珀氏长吻松鼠和赤腹松鼠在保护区与非保护区各年龄松林内的种群动态

2004年6~7月,在云南省大理白族自治州苍山和洱海国家自然保护区选取4种年龄段(6~10、11~15、16~20、31~40年)的松林和保护区周围的非保护区选取7种年龄段(1~5、6~10、11~15、16~20、21~30、31~40、50年以上)的松林,每种松林设3个重复,共33个样地,在样地内随机选取3个5m×5m的样方,调查并记录样方内草本植物和灌木的种类、数量、覆盖度。在每个样地按5条样线布笼100个捕捉小兽,每天检查捕获的种类和数量。计算珀氏长吻松鼠和赤腹松鼠在小兽群落中物种优势度、时间生态位宽度、两种小兽的时间生态位重叠度;用逐步回归分析两种松鼠与松林栖境因子的关系。上述结果表明,在保护区珀氏长吻松鼠出现的时间早于(6~10年的松林开始捕获到)赤腹松鼠(16~20年的松林内开始捕获到);在非保护区,分别在31~40年和21~30年的松林内才捕到珀氏长吻松鼠和赤腹松鼠。保护区31~40年的松林内珀氏长吻松鼠和赤腹松鼠种群数量分别是同年龄段非保护区松林的3倍和3·75倍。松林底层的灌木对两种小兽的种群数量有重要影响。珀氏长吻松鼠种群数量与灌木密度呈正相关;赤腹松鼠种群数量与灌木覆盖度呈正相关,而与草本植物覆盖度呈负相关。非保护区树底植被的异质性降低,延迟了两种松鼠在松林里建立种群的时间。     

Population dynamics of Dremomys pernyi and Callosciurus erythraeus in protective and non-protective pine forests at different ages

Four pine forests (6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and 31–40 year-old) located in the Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake National Reserve and 7 pine forests (1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, 21–30, 31–40, and more than 50 year-old) located in the non-protective area near the national reserve were selected. Three replications of each forest was set and a total of 33 sites were investigated. At each site, we quantified 6 habitat variables (species richness, abundance, and percentage of grasses and shrubs coverage respectively at the bottom layer of forests) within randomly determined 5 m × 5 m areas. One hundred cages were set in five lines at each site to trap small mammals, whose species and numbers were recorded. Dominance of Dremomys pernyi and Callosciurus erythraeus in small mammal communities, time niche breadth, and time niche overlap between the two small mammals were calculated, respectively. Step-wise regression was used to analyze the relationship between small mammals and habitat factors. Our results indicated that D. pernyi occurred earlier than C. erythraeus in protective pine forests. D. pernyi was captured in 6–10 year-old forest initially, and C. erythraeus was captured in 16–20 year-old forest initially. D. pernyi and C. erythraeus were captured in the 31–40 and 21–30 year-old forests initially in the non-protective area, respectively. Populations of D. pernyi and C. erythraeus in the 31–40 year-old protective forests were 3 and 3.75 times of those in the same-aged non-protective forests, respectively. Shrubs significantly influenced the populations of the two small mammals. The population of D. pernyi was positively correlated with the density of shrubs; the population of C. allosciurus erythraeus was positively correlated with the coverage of shrubs, and negatively correlated with the coverage of grasses. D. remomys pernyi and C. allosciurus erythraeus were important for pine forests to scatter pine seeds. Human activities in the nonprotective pine forests decreased the vegetation heterogeneity at the bottom layer of pine forests, postponed the occurrence of D. pernyi and C. erythraeus, and decreased the populations of the two small mammals. __________ Translated from Zoological Research, 2006, 27(1): 29–33 [译自: 动物学 研究]     

繁殖期不同时段赤腹松鼠巢域的变化

繁殖期巢域的研究对了解繁殖期间动物的社群关系、种群动态、繁殖策略等有重要作用。2009 年3 ～12月和2010 年3 ～9 月对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢域面积变化进行观察。使用最小凸多边形(Minimum convex polygon,MCP)法计算赤腹松鼠各时期的巢域面积,结果显示: (1)整个繁殖期,雄性赤腹松鼠的巢域面积为1.34 ±0. 34 hm² ,显著大于雌性的巢域面积(0.60 ± 0. 08 hm² ); (2)雄性赤腹松鼠在求偶交配期主动增加其巢域面积,可能会增加雄性与雌性的遇见率,从而增加与雌性的交配数量;雌性赤腹松鼠在求偶交配期不主动增加巢域面积,而是具有较为稳定的活动范围。在妊娠育幼期雌性的巢域面积会减小,这可能是雌性为提高后代的成活率,在增加能量和降低捕食风险两者间做出的权衡;(3)整个繁殖期,雌性赤腹松鼠间无巢域重叠现象,而雄性间存在巢域重叠。两性之间仅在求偶交配期存在巢域重叠现象,因此,雌性赤腹松鼠在繁殖期有较强的领域性。     

