Measuring the responses of macroinvertebrate communities to water pollution: a comparison of multivariate approaches, biotic and diversity indices

The responses of macroinvertebrate communities to pollution by sewage effluent in the River Trent system (UK) were investigated using a variety of multivariate approaches, biotic indices and diversity indices. It was found that multivariate analyses clearly illuminated the change of community structure along the pollution gradient. CY Dissimilarity Measure (CYD)-based Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) appeared to perform better than DCA and clustering. Species richness, the BMWP, BMWP-ASPT, the Chandler Score, Chandler-ASPT could detect the effects of major pollution. However, these indices showed varying sensitivity to different ranges of pollution, for example, Chandler-ASPT and BMWP-ASPT are more sensitive to the change in clean/slightly polluted range than in the moderate/very polluted range. The diversity indices were the least informative. The advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches were discussed.     

红蜻稚虫对浙江省不同类型水体污染的抗逆性适应表现

在杭州、温州、宁波、台州和绍兴等地水域5个采样点采集到169头蜻蜓稚虫,分属于7科.对采集地的水质进行理化指标(水温、压强、电导率、氧化还原电位、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a、透明度)和重金属含量(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Cr6+和总铁等)检测,并对采集到的红蜻稚虫Crocothem...     

重金属污染下曼陀罗种群分化的RAPD分析

将不同空间地段上获得的同一种质但污染年代各不相同的4个曼陀罗材料种子易地种植在同一模拟重金属污染生境中,对这4个曼陀罗种群进行RAPD分析,结果表明,在105个检测位点中发现有78个位点呈多态性。在这些多态位点中未发现与重金属抗性有关的特异性多态DNA片段。S hannon-Weiner指数计算结果表明,在短期污染时间内曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平降低。随着污染时间的推移,曼陀罗种群逐渐在污染迹地上稳定下来,曼陀罗种群遗传多样性水平有所回升和提高,4个曼陀罗种群遗传多样性由高到低排列顺序为L＞CK＞M＞S。遗传多样性指数表明曼陀罗种群间变异程度远小于种群内的遗传变异。4个种群两两间遗传距离较小,遗传距离最大的种群为L和S,最小的为L和CK种群。因此,在重金属胁迫环境选择下,曼陀罗种群发生了一定程度的分化与微进化,轻高水平的遗传多样性可能是植物适应重金属污染胁迫环境的基础。     

Diversity and indicator species as measures of water pollution in a subarctic lake

Benthic invertebrates were collected from a subarctic lake during 1976 to assess the effectiveness of diversity indices and indicator species as measures of heavy metal pollution. Collections were made near an operating metal mine, where sediments were contaminated with high levels of arsenic (up to 2,500 mg/kg dry weight), mercury (500 µg/kg), lead (850 mg/kg), copper (750 mg/kg) and zinc (950 mg/kg). A total of 25 species and a diversity index of 2.4—2.9 were recorded in this heavily impacted area. Chironomids (Procladius denticulatus, Heterotrissocladius changi, Chironomus decorus) were most common in the sediments, followed in importance by molluscs (Pisidium casertanum) and oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus). There were 23 and 25 species in the areas of moderate and negligible contamination, respectively. The diversity indices ranged from 2.4–2.6 and 2.4–2.8 and the main species were generally similar to those found in the heavily impacted area. While diversity indices and indicator species were therefore ineffective in monitoring metal contamination, the strong negative correlation between the concentration of metals and the abundance of benthic organisms provided a much more realistic assessment of the level of contamination.     

Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Monitored in Surface Sediment of the Luan River and its Tributaries,China

In this study, a total of 84 sites in the Luan River Basin of China and its tributaries were monitored in 2012 for seven heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg) in the surface sediments. Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, and pollution indices were applied to the interpretation of the monitoring results. The results show that: (1) sampling sites in the mainstream are classified into two groups, upstream and downstream, with downstream representing higher levels of heavy metals and degrees of pollution; (2) three clusters were identified for the 10 tributaries, the downstream having the highest levels of heavy metals’ pollution; (3) the PCA suggests there are significant correlations among Zn, Cu, and Pb between Cr in the basin. Sediment pollution assessment was carried out using Pollution Index (PI) and Geo-Accumulation Index (I_geo). Mercury was the metal with the highest contamination level, followed by Cd and Cr. The results provide an overview of the current status of sediment contamination with measured data and support future policy development for the protection of water quality in the Luan River Basin.     

