Characteristics of distribution and chemical forms of Pb in tea plant varieties

A hydroponics experiment combined with subcellular fractionation and sequential extraction was conducted to study the Pb concentration in different organs of two tea plant varieties (Longjing 43 and Yingshuang) and the Pb subcellular distribution and chemical forms in the roots of the varieties. Under Pb stress, the root system of the two varieties had different features in morphology. With the increasing concentration of Pb in culture solution, the Pb concentration in Longjing 43 young leaves increased, but that in Yingshuang' s had no significant variation. A marked difference was observed in the Pb subcellular distribution and its chemical forms in roots between the two varieties under Pb stress. In Longjing 43 roots, all subcellular fractions except soluble ones had a lower Pb concentration at low Pb stress, and all the subcellular fractions except cell wall ones had a higher Pb concentration at higher Pb stress, compared with those in Yingshuang's. In Longjing 43 roots, the HAc-extractable Pb occupied the greatest proportion, followed by NaCl-extractable Pb, HCl- and H2O- extractable Pb, and ethanol-extractable Pb; while in Yingshuang's, NaCl-extractable Pb had the greatest proportion, followed by HAc-extractable Pb, HCl- and H2O-extractable Pb, and ethanol-extractable Pb. Based on these findings, tea plant variety Yingshuang was likely to possess a higher tolerance to Pb than Longjing 43 did.     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in Morus alba L.

Morus alba L. (mulberry) is a perennial woody tree and a species with great potential for Cd phyremediation owing to its large biomass and extensive root system. The mechanisms involved in Cd detoxification were investigated by analyzing the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in mulberry in the present study. These results indicated that 53.27–70.17% of Cd mulberry accumulated was stored in the root and only about 10% were in the leaves. Lots of the Cd was located in the cell wall of the mulberry root and in soluble fraction of the mulberry leaf. Moreover, in roots, the largest amount of Cd was in the form of undissolved Cd-phosphate. While in mulberry leaves and stems, most of the Cd was extracted by 2% Acetic acid and 0.6 M HCl, representing Cd-phosphate and Cd-oxalate. It could be concluded that the Cd combination with peptides and organo-ligands in vacuole of leaf or complexed with proteins or cellulose in the cell wall of root might be contributed to the tolerance of mulberry to Cd stress. The mulberry could be used to remediate the Cd polluted farmland soils.     

蒌蒿对镉的富集特征及亚细胞分布特点

以镉(Cd)富集植物蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)为试材, 采用超声波细胞破碎处理和超速离心的方法, 对蒌蒿根和叶中亚细胞水平的Cd分布状况进行研究, 同时测定Cd在蒌蒿不同器官中的富集效果。结果表明, 在30 mg·kg^–1Cd胁迫下, 蒌蒿叶片中Cd的富集浓度是根和茎中的2–3倍, 但因叶片所占植株的生物量比例较小, 其对Cd的积累量远小于茎和根; Cd在蒌蒿叶片细胞壁、胞液和细胞器中含量比为16:5:1。细胞壁固定是叶片对Cd的主要防御机制。随着Cd处理浓度的增加, 细胞壁和胞液中的Cd含量大幅上升, 但细胞器中Cd含量仍维持在较低水平。长时间和高浓度的Cd胁迫可使细胞壁解毒机制失活并诱导细胞器中的Cd含量增加, 导致植株死亡。根中液泡的Cd贮存量较大, 解毒效果显著。     

