菜薹花药培养诱导胚状体的研究

分别以特早50、青梗菜心、9872和四九菜心(19)为供试材料,进行了基因型、温度、碳源等因素对菜心花药培养诱导胚状体影响的研究.结果 表明:不同基因型菜薹花药诱导率的差异显著,在改良B5固体培养基上特早50、9872、四九菜心(19)的诱导率依次降低,而青梗菜心诱导不出胚状体;不同温度的前处理对9872花药的诱导率也存在影响,其中以4℃低温1预处理幼花序1～2d和33℃(2温预培养24～48h的处理效果最佳;碳源对胚状体的诱导也有较大影响,其中蔗糖效果好于麦芽糖,且质量浓度为13%的蔗糖对特早50诱导率最高,而13%的麦芽糖诱导不出胚状体.     

甜椒花药培养及再生植株技术体系的研究

为建立甜椒(Capsicum annuum var.grossum)花药培养及再生植株技术体系,对影响花药胚状体诱导和分化的因素进行了研究。结果表明,培养基组成对胚状体诱导率的影响以NAA基本培养基椰乳KT,最佳胚状体诱导培养基为NTH+0.1 mg L–1 NAA+10%椰乳+1 mg L–1 KT+50μmol L–1 Ag NO3+30 g L–1蔗糖+5 g L–1琼脂+2 g L–1活性炭。花药经过24 h低温预处理和8 d高温预培养后,胚状体诱导率可达23.38%。植物生长调节剂对胚状体出芽率的影响为6-BANAAIAA,最佳胚状体分化培养基为NTH+1 mg L–1 6-BA+0.3 mg L–1 NAA+0.1 mg L–1 IAA+30 g L–1蔗糖+5 g L–1琼脂。胚芽转入1/2MS+0.5 mg L–1 IBA+30 g L–1蔗糖+5 g L–1琼脂培养基后,生根率可达92.5%。     

萝卜单倍体培养

1 植物名称　萝卜(Raphanus Sativus),又名莱菔、芦菔. 2 材料类别　花药. 3 培养条件 (1)胚状体诱导:以改良的Keller为基本培养基,10%蔗糖、0.8%琼脂粉,pH 5.8,不附加任何激素.(2)诱导分化培养基:MS+ 0.2 mg·L-1 6-BA,2%蔗糖、0.8%琼脂条,pH 5.5.     

玉米花药培养中诱导胚状体的意义

在毛主席的革命科技路线指引下,我国从1975年首次成功地从玉米离体培养的花药诱导出单倍体植株以来,许多单位培养玉米花粉植株都已成功,并报道了从离体培养的花药中有成熟胚状体的产生。我们在1976年玉米花药培养的实验中也见到有较多胚状体的产生,并从胚状体形成绿苗有较高的频率。这是一个值得注意的问题。 我们的实验材料是大田春播的金黄113(墩子黄×W591)及金黄,号(太181×黄204)两个杂交种。诱导培养基为N_6,附加不同配比的激素(表1),蔗糖12％。分化培养基为N_6 K 1ppm BA 1ppm IAA 0.1ppm,蔗糖6％。     

中粒种咖啡花药培养成完整植株

1 植物名称中粒种咖啡(coffea robusta)。 2 材料类别花药。 3 培养条件基本培养基为MS,(1)诱导愈伤组织培养基附加KT0.8 mg/L(单位下同)、2,4-D 0.8、NAA1、蔗糖5％、琼脂0.5％,pH 5.8。(2)诱导胚状体培养基附加BA 2、KT 0.5、NAA 0.2、CH 500、蔗糖3％、琼脂0.6％,pH 5.8。(3)胚状体分化成苗培养基为3/4MS附加BA0.5、NAA0.8、GA0.1、活性炭0.1％、蔗糖2.5％、琼脂0.7％,pH 5.8。培养温度25     

“锦丰”梨花药培养获得小植株

l植物名称梨O抓训初攻众积肥如“）。2材料类别花药。3培养条件（）诱导胚状体培养基为1／2MS＋IAA0．Zing／L（单位下同）＋BAI～2;（2）分化培养基为MS＋GA。of＋IBA0．2＋BAI;（3）诱导生根培养基为1／2MS＋IAA1．5。培养温度25～30C,光照度2000IX左右,光照时间为10h／d左右。4生长与分化情况4．五胚状体的诱导梨花药接种在培养基（1）上后,经过120d左右的培养,有的花药可在其裂口处产生乳白色的胚状体,似苹果花药胚状体,有双子叶型,有的呈畸型子叶型,有的花药可同时产生2个以上的胚状体。4．2植株分化将胚状体转…     