Evaluation of three different types of nitrogen,heavy metals,and endocrine disruptors in water and sediments of Wenyu River

Concentrations of NO₃^?(nitrate), NO₂^?(nitrite), NH₄⁺(ammonia nitrogen), Mn, Fe, Ba, As, Se, Cd, Pb, Cr⁶⁺, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) had been estimated in water and sediments of Wenyu River. Using single factor, ecological risk assessment, geoaccumulation index, human health risk assessment and multivariate statistical analysis, we described the current situation of river contamination, human health risks of different age groups and possible sources of pollutants as well as their transformation characteristics. The results showed that main contaminants were NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, NO₂^?, EE2 and E3, E1 in water, while sediments have been slightly polluted by heavy metals, whose order of polluting degree is Zn>Cr⁶⁺>Cd>Cu. Residents in the study area are exposed to the risk, and EE2 made the greatest contribution to it. E1, As, and NO_3^- also affect negatively on the health of the residents, and NO_2^- only do harm to juveniles. Human activities and industrial production are main sources of contaminants, also they can transform into each other between water and sediments. Heavy metal ions can be easily precipitated by Ferric oxide or hydroxide, E2 and EE2 are also transformed into E3 in natural environment.     

小麦不同生育时期Cd、Cr、Pb污染监测指标体系

以小麦为供试材料,分别采用发芽试验、溶液培养、土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,研究了小麦萌芽期、幼苗期及成株期受重金属污染毒害的指标体系。结果表明,①小麦根伸长抑制率可作为萌芽期重金属污染评价的一项生物指标;Cd、Cr、Pb对小麦根生长的7d半效应浓度(EC50)值分别为1.39、0.20mmo.lL-1和2.75mmol.L-1,据此得到3种重金属对小麦同一性状的毒性次序为CrCdPb;此外各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用双曲线模型y=x/(a+x/100)或指数曲线模型y=a(1-exp(-bx))较好模拟。②Cd、Cr、Pb单一污染胁迫对小麦幼苗性状的毒性次序均以影响叶面积和冠部干重为主,表明叶面积和冠部干重为幼苗期污染监测的敏感指标;重金属对除根干重外所有性状的毒性次序:CrCdPb,该毒性次序是根据引起50%抑制的临界浓度即EC50值确定的;各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用直线模型、或双曲线模型、或指数曲线模型较好模拟。③重金属单一污染胁迫造成小麦籽粒产量下降幅度是CdCrPb;二元互作对产量影响的重要性次序为CdCrCdPbCrPb;在Cd、Cr、Pb复合污染胁迫条件下,穗数可以作为成株期重金属污染监测的首选指标。以上指标可为农田小麦重金属污染的监测和综合治理提供一些理论依据。     

Bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of Pistia stratiotes L. for mitigating water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands

The bioaccumulation and rhizofiltration potential of P. stratiotes for heavy metals were investigated to mitigate water pollution in the Egyptian wetlands. Plant and water samples were collected monthly through nine quadrats equally distributed along three sites at Al-Sero drain in Giza Province. The annual mean of the shoot biomass was 10 times that of the root. The concentrations of shoot heavy metals fell in the order: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Ni < Co < Cd, while that of the roots were: Fe < Mn < Cr < Pb < Zn < Ni < Co < Cu < Cd. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of most investigated heavy metals, except Cr and Pb, was greater than 1000, while the translocation factor (TF) of most investigated metals, except Pb and Cu, did not exceed one. The rhizofiltration potential (RP) of heavy metals was higher than 1000 for Fe, and 100 for Cr, Pb and Cu. Significant positive correlations between Fe and Cu in water with those in plant roots and leaves, respectively were recorded, which, in addition to the high BCF and RP, indicate the potential use of P. stratiotes in mitigating these toxic metals.     

不同重金属污染水平下生物结皮及下层土壤细菌群落的差异性分析

为了探究生物结皮及下层土壤细菌群落多样性及结构在不同重金属污染水平下的差异及其影响因素,以宁夏东部工矿区和封育草地内广泛分布的两类生物结皮为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析结皮层(A层)和结皮下层(B层)土壤细菌群落结构和多样性差异。采用相关分析、冗余分析探讨两个生境生物结皮各层次细菌群落与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)相较于封育区,工矿区2类生物结皮对源自大气降尘的重金属元素具有更显著的表层富集作用,并表现出显著的种间差异：苔藓结皮>藻结皮。污染负荷指数评价结果显示：工矿区生物结皮各层次重金属污染程度更高,且均表现为A层污染程度高于B层。(2)两个生境的优势细菌门组成基本一致,均为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门。受生物结皮类型、重金属污染程度的影响,细菌群落结构差异显著,主要表现为：工矿区藻结皮A、B层的α多样性指数均大于封育区,而苔藓结皮A、B层的细菌多样性指数高于封育区,丰富度指数低于封育区。主坐标分析结果显示,不同生境的生物结皮细菌群落结构差异明显,而同一生境的生物结皮细菌群落结构相似。重金属As、Pb、土壤黏粒含量和pH是影响生物结皮细菌群落结构的主要土壤环境因子...     