Pb 在水花生愈伤组织中的超微定位及对矿质元素的影响

水体重金属污染已经成为一个日益严重的环境问题, 了解水体重金属污染原理、处理水体重金属, 已经成为一个必需解决的课题。由于重金属元素具有难降解、易积累、毒性大等特点, 另外还能被水生植物富集吸收进入食物链危害人畜健康。因此, 植物对重金属毒害的抗性机理以及提高植物抗重金属胁迫能力的探索研究越来越引起人们的关注。虽然在铅(Pb2+)胁迫下植物的抗氧化反应已经有了一些报道, 但有关于植物愈伤组织受到重金属胁迫后变化的研究报道较少。鉴于此, 研究将分布广泛的挺水植物水花生进行愈伤组织培养, 克服了光照、温度、水分及植物生长发育在自然状态下的不可控制性, 使实验数据更具重复性和科学性。经过70%酒精30s、5%次氯酸钠10min 和0.1%升汞10min 消毒后, 在激素为6-BA(3.0 mg/L)和NAA(0.2mg/L)的1/2MS 培养基中培养出水花生茎段的愈伤组织并以此作为研究对象, 以常见的污染环境的重金属离子—Pb2+为胁迫因子。研究了在不同Pb 处理浓度(0、0.2、0.4、0.8 和1.6 mmol/L)下愈伤组织对Pb 的积累、亚细胞分布、亚显微定位及矿质元素的影响。结果表明, 随着培养液中Pb 浓度的增加, (1)愈伤组织体内的Pb 含量极显著上升, 富集系数为2341—2681; (2)各亚细胞组分中的Pb 含量都呈逐渐上升的趋势, 但分配比例明显不均, 分布规律为细胞壁>细胞器>可溶性部分, Pb 胁迫与处理浓度间存在显著的剂量—效应关系, Pb在亚细胞分布与对细胞超微结构的损伤关系密切; (3)超微定位观察发现在细胞壁上分布有大量的Pb 颗粒,细胞内膜结构及基质中也都存在Pb; ⑷Pb 对各亚细胞组分中矿质元素的影响不同, 其中抑制了大量元素P、K、Mg 和微量元素Na、Zn、Mn 的吸收; Ca 在细胞壁中先升后降, 细胞器中逐渐减少, 可溶性部分中则是逐渐增加; Fe 和B 在各亚细胞组分中均表现出先升后降; Cu 在前两个组分中总体呈上升趋势, 可溶性部分中则是先升后降; Si 在细胞壁中逐渐减少, 细胞器中呈先升后降的趋势, 而可溶性部分中无法测出。可见, Pb 打乱了各亚细胞组分中离子平衡, 导致愈伤组织正常生理活动紊乱, 这些都是Pb 毒害水花生愈伤组织的主要表现。       

Accumulation and subcellular distribution of heavy metal in Paulownia fortunei cultivated in lead-zinc slag amended with peat

Abstract

The contamination of toxic heavy metals was a major issue of concern in the last century. A fast-growing metal-accumulating woody plant is a promising approach for the remediation of toxic heavy metal. In this study, the transportation of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) in Paulownia fortunei cultivated in lead-zinc slag amended with different mass ratios of peat (CK: 0; T1: 10%; T2: 20%; T3: 30%) was investigated, as well as the subcellular distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in Paulownia fortunei. The results showed that the accumulation content of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in Paulownia fortunei were increased with peat amendment, which was in the range of 4.216?～?6.853, 20.905?～?23.017, 1.898?～?2.572, and 0.530?～?0.616?mg/pot, respectivly. The experimental group with 30% dose of peat showed the best performance on the accumulation content of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, with increase rates (compared to control) of 4.088, 10.573, 1.360, and 0.294?mg/pot, respectively. The bioconcentration, translocation and transfer quantity factor of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd were less than 1. Fixation of cell wall and compartmentalization of vacuolar appeared to play an important role in reducing the toxicity of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd.     

