基于Budyko假设的渭河径流变化归因识别

定量评价河川径流量变化特征,开展其归因识别研究是制定气候变化应对策略与合理利用水资源的基础。以渭河流域为研究区,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、双累积曲线等方法分析渭河流域1958—2015年的气候、水文要素变化特征,采用基于Budyko水热耦合平衡理论的水量平衡法估算径流变化对各驱动因素的弹性系数,定量评价气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:渭河流域咸阳、张家山、状头站的年径流量呈显著减少趋势,径流深减少速率分别为:-1.520、-0.501、-0.322 mm/a。3个站控制流域面平均降雨量呈非显著性减少趋势,年潜在蒸散发呈非显著增加趋势。剧烈的人类活动如工农业用水、大规模水土保持措施的实施及退耕还林草等引起的下垫面变化是径流量减少的主要因素,渭河干流和泾河流域下垫面变化对径流减少的贡献率均超过了60%,降雨变化贡献次之,潜在蒸散发的影响最小。     

不同时间尺度小流域径流变化及其归因分析

流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文领域的一个重要的科学问题。当前,大部分研究基于年尺度定量分析了流域径流变化及其影响因素的贡献率,而季节尺度上的研究较少。因此,季节尺度上径流变化的归因分析值得深入研究。基于彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年降水、径流等水文气象资料,通过Mann-Kendall检验法对降水、径流序列进行突变分析,采用累积量斜率变化率比较法计算季节及年尺度上降水变化、蒸发散和植被恢复对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明:2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;春、夏、秋、冬季及年降水变化的贡献率分别为50.88%、42.60%、-10.39%、-3.28%和31.26%,蒸发散的贡献率分别为32.89%、40.71%、29.33%、47.43%和42.64%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为16.23%、16.69%、81.06%、55.85%和26.10%。季节尺度上,春、夏季,降水变化和蒸发散是径流深减少的主要原因,而秋、冬季,植被恢复居主导地位;年尺度上,蒸发散对径流深减少的贡献率最大。该研究揭示了彭冲涧小流域近30年来径流变化规律以及不同时间尺度上影响径流的主要驱动因子,为流域水资源合理配置和管理提供科学依据。     

未来气候变化对黄土高原黑河流域水资源的影响

气候变化对黄土高原的水资源有重要影响,对其影响进行评估可以为区域发展提供重要的决策依据.基于分布式水文模型SWAT和4种全球环流模式的各3种排放情景,评估了2010～2039年黄土高塬沟壑区黑河流域水资源对气候变化的潜在响应.结果表明,黑河流域2010～2039年的年均降水变化-2.3%～7.8%,年均最高和最低温度分别升高0.7～2.2 ℃和1.2～2.8 ℃,年均径流量变化-19.8%～37.0%,1.2 m剖面年均土壤水分含量变化-5.5%～17.2%,年均蒸散量普遍增长0.1%～5.9%;水文气象变量变化趋势复杂,但T检验表明年降水、径流、土壤水分和蒸散增长的概率较大.对于季节变化,降水可能在12～7月份和9月份增长,8月份和10～11月份减少;径流在4～7月份和9～10月份增加,11～3月份和8月份减少;土壤水分在各月都增长;蒸散11～6月份普遍增长,7～10月份减少的可能性较大.未来气候将发生显著变化并对水资源有重要影响,需采取必要的措施来减缓其不利影响.     

