大丽轮枝菌毒素的多糖组份对棉花致萎作用的研究

用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)毒素中的多糖组份。发现经酶处理后的5个不同致病力类型的棉花黄萎病菌(大丽轮枝菌)菌株毒素都不能影响整个毒素复合物对棉花的致萎作用,表明毒素中的多糖组份在棉花的致萎作用中不占有重量地位。     

大丽轮枝菌毒素致萎活性成分的研究

测定大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)Kleb．)不同致病力类型的5个菌株毒素的成分,试验结果表明各菌株的毒素都含有蛋白质、多糖和脂类物质,并发现致病力强的菌株毒素所含的蛋白质和多糖的量高于致病力弱的菌株毒素,而脂类物质的量却低于弱菌株毒素。经过高温(100℃,10分钟)和蛋白酶(37℃,6小时)处理后的各菌株毒素则不能使棉花致萎,说明毒素中的蛋白质组分在毒素对棉花的致萎作用中占有重要的地位。     

新疆甜瓜疫霉菌毒素的分离及其致病效应（简报）

从瓜类疫霉菌液体培养液中分离到一种对新疆甜瓜幼苗有明显致萎效应的毒素，用ＤＥＡＥ－５２柱纯化得到两个组分，其中组分Ⅰ蛋白质含量低于组分Ⅱ，而糖含量则高于组分Ⅱ，组分Ⅱ的致萎效应大于部分Ⅰ。     

大丽轮枝菌毒素的分离、提纯及生物测定

试验用Czapek's培养液培养大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)不同致病力类型的5个菌株的培养滤液,经浓缩、离心和透析制成的粗毒素,再经DEAE-纤维素柱层析得到初提毒素,最后通过琼脂糖凝胶过滤层析获得纯毒素样品。生物活性测定表明初提毒素的最低生物活性浓度为5.0—5.5μg/ml。纯毒素的最低生物活性浓度为4.0—4.5μg/ml。配制相同浓度的不同致病力类型菌株的毒素液,它们的培养滤液、粗毒素或纯毒素对棉苗的致萎能力相同。     

大丽轮枝菌分泌糖蛋白的分离及其致萎性研究

利用伴刀豆球蛋白（ＣｏｎＡ） 亲和层析、Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ＿１５０ 凝胶层析、双向电泳、ＳＤＳ梯度电泳等手段对大丽轮枝菌（Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｄａｈｌｉａｅ Ｋｌｅｂ．）分泌的糖蛋白复合物进行分离,对其中一约２６ ｋＤ 的组分进行了Ｎ 端氨基酸序列分析。以棉花（ Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ ｂａｒｂａｄｅｎｓｅ Ｌ．）叶片为材料,进行了糖蛋白致萎性实验。结果表明,沸水浴或ＣｏｎＡ 处理的蛋白致萎性消失,Ｚｅａｔｉｎ 使糖蛋白致萎性减弱。该糖蛋白能够诱导海岛棉培养细胞中棉酚等倍半萜的合成,棉酚的积累随着糖蛋白浓度的增加而增加,但到一定程度后下降,此时较高浓度的大丽轮枝菌分泌糖蛋白引起植物细胞死亡     

山东栽培瓜蒌氨基酸的含量测定

利用氨基酸自动分析仪对10个山东栽培瓜蒌样品中的水解氨基酸和游离氨基酸进行含量测定.结果发现山东栽培瓜萎中氨基酸的种类较为丰富,均含有19种相同的游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸;氨基酸含量在各个样品之间差异显著,从游离总氨基酸的含量考虑,糖瓜蒌略优于仁瓜萎,仁瓜蒌优于地瓜萎.     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取*

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

大豆灰斑病菌毒素的分离与提取

用不同极性的有机溶剂均未萃取到具有致病组分的化合物。但用甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和硫酸铵等两种沉淀大分子物质的方法,却提取到了使大豆叶片产生典型病斑和致萎的化合物。该粗提物能引起大豆感病品种产生典型的蛙眼形病斑,由此可以肯定从培养滤液中提取的粗提物含有大豆灰斑病菌所产生的毒素。以二倍体积的甲醇来提取大豆灰斑病菌毒素是最为简单、快速的方法。     