大气湿沉降油菜体内铅的形态累积及氧化胁迫效应

大气沉降是叶菜类农作物可食部位重金属铅（Pb）累积的主要来源,但大气湿沉降下铅在油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）体内的形态累积特征及氧化胁迫效应,尚不十分清晰。通过模拟大气湿沉降铅胁迫,研究油菜体内重金属Pb的累积、亚细胞分布、化学形态特征及油菜抗氧化响应。结果表明,油菜可食部位Pb含量为1.72-6.35 mg/kg,超出标准（GB 2762-2017）4.73-20.16倍。Pb大量分布在油菜茎和叶的细胞壁中（52.14%-86.99%）,以草酸盐沉淀的形式存在（20.07%-59.27%）,这可能会导致Pb在可食部位的大量累积（>95%）。细胞壁的固持作用和Pb主要以草酸盐和不溶性磷酸盐存在,可能是油菜重要的解毒耐性机制之一。湿沉降铅胁迫可以增加叶和茎的丙二醛（MDA）含量,造成细胞的氧化损伤,抑制叶绿素的合成。油菜可以通过提高抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性（7.73%-346.91%）,增加抗氧化剂（AsA和GSH）和可溶性物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）含量（9.11%-279.59%）,来有效应对湿沉降Pb胁迫。抗氧化酶在叶中变化最大,过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别上升49.41%-91.62%和123.42%-346.91%。抗氧化剂则在根中变化最显著,抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量分别上升了134.15%-182.93%和238.78%-279.59%。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、POD、CAT和GSH可能是油菜叶能缓解湿沉降Pb氧化胁迫的主要因素之一（P<0.05）。研究结果可加深对大气沉降下Pb在叶菜体内累积分布行为的理解,并为大气重金属胁迫地区农作物重金属风险评估提供一定的理论依据。     

Subcellular distribution,chemical forms and thiol synthesis involved in cadmium tolerance and detoxification in Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

Siegesbeckia orientalis L. is a promising species for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction with large biomass and fast growth rate, while little information about their intracellular mechanisms involved in Cd tolerance and detoxification has been explored. A soil pot experiment with total target Cd concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg^?1 were designed to investigate the subcellular distribution, chemical forms and thiol synthesis characteristics of Cd in S. orientalis. More than 90% of Cd was bound to the soluble fractions (48.4–76.5%) and cell walls (19.9–46.3%). Increasing soil Cd concentrations enhanced Cd sequestration into the cell walls. Most of the Cd (69.8–82.7%) in the plant organ was mainly in the forms of pectate and protein integrated Cd and undissolved Cd phosphate, while a minor portion (6.8–20.9%) was in the forms of the inorganic Cd and the water soluble Cd. Nonprotein thiols and phytochelatins significantly increased with increasing soil Cd treatment levels, while glutathione concentrations had no obvious change trends. Therefore, intracellular detoxification mechanisms of Cd in S. orientalis mainly rely on formation of less toxic Cd chemical forms, store of a large amount of Cd in cell wall and synthesis of thiol compounds.     

铅在茶树体内的分布及化学形态特征

采用水培试验,结合亚细胞组分分离和化学形态提取技术,研究了茶树品种龙井43和迎霜不同器官的Pb含量,及其在根系亚细胞中的分布和化学结合形态.结果表明： 在Pb胁迫下,两个品种茶树根系的形态特征不同;龙井43新叶中Pb含量随营养液Pb浓度的提高显著增加,而迎霜的变化不显著.两个品种茶树根系亚细胞中Pb的含量分布及结合形态均存在差异,低浓度Pb处理下, 龙井43根亚细胞组分（除可溶物质外）中Pb含量均低于迎霜;而高浓度Pb处理下,龙井43根亚细胞组分（除细胞壁外）中Pb含量均高于迎霜;龙井43根中醋酸(HAc)提取态的Pb含量比例最高,其他化学形态的高低顺序为NaCl提取态>HCl提取态/H₂O提取态>乙醇提取态;而迎霜根中NaCl提取态Pb成分比例最高,其他化学形态的高低顺序为HAc提取态>HCl提取态/H₂O提取态>乙醇提取态.迎霜对Pb毒害的耐受能力强于龙井43.     