鹤山丘陵草坡的水文特征及水量平衡

 在中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合开放实验站的草坡集水区对大气降水和径流进行了连续4年的观测,并于1994年对该集水区的蒸散进行了测定,结果表明：1)鹤山丘陵区年均降水量1761.37mm,大气降水有明显的干湿季之分,干季降水量占全年降水量的12.47％,湿季占87.53％。年均降水量中有62.24％可引起地表产流,即年均产流降水量1096.3mm。产流降水以中、小雨频度为大,但产流水量主要由大、暴雨供给。文中根据降雨量较大地区的降水、产流特征和规律,提出了产流降水和产流水量的概念。2)鹤山丘陵草坡集水区年总径流系数50.12％,地表径流系数17.33％。地表径流主要集中在湿季产生,与降水量呈二次抛物线型回归关系,与降水强度关系不大。3)1994年水量平衡各分量中,实际降水输入1841.55mm,年径流量970.28mm,径流系数52．69％,径流是系统的最大输出项;蒸散量851.56mm,意味着年降水收入中46.24％的水量以汽态形式返回了大气。蒸散的月变化呈双峰型,不同于降水的季节分配,径流的月变化则与降水同步。系统蓄水年变化量19.71mm,约占年降水量的1.07％,但其月变化却非常大,在一68～104mm之间。草坡集水区的水量平衡是一种收入对支出的补给和收支项目中可变性的动态平衡。4)鹤山丘陵草坡水热季节分配失衡、产流降水量和地表径流量大是这种退化生态系统恢复的3个限制因素;认为退化生态系统恢复过程中系统水量支出和蓄留方式的转变是退化生态系统的恢复机理之一。     

植被恢复和气候变化对汾河源区径流及其组分的影响

近年来,黄河中游许多流域径流量呈现减少的趋势,这与区域大规模的植被恢复密切相关。但是,汾河源区径流量却呈现了增加的相反趋势,有关变化环境对该区域径流及其组分的影响机制尚不明晰。因此,研究选取汾河源区北石河流域为研究区域,利用9种数值模拟法对1962-2018年河川径流进行分割并分析其适用性,采用Mann-Kendall检验法和累积距平法对径流、地表径流及基流进行了趋势分析和突变检验,评价了植被恢复和气候变化对径流及其组分的影响。结果表明:(1)在9种数值模拟法中,Lyne-Hollick滤波法的估算精度相对较高,其日基流过程线能较好地反映基流的滞后性和稳定性,因此更适用于研究区的基流估算;(2)流域多年平均径流深、地表径流深、基流深和基流指数分别为181.2 mm、67.4 mm、113.8 mm和0.68,基流是径流的主要组成部分。流域年径流和年地表径流均呈现不显著的增加趋势,而年基流呈现显著的增加趋势,基流的增加是径流变化的主要直接原因,三者的突变时间均出现在1994年左右;(3)降水的变化引起了径流、地表径流及基流的增加,降水增加是径流变化的主导因素(贡献率为78.1%-79.4%),而植被恢复引起了径流和基流的增加以及地表径流的减少,其主要原因在于植被恢复能够促进降水入渗,减少地表径流,同时北石河流域的土壤和地貌条件使增加的降水入渗量更多地形成了基流,植被恢复的基流增加效应超过了地表径流减少效应,从而最终增加了径流总量。研究结果可为汾河源区植被合理恢复及水资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Climate change lengthens southeastern USA lightning‐ignited fire seasons

Trends in average annual or seasonal precipitation are insufficient for detecting changes in the climatic fire season, especially in regions where the fire season is defined by wet–dry seasonal cycles and lightning activity. Using an extensive dataset (1897–2017) in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, we examined changes in annual dry season length, total precipitation, and (since 1945) the seasonal distribution of thunder‐days as a correlate of lightning activity. We found that across the entire region, the dry season has lengthened by as much as 156 days (130% over 120 years), both starting earlier and ending later with less total precipitation. Less rainfall over a longer dry season, with no change in seasonal thunderstorm patterns, likely increases both the potential for lightning‐ignited wildfires and fire severity. Global climate change could be having a hitherto undetected influence on fire regimes by altering the synchrony of climatic seasonal parameters.     