四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠的食性观察

2008年1月至2010年8月,在主要树种为柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei的四川省洪雅县林场中,采用直接观察和胃容物分析法对赤腹松鼠Callosciurus erythraeus食性进行研究.发现赤腹松鼠取食的植物共有14科23种,如小柱悬钩子Rubus columellaris和板栗Castanea mollissima的果实,油茶Camellia oleifera的花及柳杉和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata的树皮.结合往年文献,已知确认洪雅县赤腹松鼠取食的植物共28种.根据胃容物分析,果实种子的比例为秋季(75.60％±0.53％)＞夏季(63.32％±0.69％)＞冬季(34.02％±0.43％)＞春季(14.35％±0.71％),差异显著(P＜0.05);而树皮在夏季和秋季分别为7.32％±0.50％和8.30％±0.87％,显著低于冬季和春季的28.13％±0.72％和28.71％ ±0.84％ (P ＜0.05).根据结果分析,赤腹松鼠的主要食物是植物的果实种子,在冬春取食较多的树皮可能与果实种子短缺有关.     

赤腹松鼠血清性激素水平的季节差异

正季节性繁殖是动物适应环境的具体表现,也是动物维持其种群发展的重要策略。生殖激素和动物的繁殖活动关系密切,协调实现繁殖后代的机能(赖平等,2012),如配子的发生、成熟与排出及受精、妊娠、分娩与泌乳等性行为活动。例如雄性甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)血清中睾酮(程志兴,2009)和黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)血清中孕酮含量(夏东坡,2007)在交配期间显著升高,     

赤腹松鼠采食选择的季节性变化

2008年9月至2010年8月,对广西宜州龙江河畔赤腹松鼠采食选择的季节性变化进行分析.赤腹松鼠对榕树的采食量最大,约占总采食量的36.53%,食物采食选择的种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),各季节采食的种类无显著变化(P>0.05);取食偏好分析、食物生态位宽度和重叠度结果表明,夏季的生态位宽度最大,为4.1545,秋季的生态位宽度最小,为3.5001,夏季和秋季的生态位重叠度最大,为0.9882,夏季和冬季的生态位重叠度最小,为0.9343.     

赤腹松鼠血清肝肾功能指标的测定

以捕自四川荥经县的161只成体赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus,雄鼠76只,雌鼠85只)为研究对象,从2015年2月至12月分四个季节测定了雌、雄鼠血清中反映肝肾功能的14项指标,并分析了妊娠对各项指标的影响。结果显示:(1)肝肾功能指标均无显著的性别差异。(2)白蛋白、胆碱酯酶和肌酐在春季有升高的趋势,但无明显的季节差异。(3)总蛋白、球蛋白及尿酸含量春季低于其他季节,总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素和尿素氮含量春季高于其他季节,前白蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶春季高于其他季节,夏季显著下降,冬季最低。(4)妊娠鼠血清胆碱酯酶含量高于未妊娠鼠,尿素氮、肌酐和尿酸含量低于未妊娠鼠。结果表明,雌、雄赤腹松鼠肝肾功能指标无性别差异且季节变化趋势相同,大多数在春季变化显著且妊娠影响较小,这可能与雌、雄的繁殖状态及在多变性环境条件下的生理适应能力有关。     

Arthropod parasites of the red‐bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus introduced into Argentina

The introduction of an exotic species usually modifies parasite–host dynamics by the import of new parasites or the exotic species' acquiral of local parasites. The loss of parasites may determine the outcome of an invasion if the introduced species is liberated from co‐evolved parasites in its range of invasion. In addition, an introduced species may pose sanitary risks to humans and other mammals if it serves as a reservoir of pathogens or carries arthropod vectors. The red‐bellied squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), was introduced into Argentina in 1970, since when several foci of invasion have been closely associated with humans. Investigation of the parasitological fauna of C. erythraeus in Argentina will generate new information about novel parasite–host dynamics and may provide new insight into the reasons for the successful invasion of this species. The objective of this study was to describe the arthropod parasites of C. erythraeus in Argentina in comparison with previous studies of parasites of this species in its native habitat and in the ranges of its invasion. Occasional host–parasite associations with local arthropod parasites not previously described for C. erythraeus are reported; these include the mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Ewing) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and Ornithonyssus cf. bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae), the flea Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus Jordan (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) and the botfly Cuterebra Clark (Diptera: Oestridae: Cuterebrinae). Cheyletus sp. mites (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) were also found. The low prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite species may influence invasion dynamics.     