莴苣通过胚状体途径的快速繁殖

诱导莴苣子叶产生愈伤组织和胚状体效果最好的培养基是MS NAA2.0 KT0.5mg/L(单位下同)和 MS NAA0.2 BA2.0。两种培养基上胚状体发生频率分别为79.0％和76.0％.最适碳源是3％的蔗糖。     

东北天南星的离体培养与快速繁殖

1 植物名称东北天南星(Arisaema amurense Maxim.). 2 材料类别新萌发的嫩叶. 3 培养条件基本培养基为MS.(1)嫩叶愈伤组织诱导培养基:1/2MS 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) 2,4-D 0.5 3%蔗糖;(2)芽苗分化培养基:MS 6-BA 1.5 3%蔗糖;(3)芽苗继代增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 1.0 3%蔗糖;(4)壮苗生根培养基:1/2MS IBA 0.2 1.5%蔗糖.     

绒毛白蜡体胚诱导和植株再生

该文探讨了基本培养基、外植体、培养条件以及植物生长调节剂配比对绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)体胚诱导的影响。结果表明,胚根是诱导体胚发生的最佳外植体;体胚诱导的最适培养基为改良MS+2 mg·L~(–1) 6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(–1) NAA、30g·L~(–1)蔗糖、5.0 g·L~(–1)琼脂;暗培养20天后进行光照培养(14小时光照/10小时黑暗),光密度为100~(–1)20μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1),昼温度(25±2)°C,夜温度(18±2)°C;成功诱导出体细胞胚并获得再生植株,体胚诱导率可达59.8%,体胚萌发率达81.2%。壮苗最适培养基为改良WPM+0.5 mg·L~(–1) 6-BA+0.2 mg·L~(–1) ZT+0.01 mg·L~(–1) NAA。生根最适培养基为改良1/2MS+1.0 mg·L~(–1)IBA+0.05 mg·L~(–1) NAA+20 g·L~(–1)蔗糖,生根率高达97.3%,试管苗移栽成活率达97.8%。     

地被悬钩子的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称地被悬钩子(Rubus calycinoides). 2材料类别茎段. 3培养条件基本培养基为MS培养基.(1)诱导愈伤组织培养基:MS 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.1;(2)诱导分化培养基:MS 6-BA 2.0 NAA 0.5;(3)丛芽增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 2.0 NAA 0.1;(4)生根培养基:4/5MS NAA 0.5.以上培养基均加入0.7%的琼脂、3%蔗糖、pH 5.6.培养温度为(25±1)℃,光照度1 500～2000 lx,光照12 h·d-1.     

Effects of Physical and Chemical Factors on Induction Frequency of the Pollen Plantlet and Changes in Starch Formation in Anthers

Physical and chemical facttors affected distinctly induction frequency of the pollen plantlets from anther culture in vitro of Lycium. Experimental results showed that the anthers with their pollen grains at the uninucleate stage when the nuclei were centrally situated, were the best material for the anther culture. The different proportions of various hormones have affected the embryoid formation. When the MS medium was supplemented with 6-BAP (1 ppm) and NAA (0.1 ppm), the induction frequency was increased ( 16.9% ). When 3–15 per cent of sucrose was added in medium, the embryoids were induced and 15 per cent was the optimum. The callus of the filament was inhibited by the increase of the sucrose concentration. Before inoculation the anthers were pretreated at 3–5℃ for 4 days, the frequency of embryoid formation was efficiently increased in comparision with those of untreated anthers. The induction frequency of normal anthers was only 2.8 per cent, but that of the anthers pretreated was 3–9 per cent, the highest was 8.9 per cent .The changes of substances in anther pretreated and in normal anther was compared by means of histochemistry. Under normal conditions, there were a lot of starch accumulated in the inner wall Of the anthers and the distribution of the cytoplasm and the staining of the protein were even: In the anther pretreated, the starch grains have disappeared and the cytoplasm has condensed and the staining of the protein wasn't even. The differences may be related to induction, frequency of the anther culture.     

