大鳍鱊基于细胞色素b基因序列的遗传变异及生物地理过程

对采集于长江水系、黑龙江水系及海南岛的36尾大鳍(Acheilognathus macropterus)的细胞色素b基因序列进行了研究分析。发现有须个体和无须个体在分子系统树中处于混合分布状态,各个体相互间遗传变异远小于与外类群(A.chankaensis、A.tokinensis)间差异,统计了其主要形态度量数据,也显示各主要性状数据无显著差异,结果均支持有须个体和无须个体(曾经被鉴定为A.taenianalis)为同一物种,A.taenianalis为A.macropterus的同物异名。序列分析显示,36个个体明显聚合成5个大的分支,其中clade1分支全部由黑龙江水系类群组成,clade5分支由海南岛的1个个体组成,长江水系的所有个体分散在clade2、clade3、clade4这三个分支中,显示出一定的地理相关性。在clade2、3、4中,clade2包括了长江上游的5个个体和长江中游的2个个体,同时还包括了黑龙江的2个个体;clade3包括了中游的2个个体;clade4包括了中游的12个个体,三个分支间又存在明显的遗传变异率(均>5%),从21个个体在三个分支中的分布情况来看,三者间这种较大的遗传变异率不能由地理隔离解释,故推测,造成同一水系的A.macropterus间出现较明显遗传分化的原因可能与其特殊的性选择生殖方式有关,该生殖方式限制了不同生殖集群间同种鱼类的基因交流。基于系统分支图,计算了各分支间的遗传距离,由结果推测大鳍的生物地理过程为:海南岛水系类群同大陆类群较早产生隔离,黑龙江水系类群由长江水系类群在晚近时期向北扩散形成。     

Genetic diversity and the biogeographical process of Acheilognathus macropterus revealed by sequence variations of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

In this study, thirty-six individuals of Acheilognathus macropterus were collected from the Heilongjiang River, the Yangtze River, and the Nandujiang River. Partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region (636 base pair) was sequenced to these samples and 22 haplotypes were found. With A. chankaensis and A. tokinensis as outgroups, their relationships were analyzed. The p-distances were calculated with Mega software and a molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The proportions of main morphological characters were compared as well. P-distances showed that the genetic differences in A. macropterus samples were far smaller than those between these samples and the outgroups. The molecular phylogenetic tree shows that samples with barbels and those without barbels were intermingled. There was no distinctive difference in proportions of morphological characteristics among them. These results suggested that samples with barbels and those without barbels (formally identified as A. taenianalis) are the same species; A. taenianalis is synonymous with A. macropterus. The thirtysix individuals were grouped into five clades and the positions of the samples in the clades were correspondingly grouped within their geographical distributions. Among the five clades, clades 1 and 5 included samples from the Heilongjiang River and Nandujiang River respectively. The samples from the Yangtze River scattered into clades 2, 3, and 4. There were distinctive genetic differences (>5%) among them. Interestingly, the distributions of the 21 samples in these three clades were not correlated to their geographical distributions. It is postulated that these genetic differences were due to the bitterlings’ mating choice mechanism, the prozygotic isolation. The genetic differences between the fish from Nandujiang River and those from the mainland indicated that they were separated early. However, the small genetic differences among the samples and the positions of the fish from the Heilonjiang River in the molecular phylogenetic tree indicate that fish in Heilongjiang River might have dispersed from the Yangtze River to that area much later. __________ Translated from Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2006, 39(2): 134–140 [译自: 水生生物学报]     

刺鲃基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的生物地理学过程

以中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis为外类群,研究了不同地理种群刺鲃Spinibarbus calduelli细胞色素b基因序列(1140bp)变异,以探讨其生物地理学过程。结果表明：长江下游水系与珠江水系种群的变异值为1．2％—2．3％,与闽江水系的为2．7％—3．7％,与九龙江水系的为3．1％—4．2％,这些值都远远低于它们与中华倒刺鲃的变异值(13．2％—14．6％)。遗传变异值表明了刺鲃的生物地理学过程,首先是东南沿海的水系同内地的水系发生隔离,然后珠江水系同长江水系隔离,这些变化均发生在第四纪。     