1967—2006年太子河流域径流系数的变化特征

利用太子河流域6个主要支流（海城河、南沙河、北沙河、兰河、细河、太子河南支）1967—2006年日均降水和径流资料,分析了各支流径流系数的变化趋势及其与降水的关系.结果表明：1967—2006年,位于高山丘陵区的太子河南支的年均径流系数较大,而人类活动影响较多的海城河流域的年均径流系数较小;除南沙河的年径流系数总体呈上升趋势外,其余各条支流的年径流系数均呈下降趋势,以南支和兰河的下降趋势尤为明显;除细河流域的年径流系数没有发生突变外,其余各条支流的年径流系数都发生了突变,且突变出现的年份各不相同;年降水量对年径流系数的影响极显著.     

气候变化背景下京津风沙源区人类活动对植被影响的量化分析

在气候变化背景下,将人类活动对植被的影响进行量化研究,对于区域生态管理具有重要的现实意义。本研究基于GIMMS NDVI3g数据、气象数据(气温、降水)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),运用相关分析和趋势分析,研究京津风沙源区1982—2014年不同时期的植被时空变化及其驱动因子,再利用回归分析和残差分析定量研究了不同时期不同亚区人类活动对植被变化的影响。结果表明: 1982—2014年,京津风沙源区77.1%的植被退化状况得到明显改善,64.1%的地区植被生长呈上升趋势,年均NDVI呈现东南向西北递减的趋势。不同时期植被动态研究显示,74.5%的地区在京津风沙源治理工程实施后植被增加,最明显的是晋北山地丘陵亚区。在气候因子中,降水与植被变化的相关性最强;生态工程等人类活动在京津风沙源区的大部分地区起到了积极的作用,尤其是晋北山地丘陵亚区达到了94.9%。     

Soil extracellular enzyme activities correspond with abiotic factors more than fungal community composition

Soil extracellular enzymes are the proximal drivers of decomposition. However, the relative influence of climate, soil nutrients and edaphic factors compared to microbial community composition on extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) is poorly resolved. Determining the relative effects of these factors on soil EEA is critical since changes in climate and microbial species composition may have large impacts on decomposition. We measured EEA from five sites during the growing season in March and 17 sites during the dry season in July throughout southern California and simultaneously collected data on climate, soil nutrients, soil edaphic factors and fungal community composition. The concentration of carbon and nitrogen in the soil and soil pH were most related to hydrolytic EEA. Conversely, oxidative EEA was mostly related to mean annual precipitation. Fungal community composition was not correlated with EEA at the species, genus, family or order levels. The hyphal length of fungi was correlated with EEA during the growing season while relative abundance of taxa within fungal phyla, in particular Chytridiomycota, was correlated with the EEA of beta-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, acid phosphatase and beta-xylosidase in the dry season. Overall, in the dry season, 35.3 % of the variation in all enzyme activities was accounted for by abiotic variables, while fungal composition accounted for 27.4 %. Because global change is expected to alter precipitation regimes and increase nitrogen deposition in soils, EEA may be affected, with consequences for decomposition.     

长白山生态功能区气候变化特征

为探究长白山生态功能区气候变化特征,本研究利用区域内及周边36个气象站数据与CN05.1格点数据集,采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、累积距平法、Morlet小波分析等方法研究1961—2016年长白山生态功能区内温度(平均气温、四季气温、极端气温)、水分(年降水量、四季降水量、降水日数、相对湿度)、光照(日照时数与日照百分率)和风速因子的时空变化规律.结果表明: 1961—2016年,长白山生态功能区气温升高、日照减少、风速减弱、降水量周期振荡变化.其中,冬季气温[0.45 ℃·(10 a)^-1]与最低温度[0.74 ℃·(10 a)^-1]大幅上升.年平均风速显著降低[-0.21 m·s^-1·(10 a)^-1]但并未发生气候突变.年降水日数大幅降低[-7.01 d·(10 a)^-1],使其与东北地区气候变化特点有所不同.虽然功能区内年降水量倾向率为16.06 mm·(10 a)^-1,但不能以简单的趋势增加或减少来描述降水量变化特征,功能区内降水量变化以26年长周期叠加3年的短周期为主.研究结果对区域生态评估、生态系统响应气候变化、物候变化等研究具有指示意义.     