Bt毒素在转基因棉花与土壤系统中的分布

研究了转Bt基因棉花与土壤系统中Bt毒素的分布.结果表明,两种转Bt基因棉花地上部(叶片、茎秆)的毒素表达量(103.5～134.1 ng·g^-1)显著高于地下部分(根系)(44.7～21.2 ng·g^-1),土壤中Bt毒素总量可通过转基因棉花地上部分秸秆的处理得到控制;Bt毒素在转Bt基因棉花根系分泌物中的含量极低,如果控制Bt毒素的其它导入来源,将显著降低转Bt基因作物释放中因Bt毒素导入而引发的对土壤生态系统的扰动.     

玉米大斑病菌Ht—毒素的萃取及其致病活性

采用体外(in vitro)固体和液体培养玉米大斑病菌——大斑病长晨蠕孢(Helminthosporium turcicum),培养物经有机溶剂萃取后减压蒸发获得了Ht-粗毒素,最后用种子根伸长抑制,离体根冠细胞死亡和离体叶片致萎等生物测定法,对玉米大斑病菌的体外代谢产物进行了致病活性和毒性测定,筛选出乙腈等有机溶剂,可以用于Ht-毒素的萃取,为Ht-毒素的进一步提纯和结构分析奠定了基础。     

SECRETION OF LIPASES IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE CRICKET Gryllus bimaculatus

Little is known concerning the sites and the ratios of the lipase secretions in insects, therefore we undertook an examination of the lipase secretion of fed and unfed adult female Gryllus bimaculatus. The ratio of triacylglyceride lipase, diacylglyceride lipase, and phosphatidylcholine lipase secreted by fed females in the caecum and ventriculus is 1:1.4:0.4. These activities decrease in the caecum by 30–40% in unfed females. The total lipase activity (TLA) in the caecum is about 10 times that in the ventriculus. Minimal lipase secretion occurs before and during the final moult, and remains at this level in unfed crickets, indicating a basal secretion rate. In 2‐day‐old fed females, about 10% of the TLA in the entire gut is found in the crop, about 70% in the caecum, 20% in the ventriculus, and 3% in the ileum. Lipases in the ventriculus are recycled back to the caecum and little is lost in the feces. Oleic acid stimulated in vitro lipase secretion, but lipids did not. Feeding stimulated lipase secretion, starvation reduced lipase secretion, but this does not prove a direct prandal regulation of secretion, because feeding also induced a size and volume increase of the caecum.     

COMPOSITION OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES IN THE PANCREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG : II. Lipids

The lipid composition of rough and smooth microsomal membranes, zymogen granule membranes, and a plasmalemmal fraction from the guinea pig pancreatic exocrine cell has been determined. As a group, membranes of the smooth variety (i.e., smooth microsomes, zymogen granule membranes, and the plasmalemma) were similar in their content of phospholipids, cholesterol and neutral lipids, and in the ratio of total lipids to membrane proteins. In contrast, rough microsomal membranes contained much less sphingomyelin and cholesterol and possessed a smaller lipid/protein ratio. All membrane fractions were unusually high in their content of lysolecithin (up to ~20% of the total phospholipids) and of neutral lipids, especially fatty acids. The lysolecithin content was shown to be due to the hydrolysis of membrane lecithin by pancreatic lipase; the fatty acids, liberated by the action of lipase on endogenous triglyceride stores, are apparently scavenged by the membranes from the suspending media. Similar artifactually high levels of lysolecithin and fatty acids were noted in hepatic microsomes incubated with pancreatic postmicrosomal supernatant. E 600, an inhibitor of lipase, largely prevented the appearance of lysolecithin and fatty acids in pancreatic microsomes and in liver microsomes treated with pancreatic supernatant.     

