the rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein that is correctly presented on the surface of infected cells without the need of replication or production of infectious recombinant virus. One single immunization with recombinant ORFV can stimulate high RABV-specific virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers in mice, cats, and dogs, representing all nonpermissive hosts for the ORFV vector. The protective immune response against severe lethal challenge infection was analyzed in detail in mice using different dosages, numbers, and routes for immunization with the ORFV recombinant. Long-term levels of VNA could be elicited that remained greater than 0.5 IU per ml serum, indicative for the protective status. Single applications of higher doses (10⁷ PFU) can be sufficient to confer complete protection against intracranial (i.c.) challenge, whereas booster immunization was needed for protection by the application of lower dosages. Anamnestic immune responses were achieved by each of the seven tested routes of inoculation, including oral application. Finally, in vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection attested the importance of CD4 T cells for the induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-RabG. This report demonstrates another example of the potential of the ORFV vector and also indicates the capability of the new recombinant for vaccination of animals.     

一株新的狂犬病重组痘苗病毒某些生物学性质的研究

对表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组痘苗病毒ＶＶＭ１１ＫＲＧ株生物学性质进行了研究,该重组病毒的特点是：（１）糖蛋白基因插入到痘苗病毒天坛株基因组ＨｉｎｄⅢＭ片段中;（２）启动子为痘苗病毒天坛株Ｐ１１晚期启动子;（３）不含外源ｌａｃ基因。该重组病毒在ＣＶ－１细胞和鸡胚细胞上繁殖滴渡略高于另一株重组痘苗病毒ＶＶＴＫ１１ＫＲＧ,在鸡胚细胞中繁殖滴度第三天达到最高,在ＣＶ－１细胞中第二天达到最高。温度稳定性与天坛株相比没有明显改变。重组病毒在家兔皮内的毒力比亲本株（天坛株）低。间接免疫荧光和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ都证明了狂犬病毒糖蛋白有良好的表达。通过Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ证实糖蛋白基因准确地插入到ＨｉｎｄⅢＭ片段中。重组痘苗病毒启动子与部分糖蛋白基因克隆到ｐＧＥＭ３ｚｆ（－）质粒上,对该段ＤＮＡ序列分析表明不会产生移码和融合蛋白,从而为该重组病毒的使用提供了明确的基因背景资料。     

Morphology and Antigenic Properties of Recombinant Analogs of the Marburg Virus Nucleoprotein

The full-length gene for Marburg virus (MV) nucleoprotein (NP) was cloned in prokaryotic pQE32 under the control of the T5 promoter and in eukaryotic pTM1 under the control of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Recombinant NP was synthesized in Escherichia coliand in human kidney cell line 293 cotransfected with recombinant vaccinia virus vTF7-3 expressing T7 RNA polymerase. On evidence of electron microscopy with immune detection, recombinant NP formed tubules of two types in E. coliand of a single type in cell line 293. ELISA and immunoblotting with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies revealed common antigenic determinants in recombinant NP and natural MV NP.     

Identification of a Role for Nucleolin in Rabies Virus Infection

Rabies virus replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells, but rabies virus phosphoprotein (P-protein) undergoes active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Here we show that the largely nuclear P-protein isoform P3 can localize to nucleoli and forms specific interactions with nucleolin. Importantly, depletion of nucleolin expression inhibits viral protein expression and infectious virus production by infected cells. This provides the first evidence that lyssaviruses interact with nucleolin and that nucleolin is important to lyssavirus infection.     

Recent Emergence and Spread of an Arctic-Related Phylogenetic Lineage of Rabies Virus in Nepal

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is endemic in many parts of the developing world, especially in Africa and Asia. However its epidemiology remains largely unappreciated in much of these regions, such as in Nepal, where limited information is available about the spatiotemporal dynamics of the main etiological agent, the rabies virus (RABV). In this study, we describe for the first time the phylogenetic diversity and evolution of RABV circulating in Nepal, as well as their geographical relationships within the broader region. A total of 24 new isolates obtained from Nepal and collected from 2003 to 2011 were full-length sequenced for both the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein genes, and analysed using neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic methods with representative viruses from all over the world, including new related RABV strains from neighbouring or more distant countries (Afghanistan, Greenland, Iran, Russia and USA). Despite Nepal''s limited land surface and its particular geographical position within the Indian subcontinent, our study revealed the presence of a surprising wide genetic diversity of RABV, with the co-existence of three different phylogenetic groups: an Indian subcontinent clade and two different Arctic-like sub-clades within the Arctic-related clade. This observation suggests at least two independent episodes of rabies introduction from neighbouring countries. In addition, specific phylogenetic and temporal evolution analysis of viruses within the Arctic-related clade has identified a new recently emerged RABV lineage we named as the Arctic-like 3 (AL-3) sub-clade that is already widely spread in Nepal.     

表达绿色荧光蛋白报告基因重组禽腺联病毒载体系统的构建与鉴定

为了开展重组禽腺联病毒(Recombinant avian adeno-associated virus,rAAAV)介导的基因转移研究,用限制性内切酶消化含AAAV全基因组的重组质粒pCR-AAAV,去除AAAV Rep和Cap蛋白编码序列,将PCR扩增的绿色荧光蛋白(Green fluorescent protein,GFP)报告基因插入AAAV末端反向重复序列(Inverted terminal repeats,ITR)之间,获得表达GFP基因的AAAV转移载体pAITR-GFP;以含AAAV全基因组的质粒为模板,用PCR分别扩增AAAV Rep、Cap和Rep-Cap蛋白基因,将Rep和Cap基因分别插入真核细胞双表达载体pVITRO2-mcs的两个多克隆位点,将Rep-Cap蛋白基因插入真核细胞表达载体pcDNA3,获得AAAV辅助质粒pVITRO2-ARC和pcDNA-ARC;将pAITR-GFP、pVITRO2-ARC或pcDNA-ARC与腺病毒辅助质粒pHelper组成三质粒转染系统,用磷酸钙沉淀法共转染AAV-293细胞,获得了表达GFP的rAAAV.经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,纯化病毒出现分子量正确的VP1、VP2、VP3结构蛋白;经PCR检测证明,重组病毒中含有GFP报告基因;用重组病毒分别感染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)和鸡胚肝CEL细胞,可以观察到GFP报告基因的表达,表达时间持续两周以上.这些试验结果表明,成功建立了辅助病毒非依赖性rAAAV体外包装体系,为禽源细胞的基因转移研究和禽重组活载体疫苗的研制打下了基础.