彭冲涧小流域植被恢复的水文效应及其对年降水量响应的临界值

对流域径流的变化及其原因的研究,是森林水文研究领域中一个重要的科学问题.本研究以降水充沛的彭冲涧小流域为对象,运用Mann-Kendall检验法对彭冲涧小流域1983—2014年的降水、径流序列进行突变分析;采用经验统计分析法,分析降水变化和植被恢复对小流域径流的影响及其贡献率,并计算年尺度上植被恢复的水文效应对降水量响应的临界值.结果表明: 2003年为降水与径流的一致突变点;相对于基准期(1983—2003年),变化期(2004—2014年)的年降水量、年径流深分别减少8.7%、29.2%,年平均减少幅度分别为12.7、22.1 mm;春、夏、秋、冬季及年尺度上的平均径流深分别减少100.2、105.8、25.2、23.4和243.0 mm,其中,降水变化的贡献率分别为58.9%、71.6%、65.5%、35.0%和57.1%,植被恢复的贡献率分别为41.1%、28.4%、34.5%、65.0%和42.9%;植被恢复的水文效应依赖于年降水量,且临界值为1181 mm.当年降水量小于1181 mm时,植被恢复增加了年径流深;当年降水量大于1181 mm时,植被恢复减小了年径流深.此临界值的存在,将有助于解释不同流域植被恢复对径流影响贡献率的差异性,有助于找到森林对径流影响存在争论和分歧的原因.     

海南岛干旱地区昌化江径流变化及影响因素

识别降水量和径流量变化过程及其影响因素对流域生态安全有重要意义。以海南岛干旱区昌化江流域主要控制水文站宝桥站58年(1956-2013年)水文资料为基础, 采用肯德尔秩次相关等统计方法和GIS技术研究流域内降水径流的变化特点及变化原因。结果表明: (1)降水和径流序列均呈缓慢上升趋势, 但2003年后径流序列有明显下降。(2)应用有序聚类分析径流系数跳跃成分, 结果显示1989年和2003年前后发生了较大改变。(3)将1956-1988年作为无人类活动影响的基准期, 建立降水-径流关系, 分析人类活动对径流变化过程的影响, 表明人类活动的间接影响使昌化江径流量减小, 流域植被覆盖率减少使蒸发作用加大, 导致径流量降低。(4)2003-2013年人类的活动影响使得昌化江径流量大幅减少, 其中直接影响减少量63.5 mm, 间接影响减少量为53.7 mm, 总减少量为117.1 mm, 人类活动综合影响对径流量下降的贡献率为13.9%。禁止砍伐热带雨林, 减少种植经济作物对维护流域生态安全尤为关键。     

Effects of seasonal precipitation change on soil respiration processes in a seasonally dry tropical forest

Precipitation is projected to change intensity and seasonal regime under current global projections. However, little is known about how seasonal precipitation changes will affect soil respiration, especially in seasonally dry tropical forests. In a seasonally dry tropical forest in South China, we conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment to simulate a delayed wet season (DW) and a wetter wet season (WW) over a three‐year period. In DW, we reduced 60% throughfall in April and May to delay the onset of the wet season and irrigated the same amount water into the plots in October and November to extend the end of the wet season. In WW, we irrigated 25% annual precipitation into plots in July and August. A control treatment (CT) receiving ambient precipitation was also established. Compared with CT, DW significantly increased soil moisture by 54% during October to November, and by 30% during December to April. The treatment of WW did not significantly affect monthly measured soil moisture. In 2015, DW significantly increased leaf area index and soil microbial biomass but decreased fine root biomass. In contrast, WW significantly decreased fine root biomass and forest floor litter stocks. Soil respiration was not affected by DW, which could be attributed to the increased microbial biomass offsetting the decrease in fine root biomass. In contrast, WW significantly increased soil respiration from 3.40 to 3.90 μmol m^?2 s^?1 in the third year, mainly due to the increased litter decomposition and soil pH (from 4.48 to 4.68). The present study suggests that both a delayed wet season and a wetter wet season will have significant impacts on soil respiration‐associated ecosystem components. However, the ecosystem components can respond in different directions to the same change in precipitation, which ultimately affected soil respiration.     