Localization and quantification of Pb and nutrients in Typha latifolia by micro-PIXE

Typha latifolia is a plant species widely used for phytoremediation. Accumulation, localization and distribution of Pb and mineral nutrients were investigated in roots, rhizomes and leaves of Typha latifolia grown at 0, 50, 100 and 250 μM Pb concentrations in a pot experiment under controlled conditions. Bulk elemental concentrations were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy whereas micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) was used for element localization in root and rhizome tissues. Gradual increase in bulk Pb concentrations was observed in Typha latifolia roots and rhizomes treated with increasing Pb concentrations, however in rhizomes Pb concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than in roots. In leaves Pb concentrations were around the limit of detection for XRF (~20 μg g(-1)). An increase in concentration of K and Ca in roots, rhizomes and leaves, of iron and zinc in roots and leaves, and of Mn in rhizomes was observed either at 50 and/or 100 μM Pb treatments, whereas for K and Ca in roots, rhizomes and leaves, Fe and Zn in roots and leaves and Mn in rhizomes, or at 250 μM Pb treatment the increase was seen for concentrations of Fe and Zn in rhizomes and Cu in roots. Mn concentrations decreased with Pb treatments in roots and leaves. Element localization using micro-PIXE analysis demonstrated Pb accumulation in epidermal and cortical tissues of treated roots and rhizomes, while in endodermis and vascular tissues Pb was not detected. A displacement of Ca from epidermal to cortical tissues was observed in Pb treated roots and rhizomes, pointing to cell wall immobilization of Pb as one of the tolerance mechanisms in Typha latifolia. High level of colocalization of Pb with P (r = 0.60), S (r = 0.37) and Zn (r = 0.70) was observed in Pb treated roots, while in rhizomes colocalization with the mentioned elements was still positive, but not that prominent. These results indicate that Pb may form complexes with phosphorus and sulfur compounds in roots and rhizomes, which may also represent attraction sites for binding Zn. Because of its large root and rhizome surface area acting as main sites for Pb adsorption, Typha latifolia may represent potentially efficient plant species for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soils and waters.     

不同类型镉积累水稻细胞镉化学形态及亚细胞和分子分布

利用水培试验结合亚细胞组分分级分离和凝胶过滤等技术,研究了水稻根和叶中镉的化学结合形态及其亚细胞和分子分布,比较了低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”和高镉积累品种 “珍桂矮”的差异.结果表明：随着营养液中镉浓度的升高,根和叶亚细胞镉含量显著上升,大部分镉积累在细胞壁（F_Ⅰ）和细胞可溶部分（F_Ⅲ）.高镉积累品种“珍桂矮”根和叶中可溶部分镉含量显著高于低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”.根和叶各种形态镉中,以氯化钠提取态占优势,其次是醋酸提取态,盐酸提取态镉含量最低.与“广源占No.3”相比,“珍桂矮”中迁移性较强的去离子水和乙醇提取态镉比例较高.凝胶过滤结果表明,两种类型的水稻可溶部分镉的出峰位置与样品流份中可溶性蛋白的出峰位置大致相同.可溶部分中的镉大多与分子量为3kD的物质结合,属于植物鳌合肽（PCs）或低分子量物质.“广源占No.3” 根系中镉与PCs配合的组分（Cd-PCs）含量远小于“珍桂矮”.“广源占No.3”细胞可溶部分较低的镉含量以及根系中较少的Cd-PCs形成量,降低了镉的移动及其向地上部转运的可能性.     

Exogenous nitric oxide enhances cadmium tolerance of rice by increasing pectin and hemicellulose contents in root cell wall

To study the mechanisms of exogenous NO contribution to alleviate the cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa), rice plantlets subjected to 0.2-mM CdCl₂ exposure were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor), and Cd toxicity was evaluated by the decreases in plant length, biomass production and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that 0.1 mM SNP alleviated Cd toxicity most obviously. Atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorescence localization showed that treatment with 0.1 mM SNP decreased Cd accumulation in both cell walls and soluble fraction of leaves, although treatment with 0.1 mM SNP increased Cd accumulation in the cell wall of rice roots obviously. Treatment with 0.1 mM SNP in nutrient solution had little effect on the transpiration rate of rice leaves, but this treatment increased pectin and hemicellulose content and decreased cellulose content significantly in the cell walls of rice roots. Based on these results, we conclude that decreased distribution of Cd in the soluble fraction of leaves and roots and increased distribution of Cd in the cell walls of roots are responsible for the NO-induced increase of Cd tolerance in rice. It seems that exogenous NO enhances Cd tolerance of rice by increasing pectin and hemicellulose content in the cell wall of roots, increasing Cd accumulation in root cell wall and decreasing Cd accumulation in soluble fraction of leaves.     

