深圳市大气污染时空分布及其与景观格局的关系

气溶胶和臭氧是我国大部分地区的两种主要大气污染物,对城市生态环境和人类身体健康影响严重。以深圳市为研究区,利用大气监测站点提供的监测数据和普通kriging空间插值法,从年、季、月尺度上开展近5年（2015-2019）深圳全市PM_2.5和臭氧的时空分布研究,通过皮尔逊分析和显著性检验从月尺度上分析土地覆盖类型及其景观格局对大气污染的影响。结果表明：（1）近5年内深圳市PM_2.5浓度总体呈现下降趋势,臭氧浓度则先降后升,二者季节性和月度差异显著。（2）PM_2.5和臭氧在年、季、月尺度上空间差异明显,全市PM_2.5浓度整体为西北高、东南低;臭氧浓度西北、东南较高,其余区域相对较低。（3）植被占比的增多对PM_2.5浓度有明显的抑制和调控作用,植被斑块间距离越近,对PM_2.5浓度的调控作用越明显;水体占比的增高会导致臭氧浓度增高和变化幅度增大。研究结果可为城市大气污染防治和景观格局规划管理提供参考。     

Assessing the Impact of Advected African Dust on Air Quality and Health in the Eastern United States

Large quantities of African dust are carried into the southeastern United States each summer with concentrations typically in the range of 10 to 100?µg m^?3. Because approximately one-third to one-half of the dust mass is in the size range under 2.5?µm diameter, the advection of African dust has implications for the EPA's newly implemented standard for PM_2.5 particulate matter and for the assessment of human health effects. It will be difficult to assess the impact of African dust events on air quality because they occur during the summer (maximum in July) when photochemical pollution events are frequent and intense in the eastern United States. Indeed, the presence of dust could affect the evolution of photochemical dust events. In order to assess the role of African dust in air quality in the United States, it will be necessary to develop a set of diagnostic indicators; it appears that dust mineralogy and elemental composition might be useful for this purpose. Various satellite products can be used to characterize the spatial coverage of dust events and, when coupled with meteorological tools, to predict impact regions.     

广州大夫山雨季林内外空气TSP和PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征

采用平行同步采样法,于2012年雨季,对广州市大夫山森林公园林内外空气的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)样品进行了24 h收集,测定了TSP和PM_2.5的质量浓度并分析了样品中水溶性无机离子成分。结果表明:林内外PM_2.5的质量浓度平均值分别为(40.18±10.47)和(55.79±13.01) g/cm³;林内外TSP的质量浓度分别为(101.32 ± 33.19)和(116.61±35.36) g/cm³。林内与林外比,PM_2.5和TSP平均质量浓度都显著减少(P < 0.05),表明森林能显著改善空气环境质量。TSP和PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-为水溶性无机离子主要成分,占总离子质量的80%以上,林外这些离子的浓度高于林内(NH₄⁺除外)。这4种离子雨季在空气中的主要存在方式为NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃。计算表明,采样期间海盐对大夫山空气TSP和PM_2.5的水溶性组分中Na⁺和Cl^-贡献最大,其它元素主要源自陆地源。林内外TSP和PM_2.5的c(NO₃^-)/c(SO₄^2-)比值在0.3以下,表明固定源是大夫山森林公园空气主要污染贡献者,TSP中c(NO₃^-)/c(SO₄^2-)的比值大于PM_2.5的比值,说明移动源对TSP的贡献大于PM_2.5。     

Seasonal Variation in Schools’ Indoor Air Environments and Health Symptoms among Students in an Eastern Mediterranean Climate

The indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms highly affects the health and productivity of students. This article aims to clarify seasonal variation in indoor environment and sick building syndromes (SBS) symptoms in an Eastern Mediterranean climate. A series of field measurements were conducted during the fall and winter seasons from October 2011 to March 2012 in 12 naturally ventilated schools located in the Gaza Strip. Data on environmental perception and health symptoms were obtained from 724 students by using a validated questionnaire. The results showed that indoor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were 426.3 ± 187.6 μg/m³ and 126.6 ± 94.8 μg/m³, respectively. The CO₂ concentrations and ventilation rate widely exceeded their reference values during the winter season. The prevalence rates of general symptoms were relatively high at baseline assessment in the fall season and increased significantly during follow-up in the winter season. Significant increases in disease symptoms such as mucosal irritation and pre-existing asthma symptoms among students could be related to poor indoor air quality. Five distinct groups of SBS symptoms from factor analysis of students’ related symptoms were significantly correlated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, CO₂, ventilation rate, and indoor temperature. As vulnerable children, this situation negatively affects their school performance and health.     