甘蓝型油菜游离小孢子培养的胚胎发生

以生长在非控温控光下的４个冬性甘蓝型油菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓＬ．）品种为供体,进行游离小孢子培养。研究发现,多数品种在开花３－７天取材最为适宜。在甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中只有单核晚期的小孢子才可能发育成胚状体,而花药培养时处于单核早期的小孢子易于发育成胚状体。在适当花期选取发育比较一致的单核晚期小孢子培养,经数小时后,部分小孢子便开始膨大,这是小孢子发育成胚的最早标志,膨大的小孢子中,有部分形成多细胞球并进一步发育成胚。用春性甘蓝型油菜为材料进行蔗糖浓度的实验结果表明：培养３天后,在１６％蔗糖培养基中存活的小孢子最多,达１６．１３％;培养３０天后,胚状体诱导频率则以１３％蔗糖浓度为最高,每花蕾可达１４４个胚状体。如果在１６％蔗糖培养基中培养３天后,添加等体积的１３％蔗糖培养基,能够大大提高胚状体的诱导频率,为仅用１３％蔗糖培养基培养的３．７倍。这一实验体系正在用于抗菌核病的诱变与筛选,并作为外源基因导入的实验体系。     

The influence of culture conditions on anther culture response of commercial varieties of Solanum tuberosum L.

The effect of media manipulatioss, temperature pretreatment, carbohydrate source, and seasonal variation on tetraploid potato anther cultures was investigated. The anther culture responses of three commercial Nordic potato varieties from Scandinavia and two from Germany were compared on different media manipulations. With most of the varieties, solid MS media gave better yields than other published media manipulations. Pretreatments at +6°C and at +30°C were studied on Pito and Danva varieties. The +6°C pretreatment and no pretreatment had the same effect on the anther culture response of cv. Pito, while with cv. Danva pretreatment at +6°C promoted embryogenesis. The +30°C pretreatment had no positive effect on anther culture response on either cultivar. The effect of maltose, melibiose and mannitol individually and in combination with sucrose were compared to normal sucrose medium in cv. Pito anther cultures. Anthers incubated on normal sucrose medium gave the highest embryoid and plant yields; the second highest plant yields were obtained on pure maltose medium. Strong seasonal variation was observed throughout the year in cv. Pito anther cultures. The percentage of anthers producing embryoids ranged from 15–20% during September and October to just 1–3% from February through May. The annual average embryoid production rate was 6.18%.     

Anther culture of papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) anther containing microspores in tetrad to early-binucleate stages were successfully cultured on 1/2 strength MS salts and vitamins with full strength Na-Fe-EDTA supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA, 1 mg/l BA and 6% sucrose for callus initiation and formation. Highest frequencies of callus induction were obtained when anthers at the uninucleate stage were cultured in the dark. Haploid plantlets and pollen-derived embryoids were obtained from anthers cultured at the uninucleate stage on solidified MS medium containing 3% sucrose without any growth regulators under a low light intensity (1,500 lux). Large quantities of embryoids were obtained when the original embryoids were transferred to MS medium with 3% sucrose and no growth regulators. Cytology of root tips of embryoid-derived plants confirmed the haploid chromosome number of 9 indicating that the embryoids originated from pollen.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) - MAA naphthaleneacetic acid - BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

In vitro induction of androgenic haploids in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

The influence of culture medium on induction of androgenic calli was examined with five different basal media. MS medium was the most responsive in inducing callus. Differences in induction of calli among ten genotypes revealed that the most responsive genotype was a local cultivar, Mangira, with 48.6% anthers initiating callus formation. The influence of temperature pre-treatment (5°±1°C) for varying periods (0 to 15 days) on immature capitula prior to inoculation of anthers on the medium revealed that the percentage of anthers inducing callus increased till 3–5 days of pre-treatment. The effect of physiological conditions of anther donor plants grown in the field and in green houses on induction and re-differentiation have shown that the field grown anther donor plants exhibited optimum response. Shoot regeneration was observed on MS supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l) and rhizogenesis on MS (half-strength) medium, supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg/l) and 1% sucrose. Cytological studies of anther derived plants showed two ploidy levels, where the haploids were predominant (64%).     