Intermittent lead‐induced stress on antioxidant enzyme activity and subcellular distribution of Pb in Pogonatherum crinitum seedlings

• Pogonatherum crinitum is a promising lead (Pb) hyperaccumulator due to its high Pb tolerance and accumulation ability. However, the mechanisms that support Pb accumulation and tolerance in P. crinitum are not yet clearly understood.
• An indoor hydroponic experiment was conducted by cultivating P. crinitum seedlings exposed to intermittent Pb stress for 60 days, divided into four stages (T1, T2, T3 and T4), with a 15‐day duration per stage. The following concentrations of Pb were used: 0, 500, 0, 500 mg·l^?1 and 0, 1000, 0, 1000 mg·l^?1). Antioxidant enzyme activity, Pb concentration and subcellular distribution of Pb were measured at each of the above stages.
• The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in shoots, and SOD, peroxidase (POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in shoots and roots significantly increased from T1 (no Pb stress) to T2 (Pb stress) in both 500 mg·l^?1 and 1000 mg·l^?1 treatments; however, no significant difference was noted between stages T3 (no Pb stress) and T4 (Pb stress). There was no obvious effect of Pb stress on catalase (CAT) activity in shoots and roots among different stages. The Pb concentration in shoots was up to 5090.90 mg·kg^?1 and 7573.57 mg·kg^?1, and the bioconcentration factor (BFC) was 10.18 and 7.57 for the 500 mg·l^?1 and 1000 mg·l^?1 treatments, respectively, which confirmed the Pb hyperaccumulator characteristics of P. crinitum. For plants under Pb stress, most of the Pb was fixed in the cell walls, with a smaller amount in leaves and root vacuoles.
• Both SOD and POD scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals and fixing and compartmentalisation of Pb in the cell wall might play important roles in detoxification of P. crinitum seedlings in response to Pb stress. There was no phased response of P. crinitum to intermittent Pb stress and the physiological response to Pb stress may be contiguous.

     

Effects of lead and cadmium on photosynthesis in Amaranthus spinosus and assessment of phytoremediation potential

Abstract

This study assessed the effects of Pb (0, 200, 500, 1000?mg kg^?1) and Cd (0, 5, 15, 30, 50?mg kg^?1) on photosynthesis in Amaranthus spinosus (A. spinosus), as well as the potential for phytoremediation by pot-culture experiment. Exposure to Pb/Cd produced a concentration-dependent decrease in biomass and all photosynthesis parameters, except for non-photochemical quenching, which increased with the metal concentration. The metals accumulated more in roots compared to shoots. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb was <1 in shoots at all Pb levels, whereas the BCF was <1 in roots at all but the lowest concentration of Pb. Roots extracted Cd from soil at all treatments. The translocation factor of Cd was larger than that of Pb suggesting that Cd is more mobile than Pb in A. spinosus. Amaranthus spinosus displays a high tolerance for both Pb and Cd with regards to growth and photochemical efficiency, but it is more sensitive to Cd than Pb. Amaranthus spinosus accumulates Pb and Cd primarily in the roots and Cd is more bioconcentrated and translocated in comparison to Pb. This investigation shows that A. spinosus has good potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by low levels of Cd and Pb.     