北京城市森林不同天气状况下PM2.5浓度变化

基于北京市环境保护监测中心植物园空旷地和市区非植被区的PM_(2.5)实时监测数据,结合植物园林内PM_(2.5)监测站数据,分析了2013年3月—2014年2月不同天气状况下的PM2.5质量浓度变化。结果表明:1降雨天气和大风天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化无滞后性,雨前和雨中变动较大,雨后变化较小,雨后1天PM_(2.5)质量浓度降低到最低值((14.88±7.34)μg/m~3,下降了(89.36±4.78)%),雪后第2天达到最低值((13.76±6.73)μg/m~3,下降了(88.53±5.59)%);2大风天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度波动较小,在东北风和西南风影响下PM_(2.5)质量浓度值较高(80.61μg/m~3),在东南风影响下PM_(2.5)浓度值较低(54.22μg/m~3);3高温高湿天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度市区非植被区滞后1—2h到达峰值,植物园林内监测站和植物园空旷地高峰无滞后性,植物园林内监测站变动剧烈、消减作用强,市区非植被区和植物园空旷地较为平缓;4不同天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度均表现为市区非植被区植物园林内植物园空旷地;5城市森林具有强大的净化大气污染物和吸滞PM_(2.5)等颗粒物的功能,森林环境的空气质量优于非植被区,森林空旷地的空气质量优于森林内部。     

Heavy Metal Content in PM2.5 Air Samples Collected in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey,México

The air PM_2.5 concentration and its heavy metal content (Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, As) were measured in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Méxicoin Mexico, an area that is characterized by both very active and diverse industrial activity and intense highway traffic and industrial activity. The 24-h PM_2.5 samples were collected in two different zones during a 1-year-long measurement program (February 2008–February 2009). The year PM_2.5 average was above 15 μg/m³ exceeding Mexican and international standards. The difference of PM_2.5 in each zone was not statistically significant. The greatest metal content was for iron, followed by lead, manganese, nickel and arsenic. The difference in metal content for Pb, Mn, and As was statistically significant.     

PM2.5对呼吸系统的影响及其作用机制的研究

现如今PM_2.5已成为我国主要的大气污染物,它会导致各种呼吸系统疾病的发生。PM_2.5是粒径小于2.5 μm的细颗粒物,可以携带多种有毒物质。PM_2.5与其他颗粒物相比,体积较小,表面积较大,更容易进入人体,对人体健康造成危害,其中呼吸系统首当其冲。许多流行病学证据表明PM_2.5与呼吸系统疾病密切相关,在体内和体外均证实了细颗粒物对呼吸系统的损伤。而PM_2.5对呼吸系统的毒性机制是国内外专家和学者研究的重点,主要包括氧化应激、炎性损伤、细胞内钙稳态失衡、免疫细胞功能不全和功能障碍、致突变性、微生态学改变、气道上皮防御功能缺陷等。本文综述了PM_2.5的定义、特征和对呼吸系统的影响及毒性机制。     

城市空气污染对周边区域空气质量的影响

京津冀地区是全球以PM_(2.5)为首要污染物的空气污染最严重的区域之一,并已严重制约区域发展。大区域尺度上(例全国尺度)开展城市与其周边区域的PM_(2.5)的研究通常直接比较二者的浓度差异,以定量地评估城市PM_(2.5)污染对周边区域的影响,但这种方法在小区域较难精细地刻画城市对周边区域的影响的方向性和距离性差异。利用京津冀地区13个城市2000年,2005年,2010年,2015年PM_(2.5)浓度和土地覆盖类型数据,以城市重心到城市边界的平均距离为基本距离,建立每个城市的一级(一倍基本距离)和二级(二倍基本距离)缓冲区,然后将缓冲区分成8个象限,以定量分析城市PM_(2.5)污染对周边区域影响的方向性和距离差异。结果发现:(1)2000—2015年,京津冀城市群各地级市与周边区域空气质量时空分布分为以下两种模式:第一种模式是城区浓度高,周边区域低;第二种模式是城区浓度低,周边区域高且浓度差异很小。(2)各地级市对周边区域影响程度和范围呈上升趋势,并且这种影响具体表现在距离性和方向性两方面:(1)大部分城市距离城区越远,受城市PM_(2.5)污染的潜在影响越大。(2)2000—2015年,除天津、廊坊、衡水和沧州,其余城市空气污染对周边影响的方向性特征差异显著。通过建立城市空气污染对周边区域定量化方法并在京津冀开展实证研究,拓展了城市空气污染对周边区域空气质量影响研究的方法体系,为定量地开展城市化的生态环境效应研究提供了方法和实证拓展。     