怒江扎那纹胸鮡的遗传多样性和遗传分化

怒江水电开发将对扎那纹胸鮡产生不利的影响。为了解扎那纹胸鮡遗传多样性和遗传分化情况, 文章测定了采自怒江中下游怒江州地区的贡山、古登和泸水及保山市地区的道街、勐糯和木城6个扎那纹胸鮡群体共102个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因序列。结果显示, 在1 137 bp序列中共检测到87个变异位点, 定义了36个单元型。总样品的单元型多样性(h)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.851±0.028和0.01356±0.0008。扎那纹胸鮡的遗传多样性相对较低, 但怒江州种群遗传多样性显著高于保山市种群。群体间分化指数(FST)(0.475~0.846)明显高于群体内分化指数(0.002~0.108), 且各群体间分化指数和地理距离呈线性正相关。利用AMOVA(Analysis of molecular variance )对遗传分化进行分割, 群体间和群体内分别占53.65%和 46.35%, 群体间遗传分化指数(F_ST)为0.5365 (P<0.01), 扎那纹胸鮡在怒江州和保山种群分化显著。单元型分子系统树和简约网络图显示, 扎那纹胸鮡单元型聚为两个独立的支系: 怒江州支系和保山市支系。这些鱼类至少代表一个管理单位, 但也可能是一个进化显著单位。因此, 建议保护扎那纹胸鮡种群, 在水电工程建设时应充分考虑扎那纹胸鮡种群结构现状, 避免不同区域的种群之间发生基因交流。     

珠江源头入侵种波氏吻虾虎的遗传多样性分析

为了解入侵种波氏吻虾虎Rhinogobius cliffordpopei在珠江源头地区的遗传多样性分布特征及其影响成因,本研究以线粒体细胞色素b(cyt b)基因为分子标记,对珠江源头的9个水库自然种群进行了遗传多样性与遗传分化分析。获得该物种cyt b基因全序列1 141 bp,其中保守位点1 072个,变异位点69个,无插入和缺失位点。96只个体具有5个单倍型,群体单倍型多样性为0.359±0.059,核苷酸多样性为0.021±0.010,表现为低单倍型多样性与高核苷酸多样性的群体遗传特征。以外群子陵吻虾虎R.giurinus、褐吻虾虎R.brunneus和短吻红斑吻虾虎R.rubromaculatus构建的分子系统发育树和网络分支图显示,波氏吻虾虎群体的所有单倍型与外群物种分开,构成一个单系群,并分化为2个明显的系统分支。分子变异分析结果表明,种群间和种群内的遗传变异率分别为62.99%、37.01%,固定指数为0.630(P<0.01),证实波氏吻虾虎群体形成了显著的遗传分化结构。波氏吻虾虎在珠江源头入侵地具有较高的遗传多样性水平与显著的遗传结构,入侵种群可能受到了奠基者事件和遗传瓶颈效应的影响,而多次人为引入和水利大坝的隔离作用可能为该物种扩散分布和积累突变提供了条件。研究结果将为防治波氏吻虾虎的入侵危害及保护土著鱼类物种多样性提供科学指导。     

白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡的遗传分化

白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater)和红腹锦鸡Chrysolophus pictus (L.)是两个种还是两个亚种尚有争议。测定了白腹锦鸡C.amherstiae两个个体部分细胞色素b基因序列,得到完全相同的861bp的序列。与红腹锦鸡C.pictus的同源序列相比,在21个位点上出现变异,应用木村资生的双参数法算出两者的遗传距离为2.5％。根据鸡形目细胞色素b基因核苷酸替换的速率约为每百万年0.5％～ 0.7％,推断出两种锦鸡的分化时间至少为1.7百万年。从而在分子水平上支持白腹锦鸡(C.amherstiae)和红腹锦鸡(C.pictus)是两个独立种。 Abstract：It was disputed that Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater) and Chrysolophus pictus (L.) were two species or two subspecies.DNA sequences spanning 861 nucleotide bases of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene were reported in two C.amherstiae.21 sites were different compared with C.pictus's homologous sequences. Genetic distance between C.amherstiae and was 2.5％ based on the Kimura's two parameter's methods.The divergence time between C.amherstiae and C.pictus was at least 1.7My based on the substitution rate of nucleotide acid of cytothrome-b gene in Galliformes.We suggested that Chrysolophus amherstiae and Chrysolophus pictus are two distinct species.     

不同地域小稻蝗mtDNA部分序列及其相互关系

测定了9个不同地理区域的小稻蝗Oxya intricata (Stal)共33个个体的线粒体DNA (mtDNA)细胞色素b基因部分序列,比较其同源性,计算核苷酸组成,并用瘤锥蝗科的曲尾似橄蝗Pseudomorphacris hollisi和斑腿蝗科的芋蝗Gesonula punctifrons作外群构建NJ分子系统树。在获得的小稻蝗432 bp的序列中, A+T约占70.3%,其中30个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占所测核苷酸的6.9%),有5个位点引起了氨基酸的变异。就每个氨基酸密码子来看,第3位点的A+T含量较高,达90.4%。由NJ树显示,小稻蝗mtDNA 细胞色素b序列不同单倍型之间有一定的分歧,形成不同的簇类关系,其分枝与地理分布没有直接的对应关系,但总体上看,这种簇类关系基本上呈平行分布,没有明显的地域性差别。     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and origin of Chinese domestic yak