城市公园中赤腹松鼠的家域特征及昼间活动规律初探

2015年12月至2016年5月,对上海动物园内活动的9只赤腹松鼠进行无线电遥测,应用Homing法进行空间定位,基于最小凸多边形（MCP）和95%固定 核空间（95%Kernel）模型估算城市绿地中赤腹松鼠的家域面积、空间分布特征及个体间的重叠情况,同时记录赤腹松鼠的昼间行为规律。赤腹松鼠 家域面积平均值为12376（MCP）~18146 m²（95%Kernel）,雌雄个体间家域面积无显著差异（Independent-sample test,t= -0.101,P=0.922）。 赤腹松鼠冬季家域面积与春季家域面积间无显著差异（One way ANOVA,MCP：F=3.900,P=0.070;95%FK：F=3.566,P=0.081）。部分赤腹松鼠家域 间存在重叠,冬季重叠指数0.36~0.63,春季重叠指数0.02~0.43。赤腹松鼠的昼间行为以移动（29.4%）、取食（25.1%）和休息行为（24.7%）为主 。在不同季节,赤腹松鼠的取食行为发生显著变化（One way ANOVA,F=119.268,P<0.001）,冬季取食行为发生频率最高（33.3%）,夏季最低 （16.4%）;领域行为在夏（15.8%）、秋（16.2%）季发生频率较高,春季（5.8%）降低（One way ANOVA,F=140.416,P<0.001）。赤腹松鼠昼间 活动呈“U”型分布,主要集中于05:00—08:00和15:00—18:00,休息主要分布于12:00—13:00。     

四川荥经县赤腹松鼠体重及脏器湿重的性别与季节差异

以2015年1月至12月捕自四川荥经县的310只成体赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus,雄鼠174只,雌鼠136只)为研究对象,分析了其体重及7种内脏器官湿重的性别和季节差异,以及妊娠对内脏器官湿重的影响。1)雌、雄鼠的体重无性别和季节差异。2)心湿重雌、雄鼠差异显著,春季雄性大于雌性,夏季相反;肝、脾、肺和肾的湿重均无性别差异。3)肝湿重夏、冬季高于春、秋季;脾湿重秋季高于冬季和春季;肺湿重春季最高,夏季最低;肾湿重冬、春季高于夏季;心湿重雄鼠秋季高于夏、冬季,雌鼠夏、秋季高于冬季;睾丸和子宫湿重都在春季最高,秋季最低。4)妊娠鼠肝、肺和肾湿重均高于未妊娠鼠。结果表明,随着季节更替赤腹松鼠的体重维持稳定,雌、雄鼠心湿重差异显著,且器官湿重表现出了一定的弹性,这可能与雌、雄鼠的繁殖状态及季节性环境的多样性变化有关。     

不同松林内马尾松毛虫种群动态的特征

通过对1992-2001年5种不同混交林型的马尾松林内各代幼虫发生量,受害面积和有虫株率的系统调查,研究了各种不同林型的松林对马尾松毛虫种群动态的影响。结果表明,不同树种混交的马尾松林对马尾松毛虫的种群动态有较大的影响。马尾松毛虫在马尾松纯林中发生量多,为害最严重。暴发周期最短;在与杉木等混交的马尾松林中发生次之;而在与阔叶树混交的马尾松林中平均每株虫口数少,发生与危害率及有虫株率均较其它林型小,不易引起松毛虫暴发为害。     

Ectoparasites of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to Japan

The squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to Japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. Although they live mainly in forests, Pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. During 2001-2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of Pallas squirrels in Japan. From 105 C. erythraeus captured in Kamakura District of Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu Island, three types of ectoparasite were found: 52 specimens of the sucking louse Neohaematopinus callosciuri Johnson (Anoplura: Haematopinidae), 26 fleas Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) anisus Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and four nymphs of the tick Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) on 22, 13 and one squirrels, respectively. Evidently in Japan C. erythraeus carries relatively few ectoparasite species; this may be a contributory factor to their invasive success. Further investigations are needed to assess risks of zoonotic transmission of plague or murine typhus by C. anisus, of louse-borne typhus by N. callosciuri and of tularaemia and especially Japanese spotted fever (Rickettsia japonica) by H. flava.     

两性具有不同出生率和死亡率的种群动态

以往的种群动力学模型均隐含假设性比为1：1,而实际上并非总如此,不同性别的出生和死亡是不完全相同的。文中就考虑了两性具有不同出生率和死亡率的种群动态问题。可以知道种群动态只是受雌性控制,与雄性无关。     

Population dynamics of small mammals at Mlawula, Swaziland

Population density, biomass and composition of a small mammal community in an Acacia nigrescens savanna were studied over 12 months from August 2000. The community consisted of Mus minutoides (A. Smith 1834), Mastomys natalensis (A. Smith 1834), Lemniscomys rosalia (Thomas 1904), Crocidura hirta (Peters 1952), Steatomys pratensis (Peters 1846); and on one occasion, Graphiurus murinus (Desmarest 1822) was caught. M. minutoides was the dominant species in the site. Species richness was found to vary significantly with the time of the year. The density of M. minutoides was significantly high in winter and low in the other seasons, the ratio of males to females was found to be equal, and pregnant females were caught from November to May. The biomass of small mammals in the area (also density and numbers) was generally low (mean biomass 212 g ha^?1). The occurrence of new individuals in catches remained high throughout the study, suggesting a high mortality or emigration rate or a combination of the two.     