赤泥在重金属污染治理中的应用研究进展

尽管赤泥在重金属污染环境修复研究中的应用越来越受到重视,但赤泥给污染环境修复带来突破的同时也给环境带来风险.目前,在赤泥的重金属环境修复研究中,针对赤泥的修复效果和修复过程研究较多,而对赤泥的钝化机理研究不够深入,赤泥修复的环境安全风险评价才刚起步.本文对近年来国内外关于赤泥修复重金属污染的研究进行综述,并指出了赤泥在今后的重金属污染治理中应加强的方向:一是深入赤泥对重金属钝化机制的研究;二是探索有效的赤泥安全评价方法;三是联合赤泥修复和生物修复技术(植物和微生物)对重金属和有机物复合污染进行修复.     

Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments in Water Bodies in Urban Areas

A study was carried out on 20 water bodies of the same origin in southern Poland. The study objectives included the assessment of toxic metal contamination in the bottom sediments of the water bodies in comparison with the geochemical background and sediments found in the substrate (i.e., vicinity) of the water bodies (i.e., the formations present in the surroundings of the water body itself), thus demonstrating the scale of anthropogenic enrichment of bottom sediments with toxic metals and assessing the cumulative impact on water bodies. The following amounts of toxic metals were found in the bottom sediments of the water bodies examined: 181.7–35200.0 ppm for zinc, 33.3–1648.8 ppm for lead, 1.8–359 ppm for cadmium, 14.0–271.5 ppm for copper, 45.3–167.5 ppm for chromium, and 12–128.5 ppm for nickel. Ratios of the values measured to the geochemical background were as follows: 0.7–135.9 (Zn), 0.6–53.0 (Pb), 0.7–143.6 (Cd), 0.9–18.1 (Cu), 5.0–18.6 (Cr), 1.1–11.7 (Ni).     

Metal enrichment in water and fish in a semi-urban Nigerian lake,and their associated risks

Trace metal (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd) concentrations in the water column and in the liver, muscle and gill tissues of Parachanna obscura and Clarias gariepinus in Agulu Lake, Nigeria, were investigated in June 2014 and compared with WHO and FAO safe limits for water and fish. Hazard index (HI) values were estimated to assess the potential public health risk of consuming contaminated fish. Lead and cadmium exceeded WHO guideline values for drinking water. In most cases, variations in concentration of the metals in organs were liver > muscle > gill. Differences in tissue-specific concentrations between species were not significant, except for zinc in muscles and gills. Cadmium and chromium were not detected in the fish, but lead was above the FAO maximum value for consumption. Hazard index values were below 1, indicating a low risk to public health. However, trace metal contamination in Agulu Lake is increasing.     

Assessment of metals in agricultural soil of surrounding areas of Urmia Lake,northwest Iran: A preliminary ecological risk assessment and source identification

The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of toxic heavy metals and sodium in topsoil of farmlands around the Urmia Lake. A total of 96 topsoil samples were collected, pre-treated, and analyzed for metals using ICP-AES.

Median concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Na in sampling sites were 5, 0.26, 30, 40, 13, 84, and 251 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and contamination factor of the metals ranked them in the order of: Na > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Zn > Ni, indicating minor contamination for them except Na and Pb with moderate contamination. Furthermore, the spatial analysis indicated that Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn had similar distribution patterns in the north and northwest lands of the lake. Principal component analysis revealed anthropogenic sources for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil, whereas, sources of As and Na were most likely related to the dust emitting from the dried bed of Urmia Lake and from a cement industry. Potential ecological risk index in 7% of the sampling sites was at serious or considerable pollution level, and Cd and Pb were identified as the main pollutants.     

Vanadium as a tracer of oil pollution in the sediments of Kuwait

Vanadium is important as an indicator of oil pollution since oil is one of the main contributors of vanadium to the environment and because most crude oils contain relatively high concentrations of vanadium (30.6 ± 14.3 mg kg^–1 were measured in nine different Kuwait crudes). If oil has settled to the bottom and biodegradation has taken place, it is obvious that enrichment of vanadium in the sediment may be observed.More than 200 sampling sites were selected in the coastal zone of Kuwait and sediment samples were analyzed for grain size distribution, CaC0₃ content, heavy metals and TOC. The analytical results were normalized by taking into account the natural background levels of vanadium in different sediment fractions.After evaluation of the results, vanadium enrichments of as much as 10 to 77 mg kg^–1 were found at 15 sampling locations and of 1 to 10 mg kg^–1 at many others. The areas of vanadium enrichment in the sediments were located 3–5 km from the shoreline in the areas of wastewater discharges, near oil loading piers and in the shipping channels. There was no correlation between vanadium and TOC indicating that biodegradation of oils had taken place. However, high TOC values in the sediments were determined in the near shore sediments around the outlets.     