Production and regulation of different lipase activities from Rhizopus chinensis in submerged fermentation by lipids

The fungal Rhizopus chinensis could produce several types of lipase, which were mainly intracellular. During the whole-cell lipase production by this strain in submerged fermentation, it was observed that two catalytic characteristics (hydrolytic and synthetic activity) of lipases were different with addition of lipids. The hydrolytic activity of the lipase was not induced by lipids efficaciously and could be detected regardless of whether substrate-related compounds were present. However, it was found that the induction of lipids for the synthetic activity lipase was significant, and that nearly no synthetic activity was detected while the medium contained no lipids. When only a little lipid (1 g/L) was added to medium, the synthetic activity increased sharply in the initial process of fermentation. Analysis of crude membrane-bound lipase by SDS-PAGE confirmed this induction. De novo biosynthesis of lipases, especially the lipase with synthetic activity occurred only when lipids existed. Cell growth and maltose repress the lipase production with synthetic activity, but have little influence on the lipase production with hydrolytic activity. Since the production process of mycelium-bound lipase with hydrolytic activity was different, it was reasonable to consider hydrolytic activity and synthetic activity for different application purposes. Whole-cell lipase obtained from fermentation process with high synthetic activity showed excellent catalytic ability in solvent free system on synthesis of ethylcaprylate and ethyloleate, the conversion could reach more than 90% in 5 h.     

EFFECT OF LIPASE-DIGESTION ON PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS

In order to elucidate the role of lipids in photosynthesis,chloroplasts were digested with lipase, and the effect of lipase-digestionon some photochemical activities was studied. The HILL reactionwas sensitive to the digestion, but chloroplasts having intactmembrane were somewhat resistant to the action of lipase. Theinactivation by lipase digestion seems to be due to the destructionof a component necessary for the Hill reaction to proceed. Thechloroplasts treated with lipase showed the following activities. (1) Active photooxidation of reduced cytochrome c and menadione. (2) Photooxidation of ascorbate, which was enhanced in the presenceof DPIP, and retarded in the absence of the dye. (3) NADP-photoreduction in the presence of the DPIP-ascorbatecouple, as the electron donor. These facts suggested that the site attacked with lipase wasresponsible for the photochemical oxygen evolution. The decrease in the fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll awas also observed during the digestion. ¹Present address : Biological Laboratory, General EducationDeparment, Kyushu University, Otsubo-machi, Fukuoka.     

Guinea pig very low density lipoproteins are a good substrate for lipoprotein lipase.

In contrast to plasma from most other animals, guinea pig plasma causes little or no stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) isolated by ultracentrifugation of guinea pig serum caused a definite stimulation of lipase activity, whereas the infranatant inhibited the activity. Gel filtration in 5 M guanidinium hydrochloride of delipidated VLDL demonstrated that the activation was caused by a low molecular weight protein. The VLDL themselves were hydrolized at similar rates as human VLDL both by guinea pig and by bovine lipoprotein lipases. Thus, guinea pig VLDL contain an activator for lipoprotein lipase analogous to that in other animals and there is enough of the activator to support rapid hydrolysis of the VLDL lipids by the lipase.     

Ovine pancreatic lipase : purification and some properties.

Lipase has been isolated from sheep pancreas. The lipoprotein complex formed in pancreas homogenates by the enzyme and endogenous lipids is split by treatment with acetone. Lipase is further purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight and the amino-acid composition of ovine lipase are very similar to that of the porcine and bovine enzymes. As previously found in bovine lipase, no carbohydrate is covalently bound to the polypeptide chain which has a N-terminal residue of lysine. The study of the catalytic properties of ovine pancreatic lipase indicates that the enzyme is fully activated by colipase from various species in the presence of conjugated bile salt micellar solutions.     