Effects of extended growth periods on subcellular distribution,chemical forms,and the translocation of cadmium in Impatiens walleriana

Impatiens walleriana plants accumulate sufficiently high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) for this species to be considered a potential Cd hyperaccumulator. Rooted cuttings were grown hydroponically for 25 and 50 days in solutions spiked with various Cd concentrations. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different organs were analyzed, and its upward translocation was also assessed. The plants accumulated large amounts of Cd; the Cd concentration in the roots and shoots reached 120–1900 and 60–1600 mg/kg, respectively. Regardless of the growth period, the Cd accumulated in the roots was primarily compartmentalized in the soluble fraction or ethanol and deionized water extractable chemical forms with high migration abilities. Translocation to the shoots was followed by an association of Cd mainly in the cell wall or with pectate and protein. The roots’ Cd showed a high migration capacity for predicting the shoots’ Cd concentrations. Different exposure periods significantly affected the subcellular distribution of Cd in the stems, and thus the upward translocation.     

Reuteran and levan as carbohydrate sinks in transgenic sugarcane

The present study reports the effect of high molecular weight bacterial fructan (levan) and glucan (reuteran) on growth and carbohydrate partitioning in transgenic sugarcane plants. These biopolymers are products of bacterial glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of glucose or fructose residues from sucrose. Constructs, targeted to different subcellular compartments (cell wall and cytosol) and driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus-35S: maize-ubiquitin promoter, were introduced into sugarcane by biolistic transformation. Polysaccharide accumulation severely affected growth of callus suspension cultures. Regeneration of embryonic callus tissue into plants proved problematic for cell wall-targeted lines. When targeted to the cytosol, only plants with relative low levels of biopolymer accumulation survived. In internodal stalk tissue that accumulate reuteran (max 0.03?mg/g FW), sucrose content (ca 60?mg/g FW) was not affected, while starch content (<0.4?mg/g FW) was increased up to four times. Total carbohydrate content was not significantly altered. On the other hand, starch and sucrose levels were significantly reduced in plants accumulating levan (max 0.01?mg/g FW). Heterologous expression resulted in a reduction in total carbohydrate assimilation rather than a simple diversion by competition for substrate.     

镉在互花米草中积累、转运及亚细胞的分布

研究了在不同Cd浓度(0、5、100、200μg·g-1)处理下,互花米草花序、叶、茎、根茎、须根中Cd含量、积累量、转运特征,及Cd在互花米草体内的亚细胞分布。结果表明,Cd在互花米草不同器官中的积累能力存在较大差异。茎、根茎、须根中Cd含量及积累量随处理浓度的增加而升高,其中须根中Cd含量及积累量均高于其他器官。Cd处理浓度为100gμ·g-1时,花序和叶中Cd含量达到最大值,分别为8.65和7.82μg·g-1。在Cd处理浓度为200μg·g-1时,须根中Cd含量可高达390.00μg·g-1,积累量达3200μg·株-1。Cd在互花米草体内转运能力极低,绝大部分Cd积累在地下部位。Cd在互花米草亚细胞中的分布规律为细胞壁>胞液>细胞器。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,Cd在细胞壁中的分配比例增大,胞液中Cd分布比例则相应减小,细胞壁和胞液相互协调,增强互花米草对重金属Cd的耐性。     

Tracing Intracellular Localization and Chemical Forms of Copper in Elsholtzia splendens with Cluster Analysis

Copper (Cu) accumulation in soils is becoming a major environmental problem. Elsholtzia splendens, a Cu-tolerant plant growing in Cu mine areas, can accumulate high levels of Cu. This study develops a systematic method of detecting the intracellular localization and different chemical forms of Cu to comprehensively understand the mechanisms involved in Cu tolerance and detoxification of E. splendens. Various chemical forms of Cu were absorbed by E. splendens, the highest proportion of which was stored in its cell walls (68 %) and vacuoles (42 %). Most of the Cu in the roots, stems and leaves were extracted by 2 % hydrate acetic acid (HAc) in controls. The distribution characteristics of Cu, particularly in the roots, were closely related to the Cu tolerance of E. splendens. In addition, the binding capacity of Cu to soluble salts or proteins decreased and its binding capacity to insoluble oxalate increased with the increasing Cu supply. These results indicated that Cu ions were integrated with compounds of low bioavailable, such as undissolved phosphate or oxalate, which contributed to the metal tolerance and detoxification of E. splendens. Cluster analysis, based on Cu abundance levels, reveals that correlations exist between the chemical forms of Cu and their intracellular locations, which in turn indicates a relationship between their migration activity and toxicity.     