不同水污染净化情景下北京社会经济部门及要素变化:基于ES-CGE模型的分析

水污染问题是北京城市发展的重要阻碍,探寻水污染净化服务对城市经济系统的影响,对北京产业结构调整具有重要意义。在传统可计算一般均衡模型(Computable General Equilibrium,CGE)的基础上,将水污染净化服务引入CGE模型,构建了水污染净化服务-可计算一般均衡模型(Water Pollution Purification Ecosystem Service-Computable General Equilibrium,ES-CGE),从供给与需求两个方面模拟了不同水污染净化情境下北京市社会经济部门及要素变化。研究结果表明:当水污染净化服务的供给和需求变化时,经济系统内各部门的产出都会相应做出调整,这反映了生态系统和经济系统之间以及经济系统内部的关联性。与提高污水管理水平相比,北京限制污水排放效果更为显著,居民福利增加也更为明显。现阶段,北京市城市功能疏解中应首先疏解石油、天然气开采、电力、热力和燃料生产和供应业、纺织服装鞋帽皮革羽绒及其制品业、造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业等部门。北京市可在20%的增税幅度内,适度提高石油、天然气开采、电力、热力燃料生产和供应业生产税,联动造纸、纺织等行业逐步向外疏导,提高居民福利,同时在增税和补贴过程中,应注重关护农村居民利益,防止拉大城乡福利差距。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in marine sediments (A case study: Persian Gulf)

This study was made to determine the pollution status and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment of Persian Gulf. Surface sediments were collected seasonally by Peterson grab, and the concentrations of heavy metals were measured by using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The range concentrations obtained in mg/kg were 10,800–22,400 for Fe, 5.32–10.12 for Pb, 24.63–42.38 for Ni, 22.52–39.46 for Cu, and 31.64–47.20 for Cr. The concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr have been found lower than the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines and probable effect level values suggesting that heavy metal contents in sediments from area of study would not be expected to cause adverse biological effects on the biota. The obtained enrichment factor values for various metals were between minimal enrichment (Pb = 0.5) and extremely enrichment (Cu = 3.11). The values of I_geo for Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr were characterized under no pollution (0). The highest value of potential ecological risk index (RI) (8.36) was observed at St. 4 while the lowest value (5.25) was detected at station 6. Based on potential ecological RI, the Persian Gulf had low ecological risk.     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

淮河安徽段水及沉积物中重金属的研究

对采集淮河安徽段水及沉积物样品,利用ICP-AES进行重金属分析,结果表明砷、铅、铬超标,在沉积物中的含量最多。研究区域的重金属开始富集于生物体内,已对水生态系统及水产品安全产生影响,应进一步加强检测工作,以便及时采取相应防治对策。     

西安城市路边土壤重金属来源与潜在风险

应用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安城市路边土壤重金属含量进行测定,运用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析探讨了路边土壤的重金属来源,并利用潜在生态风险指数法评价了其生态风险.结果表明:西安城市路边土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、N、iPb和Zn的平均含量均高于陕西土壤背景值.路边土壤中As、Mn和N i主要来自于自然源和交通源,Cu、Pb和Zn主要来自交通源,Co和Cr主要来源于工业源.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,西安城市路边土壤中重金属元素属于中等污染程度,具有中等潜在生态风险.     

Assessment of heavy metals around Abakaliki metropolis and potential bioaccumulation and biochemical effects on the liver,kidney, and erythrocyte of rats

This study investigated changes in kidney, liver and erythrocyte of male rats after exposure to ground water samples collected in the studied areas and treated water sample. Results reveal high levels of heavy metals in water from studied areas and a concomitant accumulation of metals in liver, kidney and blood of rats. Heavy metal contaminated underground water (HMCUW) caused a significant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), including glutathione (GSH) levels. Principal component analysis implicated geogenic and anthropogenic factors for underground water contamination by heavy metals in the areas. However, activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), 51 nucleotidase (51NT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) significantly increased in kidney, liver and erythrocytes of rats compared with control group (p < 0.001). We observed significant (p < 0.001) increase in serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine levels compared to control. Heavy metals in HMCUW are above ambient levels and possess significant decrease in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels. Histology revealed alterations in architecture of the kidney and liver. Prolonged exposure to HMCUW could induce oxidative damage in kidney, liver and erythrocyte which could elicit liver and kidney dysfunctions.