黄山松种群结构与动态研究

以“空间代替时间”的方法,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用静态生命表和生存分析的方法,探讨了天柱山国家森林公园黄山松种群结构和动态规律。结果表明,随海拔升高,黄山松种群密度增大,径级分布范围减小,种群存活曲线由Deevey-Ⅱ型之间过渡到Deevey—Ⅰ型,种群由稳定型过渡为增长型。表明由低海拔向高海拔,黄山松种群处于不同的演替和发展阶段。     

Population dynamics: Limits of predictability

Problems related to the complex pattern of ecosystem dynamics are discussed. Examples of studies on the complex population dynamics are considered, including those of plankton populations in a spatially heterogeneous environment and of an agroecosystem invaded by pests resistant to Bt toxins produced by genetically modified insecticidal crops.     

Population dynamics of insects associated with Rumex obtusifolius in different habitats

The effect of different habitats on insect communities associated with Rumex obtusifolius was studied in detail. Study sites were selected for their variety of environmental characteristics (vegetation and habitat): shaded woodland, disturbed wasteland and pasture. The results of this study were that insect populations associated with R. obtusifolius responded differently to the different habitats. The observed differences in population dynamics among the insects showed quite clearly their responses to different habitats. There was also a pattern of time partitioning in the exploitation of the host‐plant among the insect species observed. Philaenus spumarius at nymphal stage had a peak density on approximately 20 June, Apion frumentarium and Apion spp. (Apion species other than A. frumentarium) had a peak density on approximately 30 June and Aphis rumicis had a peak density on approximately 28 July. This pattern of shift in time for peak population density (time‐shift) among the insects sharing a common host‐plant may guarantee each insect the opportunity to exploit the plant to a maximum.     

子午沙鼠种群数量动态及预测

子千沙鼠（Ｍｅｒｉｏｎｅｓ ｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｕｓ）是荒漠和半荒漠地区常见的鼠种之一,作者于１９９１～、９９５年４～１０月每月中旬,在内蒙古达拉特旗中国农业守草原研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草场改良试验站,利用直线夹日法在站内的流动消逝天,半流动消逝一,固定沙地,丘间滩地,林地和农田中开展了种群数量调查。６ａ共布放１２４２４５闪日,捕获鼠７４９８只,其中子午沙鼠１４０８只,在各种鼠中占１８．７７％,居第二位。     

三化螟种群动态分析及防治

分析了 1 980～ 2 0 0 0年三化螟种群数量变动情况 ,发现年度间的变动不一致 ,有明显间歇性。认为冬春气候 (气温、雨量 )、耕作制度、天敌因素等与三化螟为害密切相关 ,并提出科学实用的防治方法     

Population dynamics of Echinops gmelinii Turcz. at different successional stages of biological soil crusts in a temperate desert in China

• The effects of biological soil crusts (BSC) on vascular plant growth can be positive, neutral or negative, and little information is available on the impacts of different BSC successional stages on vascular plant population dynamics.
• We analysed seedling emergence, survival, plant growth and reproduction in response to different BSC successional stages (i.e. habitats: bare soil, cyanobacteria, lichen and moss crusts) in natural populations of Echinops gmelinii Turcz. in the Tengger Desert of northwest China. The winter annual E. gmelinii is a dominant pioneer herb after sand stabilisation.
• During the early stages of BSC succession, the studied populations of E. gmelinii were characterised by high density, plant growth and fecundity. As the BSC succession proceeded beyond moss crusts, the fecundity decreased sharply, which limited seedling recruitment. Differences in seedling survival among the successional stages were not evident, indicating that BSC have little effect on survival in arid desert regions. Moreover, E. gmelinii biomass allocation exhibited low plasticity, and only reproductive allocation was sensitive to the various habitats. Our results further suggest that the negative effects of BSC succession on population dynamics are primarily driven by increasing topsoil water‐holding capacity and decreasing rain water infiltration into deeper soil.
• We conclude that BSC succession drives population dynamics of E. gmelinii, primarily via its effect on soil moisture. The primary cause for E. gmelinii population decline during the moss‐dominated stage of BSC succession is decreased fecundity of individual plants, with declining seed mass possibly reducing the success of seedling establishment.