抗根肿病大白菜的花药培养

大白菜是中国北方的重要蔬菜之一,根肿病是危害大白菜生产世界性病害,利用花药培养可以大大加速抗根肿病大白菜杂交育种工作的进程。对33份抗根肿病大白菜品种(品系)进行花药培养,有24个品种诱导出胚,品种诱导率为72.7%,以东方皇冠×C11的诱导率最高,为1.86胚/蕾。对大部分基因型来说,在培养基中添加0.4 g/L谷氨酰胺的诱导效果最好。研究还发现生长在温室中的供体植株更容易诱导出胚状体。变绿的子叶型胚转到B5+0.2 mg/L BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.1%活性炭的胚分化培养基上可诱导生芽。     

Somatic cell genetic studies inBrassica species

In vitro culture ofBrassica alba anthers on a growth medium containing inorganics of KB5 and organics, iron, sucrose and hormones of B5 resulted in a very high response of anthers (93.75%) towards callus induction. All the calli transferred to regeneration media responded favourably even after six months of callus induction. Numerous torpedo-shaped embryoids developed in clusters at many sites from each callus mass. Secondary embryogenesis and multiple shoot formation was also observed in many cases. The number of embryoids and plantlets produced by one embryogenic anther were as high as 169.8 and 17 respectively. 87% of the regenerated plants were haploids.     

影响木薯次生胚状体发生及植株再生因素的研究

研究了在外植体的不同发育阶段中,碳源以及不同的生长激素配比对木薯次生胚状体诱导及植株再生的影响。结果表明：以固体成熟培养基上生长１５ｄ的胚状体子叶为外植体,次生胚状体的产量最高,达２９．３个成熟胚状体／１个外植体。在次生胚状体的诱导阶段,以麦芽糖（４０ｇ／Ｌ）代替蔗糖作碳源,能同时提高次生胚状体的产量（３２．５个胚次体／１个外植体）及植株再生频率（７４．３％）。２,４－Ｄ与ＰＰ３３３;（０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合能提高植株再生频率到７７．６％。２,４－Ｄ与ＢＡＰ（２ｍｇ／Ｌ）或激动素（２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合则大大降低了胚状体诱导及植株再生频率。     

Effect of medium osmotic potential on callus induction and shoot regeneration in flax anther culture

Development of an efficient and cost-effective doubled haploid production system in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the prerequisite for the application of doubled haploid technology in a practical breeding program. Pre-culture of anthers on a medium containing 15% sucrose for 2–7 days before transfer to the same medium containing 6% sucrose for a total of 28 days culture period significantly increased shoot regeneration for all four genotypes evaluated. Moreover, pre-culture of anthers on medium containing 15% sucrose for 2–7 days was sufficient to dramatically reduce the frequency of shoot regeneration from somatic tissues and thereby to increase the frequency of microspore-derived plants in flax anther culture. Furthermore, replacing 15% sucrose with 6% sucrose and 9% polyethylene glycol (PEG), or 3% sucrose and 12% PEG, in pre-culture medium did not significantly affect callus induction and shoot regeneration. The results indicate that sucrose may act as carbon/energy source as well as an osmotic regulator in flax anther culture. Sucrose as an osmotic regulator may be replaced by a non-metabolizable osmoticum: PEG. The implication of this study in flax anther culture and breeding is discussed.     

Anther culture of Solanum genotypes

Anther culture response was examined in five Solanum genotypes. Large genotypic differences exist in response to culture and liquid culture media were found to be superior to agar solidified media systems. Pre-treatment effects on embryoid induction were also investigated and two of the genotypes displayed differential response to temperature stress pretreatment. In general the beneficial effect of charcoal in the media was confirmed. Successful embryoid production and plantlet regeneration was obtained from the wild potato species, Solanum papita. The influence of sucrose concentration on embryoid production was also investigated. Large genotype by sucrose interactions were detected and this was mainly due to the differential response of the tuberosum clones to increasing sucrose concentration when compared with S. papita. Embryoids were produced from this species in media containing 15% sucrose although the optimum concentration of sucrose for embryoid production was 9%. The possible role of anther culture techniques in gene introgression and potato improvement is discussed.