2000-2015年中国PM2.5浓度时空分布特征及其城乡差异

近40年来,中国快速经济发展引发较为严重的大气污染,PM_2.5是一种重要的空气污染物,掌握其时空分布规律是对其进行防治的重要前提。基于遥感反演出的PM_2.5浓度数据集,研究了中国2000-2015年PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征,并基于界定的1376个城镇城区及对应乡村的边界分析了每年PM_2.5浓度值的城乡差异,用线性趋势分析法计算城镇PM_2.5浓度的年际变化速率及显著性。结果表明,研究期内,PM_2.5浓度高于35 μg/m³的面积比例由18.58%增加至32.03%,低于15 μg/m³的面积从43.92%减少到25.12%。PM_2.5污染最严重的地区分布在塔里木盆地、河北南部、河南北部和山东西部。从2000年到2015年,中国绝大多数城镇PM_2.5浓度显著增加,尤其是在东北平原、太行山以东的河北省西南部、燕山以南的北京天津及河北唐山、鲁中南山地丘陵及周围平原地区、华北平原江苏省北部。PM_2.5城乡差异在河北省、山西省两条东北-西南向S形条带区域、浙江省-福建省条带及天山北部绿洲区域较大。研究对PM_2.5高浓度区域、PM_2.5浓度增长较快区域以及城区PM_2.5浓度对乡村影响较大区域进行图示,为中国进一步控制雾霾污染提供一定科学依据。     

Is the Current Fine Particulate Standard Protective of Public Health?

The new annual PM_2.5 standard will be the most difficult particulate matter (PM) standard to satisfy. At issue is whether the extant health evidence supports the rationale for this standard being the controlling standard. Indeed the key issue is whether this standard will result in the most cost-effective way to protect public health. This paper examines the health literature and concludes that the evidence for the annual PM_2.5 standard is weak. The bulk of the health evidence is related to daily exposures to PM₁₀ and larger particle sizes, and there is no rational way to decide upon the correct level for this standard. It is unclear whether the most restrictive PM_2.5 standard will be protective of public health. Clearly research is needed to determine the correct PM metric, averaging time, and level for a standard. To date such research has been limited.     

城市规模对大气污染物NO2和PM2.5浓度的影响

随着我国城市的快速发展,城市的区域性大气污染问题日益突出,尤其是大城市和超大城市的污染问题更加严重。那么城市规模的扩大是否必然导致空气污染的加剧?控制城市人口规模是否是防治空气污染的有效手段?这些问题成为空气污染防治中政府、公众和学者广泛关注的焦点。采用2013年冬季全国114个重点城市两种典型大气污染物-NO_2(传统)和PM_(2.5)(新型)-浓度的实时监测数据,首先分析了这两种大气污染物的空间分布特征,进而定量分析城市人口规模和大气污染物浓度的关系。结果显示:(1)仅有21%的城市NO_2浓度达到WHO的城市年均浓度标准(40μg/m~3),全部城市的PM_(2.5)浓度高于WHO年均浓度标准(10μg/m~3);(2)大气污染物的空间分布具有显著的集聚特征和区域性特征,表现为:NO_2呈较为分散的空间分布,而PM_(2.5)的空间分布呈现\"北高南低、内陆高沿海低\"的特征。NO_2浓度高的区域主要分布在天津、河北东南部和山东中部地区,PM_(2.5)浓度高的区域主要分布于河北西南部和山东西部;(3)常住人口规模同冬季NO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度呈倒\"U\"型关系;在1000到1200万的城市冬季平均NO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度最高(NO_2:69.28μg/m~3,PM_(2.5):119.58μg/m~3)。(4)总人口低于1200万的城市,冬季NO_2浓度和PM_(2.5)浓度随着城市规模增加而显著升高(NO_2:r=0.44,P0.01;PM_(2.5):r=0.43,P0.01);总人口高于1200万的城市,NO_2浓度同城市规模呈显著负相关关系(r=0.91,P0.05),PM_(2.5)浓度随城市规模增加逐渐降低。(5)常住人口密度在1000人/km~2以下的重点城市,NO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度同城市人口密度呈显著正相关关系(NO_2:r=0.23,P0.05;PM_(2.5):r=0.36,P0.01)。常住人口密度在1000人/km~2以上的城市人口密度同NO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度呈显著负相关关系(NO_2:r=-0.61,P0.05;PM_(2.5):r=0.63,P0.01)。以上研究结果可以为划定不同大气污染物的重点防治区域和制定联合防治行动计划提供理论依据,并为重点城市大气污染治理和城市人口规模控制理论完善提供参考。     