Impact of climate change on plant phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems

Plant phenology is strongly controlled by climate and has consequently become one of the most reliable bioindicators of ongoing climate change. We used a dataset of more than 200 000 records for six phenological events of 29 perennial plant species monitored from 1943 to 2003 for a comprehensive assessment of plant phenological responses to climate change in the Mediterranean region. Temperature, precipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were studied together during a complete annual cycle before phenological events to determine their relative importance and potential seasonal carry‐over effects. Warm and dry springs under a positive phase of NAO advance flowering, leaf unfolding and fruiting dates and lengthen the growing season. Spatial variability of dates (range among sites) was also reduced during warm and dry years, especially for spring events. Climate during previous weeks to phenophases occurrence had the greatest impact on plants, although all events were also affected by climate conditions several months before. Immediate along with delayed climate effects suggest dual triggers in plant phenology. Climatic models accounted for more than 80% of variability in flowering and leaf unfolding dates, and in length of the growing season, but for lower proportions in fruiting and leaf falling. Most part of year‐to‐year changes in dates was accounted for temperature, while precipitation and NAO accounted for <10% of dates' variability. In the case of flowering, insect‐pollinated species were better modelled by climate than wind‐pollinated species. Differences in temporal responses of plant phenology to recent climate change are due to differences in the sensitivity to climate among events and species. Spring events are changing more than autumn events as they are more sensitive to climate and are also undergoing the greatest alterations of climate relative to other seasons. In conclusion, climate change has shifted plant phenology in the Mediterranean region.     

藏北牧区地表湿润状况对气候变化的响应

利用1961～2006年藏北牧区6个站月平均最高气温、最低气温、降水量、风速、相对湿度、日照时数资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算得出潜在蒸散,分析了地表湿润指数的变化趋势、年代际变化特征及季节差异,并讨论了影响地表湿润指数的气象因子.研究表明:近46a藏北牧区年地表湿润指数呈现增大趋势,增幅0.01～0.05/10a;四季地表湿润指数大部分牧区也呈增大趋势,春、秋季增幅明显.近26a(1981～2006年)、季潜在蒸散表现为明显的减少趋势,降水量显现增多趋势,地表湿润指数增大趋势加大,以夏季最为突出.就年平均而言,藏北牧区20世纪60年代初、中期以高湿低温为其主要气候特征;20世纪60年代后期至80年代中期,表现为冷干型的气候特征;90年代初之后,气温持续升高,地表湿润指数显著增加,呈现以暖湿为主的年代际变化特征.湿润指数对降水量、相对湿度和气温日较差的响应最为敏感,而对日照时数和风速的响应也较为明显.     

Climate change and annual survival in a temperate passerine: partitioning seasonal effects and predicting future patterns