砷在药用植物三七根部组织及其亚细胞分布特征

采用同步辐射X射线荧光分析(SRXRF)与亚细胞分布研究相结合的方法,从细胞组织微区及亚细胞分布层面首次揭示了药用植物三七(Panax notoginseng)受砷(As)的毒害作用。研究结果表明,三七根部的As元素多集中在表皮组织中,且有向维管束运转的趋势;细胞液是As主要富集的亚细胞组分,用20 mg·L~(-1)As处理的三七细胞液中As含量约为不加As的200倍;分析三七主根亚细胞组分的As含量与营养液As浓度的曲线拟合方程,确定了营养液As浓度直接影响细胞液组分的As含量;各组分所占比例从大到小表现为:细胞液细胞壁细胞质,20 mg·L~(-1)As处理的细胞液中砷含量约占三组分总量的65.78%,达到最高比例,细胞壁和细胞器中则始终维持较低的砷浓度。     

不同铅水平下紫茎泽兰细胞内铅的分布和化学形态的分析

该研究运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了重金属铅在紫茎泽兰亚细胞内的分布和主要化学形态。结果表明:随着Pb浓度的升高,紫茎泽兰的叶、根、茎中各亚细胞组分Pb含量逐渐增加;紫茎泽兰中的Pb在叶片分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,两者占总量的75.34%~84.63%;茎也主要分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,占总量的36.10%~57.14%和20.07%~36.52%;而在根中则富集于细胞壁和可溶性部分,分别占39.2%~49.78%和28.27%~37.62%,其他细胞器中的Pb含量均较少。紫茎泽兰叶中的Pb以盐酸提取态和水提取态为主,两者占总量的58.74%~73.04%;茎中的Pb以醋酸提取态和氯化钠提取态为主;而根中的Pb则以醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态占优势,两者占总量的39.15%~52.91%。     

Desarrollo de un bioadsorbente laminar con Phanerochaete chrysosporium hipertolerante al cadmio,al níquel y al plomo para el tratamiento de aguas

BackgroundThe use of basidiomycetes for metal removal is an alternative to traditional methods. In this, the biomass acts as a natural ionic exchanger removing metals from solution.ObjectiveTo develop a laminar biosorbent using a basidiomycete fungus resistant to high Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations.MethodsThe tolerance of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evaluated using increasing concentrations of the heavy metal salts, cadmium sulphate, lead acetate and nickel chloride. A biosorbent system was developed based on polyethylene sheets with a fungal biomass. It was evaluated in bubble columns using synthetic wastewater with the 3 metal salts at a rate of 300 mg/l. Finally, in a complementary experiment using shake flasks, the effect of a higher amount of biomass related to the metal removal efficiency was evaluated.ResultsP. chrysosporium strain was more tolerant to C₄H₆O₄Pb (10,000 mg/l), Cl₂Ni (300 mg/l) and CdSO₄·8H₂O (1,500 mg/l). In a reactor, under non-ligninolytic conditions, the fungus removed 69% of the chemical oxygen demand and produced enzymes such as LiP (0.01 U/l) and MnP (0.6 U/l.). An accumulation of metals in the wall was observed. By increasing the biomass to 1.6 (w/v), the metal biosorption was favored in the mixture (57% Pb, 74% Cd, and 98% Ni) and separately (95% Pb, 60% Cd, and 56% Ni). Competition between Ni and Pb by ligands of the wall was observed.ConclusionA novel laminar system based on P. chrysosporium viable biomass was developed. It has a large surface area and tolerance to high concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb. It seems to be an alternative for the removal of metals from water.