In order to clarify the origin and genetic diversity of yak in China, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (approximately 891 bp) in 52 individuals from four domestic yak (Poephagus grunniens) breeds, as well as from a hybrid between yak and cattle (Pianniu). Twenty-five samples were further selected for partial (420 bp) cytochrome b sequencing based on control region sequence information. Two yak samples shared sequences with Chinese cattle (Bos taurus); the remaining yak mtDNAs converged into two major clades in the phylogenetic analysis. Genetic diversity varied substantially among the breeds, with the hybrid Pianniu yak demonstrating the highest diversity. Our results suggest that the Chinese yak was domesticated from two distinct matrilineal sources or from a heterogeneous pool containing both divergent lineages, with occasional gene introgression from cattle.     

Crested gibbon (Hylobates [Nomascus]) identification using noninvasively obtained DNA

The development of captive breeding programs for the crested gibbons (Hylobates [Nomascus]) of Indochina is hindered by the difficulty of sorting individuals into their correct species and subspecies groups. We describe taxon-specific DNA sequence variation in a 252-base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, which can be used to identify individuals of the three taxa of crested gibbon commonly found in Western zoos. These molecular genetic markers can be amplified from plucked hair and will permit the identification of morphologically similar females and crested gibbons of either sex of unknown origin. Noninvasive genotyping of captive animals will facilitate the genetic management of these critically endangered primates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Can limited dispersal or biotic interaction explain the declining abundance of the whelk,Morula marginalba,at the edge of its range?

The southern range limit of the planktotrophic, intertidal whelk, Morula marginalba, occurs immediately to the north of the south‐east Australian biogeographical barrier and we predict that its range may be limited by dispersal and biotic interactions. The barrier includes several hundred kilometers without suitable habitat and is the convergence zone of major ocean currents. Within the barrier region, along‐shore larval transport is expected to be erratic, with water moving offshore to form long‐lived eddies. Through comparison of central and range edge populations, we test for evidence of recruitment limitation and interspecific competition with the whelk, Haustrum vinosum, which occurs sympatrically at the range edge. We found similar levels of recruitment and allozyme genetic variation within centre and edge populations where H. vinosum was absent, implying that populations are strongly interconnected. Nevertheless, recruitment and abundance of M. marginalba were lower at its extreme range limit, where it occurs with H. vinosum. Indeed, we detected significant inverse correlations between the abundance of these species, although their habitat use was similar and they consumed similar prey. These lines of evidence suggest a restricted recruitment across the barrier limits the range of M. marginalba but emphasize that multiple factors may act to set species range limits. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 849–862.     

突尼斯两种麦瘿蚊的遗传变异和相关性分析

小麦黑森瘿蚊Mayetiola destructor Say和大麦茎干瘿蚊M. hordei Kieffer是在突尼斯每年都可导致谷物重大损失的两个植食性姊妹种。通常认为为害小麦的瘿蚊是小麦黑森瘿蚊,但是不同谷类物种（小麦或大麦）与麦瘿蚊的这两个种（ destructor 或 hordei ）之间寄主关系并不很严格。提出有效的害虫管理方案首先要求对瘿蚊基因型进行精确分析。本研究应用随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术,结合交配分析和线粒体DNA分型技术,对位于突尼斯北部的一个为害小麦的麦瘿蚊种群的遗传变异程度和分类关联性进行了评估。基于RAPD结果的系统发育分析表明,所研究的种群具有较大的遗传变异范围,这可能源于被分析的小麦样品有被两种瘿蚊共同侵害的复杂背景。虽然交配分析表明有少数不能成功产卵(2/14),但是基于细胞色素b基因限制性酶切分析显示全部样品的线粒体分型均属M. destructor。本文结果进一步证明以RAPD可变性作为分类推断依据不可靠,还为突尼斯M. destructor和M. hordei属于异域分布的观点提供了补充证据。     

斯氏鼢鼠物种地位有效性的探讨

为了探讨斯氏鼢鼠的物种地位,分别测得了4个斯氏鼢鼠、3个高原鼢鼠、2个秦岭鼢鼠个体的线粒体细胞色素b基因和12SrRNA基因的全序列,结合下载自Gen Bank中的鼢鼠序列,利用MEG A4.0,PH YLIP 3.57c软件包和Mrbayes 3.1.2软件以中华竹鼠做外群分别重建鼢鼠亚科的系统发育关系,并比较了采自3个地区的斯氏鼢鼠、高原鼢鼠和秦岭鼢鼠的头骨形态学特征。分子生物学研究结果支持斯氏鼢鼠的物种地位,且与秦岭鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠的亲缘关系较近。