Predicting climate change impacts on population size requires detailed understanding of how climate influences key demographic rates, such as survival. This knowledge is frequently unavailable, even in well‐studied taxa such as birds. In temperate regions, most research into climatic effects on annual survival in resident passerines has focussed on winter temperature. Few studies have investigated potential precipitation effects and most assume little impact of breeding season weather. We use a 19‐year capture–mark–recapture study to provide a rare empirical analysis of how variation in temperature and precipitation throughout the entire year influences adult annual survival in a temperate passerine, the long‐tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus. We use model averaging to predict longer‐term historical survival rates, and future survival until the year 2100. Our model explains 73% of the interannual variation in survival rates. In contrast to current theory, we find a strong precipitation effect and no effect of variation in winter weather on adult annual survival, which is correlated most strongly to breeding season (spring) weather. Warm springs and autumns increase annual survival, but wet springs reduce survival and alter the form of the relationship between spring temperature and annual survival. There is little evidence for density dependence across the observed variation in population size. Using our model to estimate historical survival rates indicates that recent spring warming has led to an upward trend in survival rates, which has probably contributed to the observed long‐term increase in the UK long‐tailed tit population. Future climate change is predicted to further increase survival, under a broad range of carbon emissions scenarios and probabilistic climate change outcomes, even if precipitation increases substantially. We demonstrate the importance of considering weather over the entire annual cycle, and of considering precipitation and temperature in combination, in order to develop robust predictive models of demographic responses to climate change. Synthesis Prediction of climate change impacts demands understanding of how climate influences key demographic rates. In our 19‐year mark‐recapture study of long‐tailed tits Aegithalos caudatus, weather explained 73% of the inter‐annual variation in adult survival; warm springs and autumns increased survival, wet springs reduced survival, but winter weather had little effect. Robust predictions thus require consideration of the entire annual cycle and should not focus solely on temperature. Unexpectedly, survival appeared not to be strongly density‐dependent, so we use historical climate data to infer that recent climate change has enhanced survival over the four decades in which the UK long‐tailed tit population has more than doubled. Furthermore, survival rates in this species are predicted to further increase under a wide range of future climate scenarios.     

Carbon dioxide exchange over multiple temporal scales in an arid shrub ecosystem near La Paz,Baja California Sur,Mexico

Arid environments represent 30% of the global terrestrial surface, but are largely under‐represented in studies of ecosystem carbon flux. Less than 2% of all FLUXNET eddy covariance sites exist in a hot desert climate. Long‐term datasets of these regions are vital for capturing the seasonal and interannual variability that occur due to episodic precipitation events and climate change, which drive fluctuations in soil moisture and temperature patterns. The objectives of this study were to determine the meteorological variables that drive carbon flux on diel, seasonal, and annual scales and to determine how precipitation events control annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Patterns of NEE from 2002 to 2008 were investigated, providing a record with multiple replicates of seasons and conditions. Precipitation was extremely variable (55–339 mm) during the study period, and reduced precipitation in later years (2004–2008) appears to have resulted in annual moderate to large carbon sources (62–258 g C m^?2 yr^?1) in contrast to the previously reported sink (2002–2003). Variations in photosynthetically active radiation were found to principally drive variations in carbon uptake during the wet growing season while increased soil temperatures at a 5 cm depth stimulated carbon loss during the dry dormant season. Monthly NEE was primarily driven by soil moisture at a 5 cm depth, and years with a higher magnitude of precipitation events showed a longer growing season with annual net carbon uptake, whereas years with lower magnitude had drier soils and displayed short growing seasons with annual net carbon loss. Increased precipitation frequency was associated with increased annual NEE, which may be a function of increased microbial respiration to more small precipitation events. Annual precipitation frequency and magnitude were found to have effects on the interannual variability of NEE for up to 2 years.     