城市群空气污染综合评估范式与应用——以京津冀城市群PM2.5污染为例

城市群已成为中国城市发展的主要形式,城市化发展引发的一系列环境污染问题成为目前的研究重点之一,尤其是近年来明显的空气污染问题。由于传统的针对某一城市地区进行细致研究,难以解决在城市聚集的城市群下形成的区域性空气污染来源和影响机制等问题,使区域性空气污染造成的负面效应难以评估。通过构建综合评估模型范式,并运用空间分析,对京津冀168个区县2000年,2005年,2010年,2015年PM_2.5人口暴露风险、人类活动对PM_2.5的贡献、以及5种土地利用类型的\"源汇\"特征进行了实证研究。结果发现:(1)2000—2015年,京津冀城市群的人口暴露风险、空气污染分布、综合评估结果总体呈现北低南高的现象。(2)2000—2015年,各县域的人口暴露风险和空气污染的程度、范围呈上升趋势。不同的土地利用类型具有不同的源汇特征,且对污染的贡献不同。本研究通过综合评估模型范式对城市群或区域城市发展与空气质量的权衡关系模式开展量化解析,为城市的可持续发展提供了科学的范式和初步的实证示范。     

植物吸滞PM2.5研究进展——从宏观到微观

PM_2.5严重危害环境安全和人体健康,虽然国内外大气PM_2.5状况已有好转,但雾霾天气仍然时有发生。植物能有效吸附和净化大气中PM_2.5,其净化作用受到生态学广泛关注。随着研究内容的深入,该领域研究尺度由宏观尺度转向微观尺度,研究对象由植被区转向植物个体,研究方法由野外监测转向人工控制法。因此在区域尺度上对比了植被、非植被区PM_2.5浓度差异及不同树种单位叶面积PM_2.5吸滞量,以风洞、熏气法两种研究方法归纳了人工控制条件下植物净化PM_2.5的研究成果,在大气PM_2.5浓度和气象因素两方面探讨了环境因素对植物净化PM_2.5的影响机制。得出宏观研究方面很多城市缺乏植被区与非植被区PM_2.5浓度监测数据,微观方面植物个体吸滞PM_2.5机理研究不够深入,缺乏植物吸滞PM_2.5过程与机理的室内模拟外界环境的高精度对比试验,更缺乏环境因素直接影响植物吸收、分...     

Issues in Human Particulate Exposure Assessment: Relationship between Outdoor,Indoor, and Personal Exposures

The recent review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for particuslate matter and the resultant new health-based PM_2.5 standard was in part motivated by findings from epidemiological studies. These studies reported significant associations between adverse health effects and concentrations of ambient particulate matter at levels below the previously existing PM₁₀ standard. Interpretation of these results has been hindered by our relatively poor understanding of the relationship between personal exposures and concentrations in the indoor and outdoor environments. Individuals spend the majority of their time in indoor environments. Therefore, it is important to understand where and how they may be exposed to the contaminants which may be causing the health effects, and which activities place them at a higher risk of exposure to these agents. In addition, since particulate matter is a complex mixture of contaminants, further research is required to examine its formation process, sources, composition, and health effects. Without an improved scientific understanding of these issues, it is difficult to assess whether the new PM_2.5 standard will be implemented, and if so, whether it can be adequately protective of public health.     

降雨对北方城市5种典型城市绿化树种叶面滞尘的影响

城市树木和森林植被净化大气颗粒污染物的功能受到了广泛的重视,但由于受多种植被特征与环境因素的影响,定量评价城市植被净化大气颗粒污染物功能非常困难。研究了不同降雨条件下大叶黄杨、银杏、栾树、五角枫、杜仲5种我国北方城市绿化典型树种叶面滞尘量的变化特征。在选定的样树冠层分上、中、下3层和东、南、西、北4个方向,采集成熟叶片,采用刷洗样本叶表,抽取水样及分级抽滤并烘干称重的方法,测定这5种树种降雨后12d(夏季累积滞尘量)、14mm降雨后(小雨)、29mm降雨后(中雨)以及室内模拟降雨30mm/h(15mm雨量)后叶片表面不同粒径大气颗粒污染物的滞留量。研究结果表明:降雨对不同粒径颗粒物去除能力有较大差异,除银杏以外,PM10以上颗粒物更容易去除;小雨对颗粒物的冲刷能力有限;中雨可以冲刷掉50%以上总颗粒物;室内模拟强降雨可以冲刷掉90%以上颗粒物,随着降雨增大,各粒径颗粒物随之冲刷量增加;同时叶表结构对抗冲刷能力有显著影响,革质叶片更容易滞尘及冲刷,绒毛结构滞尘能力较低,抗冲刷能力较强;北方大叶黄杨具有综合去除空气中颗粒物优势(小雨TSP冲刷量为(775.06±33.99)mg/m~2),银杏具有去除细颗粒物优势(中雨PM_(2.5)冲刷量为(426.55±40.83.99)mg/m~2)。     