盐度对花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗生长性能及消化酶活力的影响

文章研究了不同盐度对花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡(A. bicolor pacifica)幼鳗生长性能及消化酶活力的影响。将花鳗鲡幼鳗(9.760.36) g和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗(11.820.04) g分别在淡水(盐度0)与盐度5、10、18水体中养殖30d, 测量每组实验鱼总重后检测胃、肠道和肝脏蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明, 花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡在各盐度处理中存活率均为100%, 未出现死亡。两种鳗鲡在淡水中生长良好, 特定生长率最高, 而饵料系数最低。盐度对花鳗鲡幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗消化酶活力的影响存在差异, 其中花鳗鲡胃、肠道和肝脏蛋白酶活力在各盐度处理中均无显著变化(P0.05), 淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均随盐度的增加而下降; 太平洋双色鳗鲡胃蛋白酶活力在盐度10时最大, 肝蛋白酶活力在盐度18时最大, 而淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力在各盐度处理组无显著变化(P0.05)。这表明盐度对花鳗鲡胃、肠道和肝脏的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力具有抑制作用, 对太平洋双色鳗鲡的蛋白酶活力有一定的激活作用。在相同盐度条件下, 不同消化器官中同种消化酶活力存在差异, 各盐度的两种鳗鲡肠道中淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力均显著高于肝脏和胃(P0.05), 胃中蛋白酶活力高于肝脏和肠道, 但不显著(P0.05)。研究发现两种鳗鲡体内脂肪酶活力相对较高, 表明其对脂肪具有较强的消化能力。建议在配制花鳗鲡幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗饲料时, 适当提高粗脂肪比例, 有助于促进对营养物质的消化吸收, 提高养殖效益。       

发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽生长及消化能力的影响

为探讨圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲料中发酵豆粕的适宜添加量, 以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油和豆油为脂肪源, 分别添加0、10%、20%、30%和40%的发酵豆粕替代0、9.81%、19.63%、29.44%和39.26%的鱼粉蛋白, 设计5种等蛋白(50%)、等脂(8%)的实验饲料(分别表示为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ), 每组设3个重复, 每重复15尾鱼, 初始体重为(49.01.0) g, 经过8周的饲养实验, 结果表明: (1)饲料效率随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高逐渐降低, 饲料中发酵豆粕水平为20%时, 鱼体的终末体重、特定生长率和摄食量均会显著降低(P0.05)。(2)全鱼水分和灰分含量随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高而升高, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则随发酵豆粕水平的升高而降低。(3)胃蛋白酶和肝脂肪酶活力随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先降低后升高, Ⅰ组最高, 显著高于Ⅲ组 (P0.05), 但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的胃脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05); 肠淀粉酶活力则随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先升高后降低, Ⅲ组最高, 显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); 其他消化酶活力(肠蛋白酶、胃淀粉酶、肠脂肪酶)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。(4)Ⅰ组的皱襞高度和肠壁厚度均显著高于其他组(P0.05), 各组的黏膜厚度无显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 在饲料中添加10%的发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽的生长、饲料利用和形体指标无显著性影响,过量添加则抑制鱼体的生长。     

山莨菪碱对紫膜中菌紫质结构的影响及其与膜脂的关系

本文用吸收光谱和可见圆二色谱研究了不同浓度的山莨菪碱对紫膜中菌紫质结构的影响,并设计了用不同浓度的去垢剂Triton X-100作为脂环境的扰动剂,研究山莨菪碱对菌紫质的影响与膜脂关系的实验.结果表明山莨菪碱不仅影响菌紫质分子本身的构象变化而且扰动了菌紫质分子之间的激子偶联作用.通过吸收差光谱技术表明山莨菪碱对菌紫质结构的影响与膜脂密切相关并指出紫膜中菌紫质的三体结构对膜功能的贡献是不容忽视的.     

脂肪酶发酵过程中的油脂利用

对假丝酵母Candidasp．99—125发酵生产脂肪酶的过程中油脂代谢情况进行了研究。分析了发酵过程中甘油酯、油酸、棕榈酸等物质浓度随发酵时间的变化趋势,以及它们与菌体生长和产酶之间相互影响关系,结果发现油酸的消耗能够显著地促进脂肪酶的合成（油酸质量浓度从30g／L降低到10g／L）,并且细胞对油酸和棕榈酸的利用没有选择性,最终发酵脂肪酶活力可达8000U／mL。