呼伦湖流域径流对气候变化的响应

根据呼伦湖流域1961—2010年的气温、降水、蒸发量资料以及1961—2008年径流量资料,利用非参数检验Mann-Kendall法,分析了近50年呼伦湖流域气候变化特征及其对流域径流量的影响。结果表明:呼伦湖流域近50年来气温整体呈显著上升趋势;年降水量受夏季降水量影响最为明显,经历了1961—1964年的上升,1964—1983年的下降,1983—2003年的上升和2003—2010年下降4个阶段;年蒸发量在1973年以前相对平稳,1973—1998年呈下降趋势,1999—2005年呈显著上升趋势,2005年为突变点,出现从高到低突变。夏、秋季节蒸发量趋势在时间段上与夏季降水量有很好的对应关系;径流量基本表现为1961—1965年偏丰,1965—1987年偏枯,其中1975—1980年间表现为显著下降趋势(P<0.05),1987—2002年偏丰,2002—2008年偏枯;在气温普遍升高的前提下,降水量整体呈减少趋势,其变化趋势在很大程度上决定蒸发量的变化,呼伦湖流域暖干化趋势显著。以径流自身的变化特征为时段划分基础,对比径流、气温、降水量和蒸发量的变化过程,经相关统计分析检验,发现夏、秋季气温、降水量和蒸发量是引起呼伦湖流域径流量变化的根本原因。     

基于SWAT模型的流溪河流域土地利用与气候变化对径流的影响

选用国内外广泛应用的SWAT分布式水文模型,定量分析流溪河流域土地利用与气候变化对径流的影响,采用情景模拟分析方法设置3类情景进行定量分析.对上中下游的温泉、太平场和南岗3个水文站依次校正与验证得出：除温泉站在验证期的3个系数刚达标之外,其他的相对误差＜15%、相关系数＞0.8、Nash Sutcliffe效率系数＞0.75,说明SWAT模型在流溪河流域的径流量模拟中具有较高的适用性.综合型情景模拟分析得出：以1991-2000年为基准期,2001-2010年土地利用与气候变化综合引起年均径流量增加11.23 m³·s^-1,土地利用变化引起年均径流量减少0.62 m³·s^-1,气候变化引起年均径流量增加11.85 m³·s^-1,气候变化的影响强度强于土地利用变化的影响强度.极端土地利用情景模拟分析得出：与2000年土地利用现状模拟径流量相比,耕地情景和草地情景的径流量分别增加2.7%和0.5%,林地情景的径流量减少0.7%,证明林地有一定的截流能力.气候变化情景模拟分析得出：流域径流量变化与降水变化呈正相关关系（降水每升高10%,径流平均增加11.6%）,与气温变化呈负相关关系（气温每升高1 ℃,径流平均降低0.8%）,降水变化的影响强度强于气温变化的影响强度.在气候变化环境下,需要重视对强降雨的预测和灾害预防,可通过优化土地利用结构与空间布局来减缓气候变化带来的水文负效应,如洪涝灾害.     

西北干旱区气候和土地利用变化对水沙运移的影响——以小南川流域为例

认识区域水沙运移规律及其对气候和土地利用变化的响应能够为水土流失防治提供理论依据,是水土资源综合开发的重要前提.本研究以1963-2013年逐月实测气象、径流和泥沙资料为基础,结合20世纪80年代和2000年土地利用数据和归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势分析和突变检验方法,系统分析了西北干旱区典型小流域--小南川流域的气候和水沙长期变化特征,并识别了研究区土地利用及植被覆盖度变化特征.在对单要素变化充分解析的基础上,利用多元线性回归等方法,定量探讨了气候和土地利用变化对小南川流域水沙运移的影响机制,并明确了关键作用因子.结果表明: 小南川流域气温向两极化发展,降水量逐渐增加,总体气候变化趋势朝向暖湿方向,极端气候事件发生频率增加,且在20世纪90年代发生突变后,其变化速度和程度均进一步加剧.自20世纪80年代以来,随着经济社会发展,流域内耕地和城镇扩张,林地增加,自然生态环境向良性发展.在土地利用和植被覆盖度变化的主导驱动作用下,流域径流量和输沙量分别以1.7×10⁶ m³·(10 a)^-1和1.5×10⁸ kg·(10 a)^-1的平均速率呈减少趋势.定量化研究结果揭示了植被覆盖度和月平均最高气温是影响该区径流变化的最关键因子,而植被覆盖度和日最大降水量是影响输沙变化的最关键因子.在当前气候变化背景下,生态修复是防止干旱区流域水土流失的最有效途径之一.