结合激光雷达分析上海地区一次连续浮尘天气过程

通过分析2010年3月至20日至3月22日上海地区一次典型的连续浮尘天气过程,利用激光雷达数据资料反演得到的气溶胶消光系数图和垂直廓线图,结合地面气象数据和气溶胶观测资料以及卫星遥感资料,初步得出了此次连续浮尘天气形成的原因。外源性输入和垂直风场分布是导致此次浮尘天气发生的重要原因,大气层结变化决定着浮尘天气发生的强度,当存在接地逆温时,浮尘天气维持,而太阳辐射强度变化决定着边界层高度的变化。第一次浮尘过程以大颗粒污染为主,且在消光作用中散射性气溶胶的贡献大于吸收性气溶胶,而第二次回流浮尘过程则PM2.5比重上升,吸收性气溶胶对消光系数的贡献与散射性气溶胶大体相当。     

PM2.5暴露对Wistar大鼠呼吸道菌群的改变

目的研究暴露于PM_(2.5)环境后Wistar大鼠呼吸道微生态的改变。方法 12只Wistar大鼠随机分为PM_(2.5)暴露组和对照组,每组6只。大鼠饲养1周适应环境,从第2周开始在动式染毒系统暴露仓中暴露染毒,对照组暴露于生理盐水。每天暴露4 h,连续暴露28 d后,收集大鼠气管灌洗液和支气管肺泡灌洗液。采用16S rDNA分析技术对其中所含的菌群种类及丰富度进行高通量测序。结果暴露于PM_(2.5)大鼠的上、下呼吸道菌群结构发生明显改变。经PM_(2.5)暴露后呼吸道中寄居的主要正常菌群厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门的总数较正常对照组都明显降低。结论 PM_(2.5)的暴露能够导致大鼠呼吸道微生态菌群失衡。     

北京湿地削减大气PM2.5的生态系统服务流研究

湿地对大气颗粒物的沉降和运移有一定的影响。目前,相关研究多集中在小尺度定量湿地下垫面的颗粒物沉降速度与沉降量以及湿地植物对颗粒物的吸附或阻滞作用。但由于方法的缺失,研究无法在大尺度上定量解释有关湿地对颗粒物的产生、转移、转化和传递过程,这也导致研究结果对政策制定和城市空间规划缺少指导作用。因此,本研究引入了生态系统服务流模型的理论框架,结合颗粒物干沉降与HYSPLIT模型,量化北京市湿地削减PM_2.5服务的物理流量、流动路径以及受益地区。研究结果表明：（1）北京市湿地2015年PM_2.5沉降总量为4240 t,单位面积的平均沉降量为8.27×10^-3 kg/m²;2018年为2610 t,单位面积的平均沉降量为4.46×10^-3 kg/m²;（2）2015年和2018年北京市湿地削减PM_2.5生态系统服务物理流量最高值均出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季,总体呈现出冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季的趋势;（3）2015年和2018年向华北地区迁移的气流轨迹占当季气流轨迹总数的比例最大,京津冀地区与山东省为主要受益区。研究结果既为科学管理湿地资源和实现区域可持续发展提供客观准确的依据,也可为开展湿地生态系统服务流的相关研究奠定一定的基础。     

Characterization of metal(loid)s in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 of an office in winter period

The characterization of indoor (a naturally ventilated office) and outdoor (adjacent courtyard) metals in PM_2.5 during a winter period in Xi'an, China were carried out. The results indicated that the average mass concentrations of PM_2.5 in indoor and outdoor environments all exceeded the daily average limit of 75 µg m^–3 set by the Chinese government. The dominant metals in PM_2.5 were Ca, Al, Zn, Mg, Fe, and Pb in both indoor and outdoor air. Concentration of As was much higher than the standard of 6 ng m^–3 issued by the government. Enrichment factor analysis showed that anthropogenic emissions might be the primary sources of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn, while crust was the main origin of Co. A majority of indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios of metal were lower than 1 indicating mostly the contribution of outdoor sources rather than indoor ones. As and Cr in both indoor and outdoor air posed the highest noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were 2.74 and 2.54 × 10^?4 indoor and 4.04 and 3.87 × 10^?4 outdoor, which suggested that possible adverse health effects should be of concern.