Relative stability of chlorophyll complexes in vivo

The time course of aerobic photobleaching of various chlorophyll-protein complexes in vivo at high light intensities was studied with isolated Aspidistra elatior chloroplasts.

1. 1. C_a680 bleaching starts with the onset of irradiation and, initially, proceeds linearly with time. Washing the chloroplasts causes a nearly constant increase of the bleaching rate throughout the experiment.

2. 2. C_a670 does not appreciably, if at all, bleach initially; subsequently, bleaching proceeds linearly with time and at a slightly higher rate than that for C_a680. Washing makes C_a670 bleach concomitantly with the onset of illumination, and at a nearly constant rate.

3. 3. Bleaching at 665 nm is likely to start only after a relatively long period of illumination. Washing shows no effects during this period. Once bleaching has started, washing causes its rate to increase.

4. 4. No indication of the occurrence of “short-wave” chlorophyll a forms other than C_a670 and C_a665 was obtained.

5. 5. C_b bleaching starts concomitantly with illumination at a low rate. The rate increases more or less exponentially with time. Washing enhances bleaching in two steps.

6. 6. The importance of the results is discussed.

On two photoreactions in System II of plant photosynthesis

Light-induced absorbance changes of cytochrome b₅₅₉ and C₅₅₀ in chloroplasts indicate that noncyclic electron transport from water to ferredoxin (Fd)-NADP⁺ is carried out solely by System II and includes not one but two photoreactions (IIa and IIb) that proceed effectively only in short-wavelength light. (C₅₅₀ is a new chloroplast component identified by spectral evidence and distinct from cytochromes.) The evidence suggests that the two short-wavelength light reactions operate in series, being joined by a System II chain of electron carriers that includes (but is not limited to) C₅₅₀, cytochrome b₅₅₉, and plastocyanin (PC).

H₂O → IIb_hv → C₅₅₀ → cyt. b₅₅₉ → PC → IIa_hv → Fd → NADP⁺

Photoreaction IIb involves an electron transfer from water to C₅₅₀ that does not require plastocyanin and is the first known System II photoreaction resistant to inhibition by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) and o-phenanthroline. Cytochrome b₅₅₉ is reduced by C₅₅₀ in a reaction that is readily inhibited by DCMU or o-phenanthroline. Thus, the site of DCMU (and o-phenanthroline) inhibition of System II appears to lie between C₅₅₀ and cytochrome b₅₅₉. Photoreaction IIa involves an electron transfer from cytochrome b₅₅₉ and plastocyanin to ferredoxin-NADP⁺.     

Summer monsoon intensity controls C4/C3 plant abundance during the last 35 ka in the Chinese Loess Plateau: Carbon isotope evidence from bulk organic matter and individual leaf waxes

The natural abundance of C₃ and C₄ plants is affected by multiple environmental factors including temperature, moisture balance and atmospheric pCO₂. The relative importance of these factors is a subject of considerable debate, and may vary in different natural ecosystems. Previous studies generally focus on single loess sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau, and conflicting conclusions on C₄/C₃ have been reached when studying carbon isotope ratios in carbonate and organic matter. In this paper we report a comprehensive carbon isotopic characterization of total organic carbon (TOC) and individual higher plant leaf waxes from five loess sequences spanning the last 35 ka from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The five coring sites encompass large gradients of annual mean temperature (9.2–13.9 °C) and precipitation (402–673 mm), allowing us to assess the controlling mechanisms on C₄/C₃ plant ratios. Glacial–interglacial sequences provide carbon isotope data for comparison with other climatic and environmental proxies such as lithology and magnetic susceptibility. Our results demonstrate that increased C₄/C₃ ratios are positively correlated with higher temperature and increased summer rainfall which characterize stronger summer monsoon in all five sites. We conclude C₄ abundance increases from the last glacial to the Holocene in response to greater monsoon activity and that the C₄ expression is suppressed in the cold and drier intervals.     

Bleach boosting and direct brightening by multiple xylanase treatments during peroxide bleaching of kraft pulps

The effects of multiple xylanase treatments were assessed during the peroxide bleaching of three pulps: Douglas-fir (kraft); Western hemlock (oxygen delignified kraft); and trembling Aspen (kraft). The addition of a xylanase treatment stage, either before or after the peroxide bleaching stage(s), resulted in the enhanced brightening of all pulps. A higher brightness was achieved using two enzyme treatments, one before and one after the peroxide stage(s). Both bleach boosting and direct brightening seemed to contribute to the enhancement of the peroxide bleaching. Compared to xylanase prebleaching, xylanase posttreatment of peroxide bleached pulps solubilized less lignin and chromophores and made smaller amounts of these materials alkaline soluble. Nevertheless, the final brightness achieved by xylanase posttreatment was similar or superior to that achieved with xylanase prebleaching of the corresponding unbleached pulps. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 312-318, 1997.     

Prebleaching of kraft pulp with full-length and truncated forms of a thermostable modular xylanase from Rhodothermus marinus

Full-length and truncated forms of a modular thermostable xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8., glycoside hydrolase family 10) were used in bleaching sequences of hardwood and softwood kraft pulps. Enzymatic treatment led to brightness gains of all pulps but the result depended on the pulp source. The presence of the additional domains in the full-length enzyme (including carbohydrate-binding modules) did not improve the bleaching process. No significant change in viscosity was seen after enzyme treatments indicating an unaffected pulp fibre length.     

Kinetic analysis of duodenal and testicular cytochrome P450c17 in the rat

In the adult rat, the duodenal tissue of both sexes can convert progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone. The transition from C₂₁ to C₁₉ steroids is apparently controlled by the same cytochrome P450c17 expressed in the testis, which catalyzes both 17-hydroxylation and C-17,20 bond scission at a single bifunctional active site. The kinetic parameters of this enzyme were measured at the steady state for both reactions using [1,2-³H]progesterone and [1,2-³H]17-hydroxyprogesterone as substrates. In the testis and male and female duodena, the K_m values for progesterone 17-hydroxylation were 14.2, 23.8 and 23.2 nM, whereas the V_max values were 105, 3.5 and 3.1 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. With respect to C-17,20 lyase activity, the K_m values for exogenous 17-hydroxyprogesterone were 525, 675 and 637 nM, whereas the V_max values were 283, 7.8 and 7.8 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. However, when the K_m values were calculated with respect to intermediate 17-hydroxyprogesterone formed from progesterone, they were similar to the K_m values for 17-hydroxylase, being 15, 31.4 and 24.8 nM, whereas the V_max values were 26.3, 2 and 1.8 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. The similarity of K_m values is due to the fact that the relative androgen formation efficiency (bond scission events/total 17-hydroxylation events ratio) was remarkably constant in both testicular and duodenal incubates, irrespective of progesterone concentration. Efficiency values were 2-fold higher in duodenal tissue (0.54) than in testis (0.25). Estradiol-17β inhibited 17-hydroxylation but not bond scission on intermediate 17-hydroxyprogesterone, because it did not affect the efficiency value. Rat duodenal P450c17 has the same substrate affinity, a lower specific activity and a higher androgen formation efficiency than testicular P450c17.     

In Vivo Metabolism of the Vitamin D Analog, 22-Oxacalcitriol: Evidence for Side-chain Truncation and 17-Hydroxylation

After intravenous administration of the vitamin D₃ analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), to normal rats plasma metabolites were investigated by HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Five side-chain oxidation metabolites, 24R(OH)OCT, 24S(OH)OCT, (25R)-26(OH)OCT, (25S)-26(OH)OCT and 24oxoOCT, were identified by comparison with the corresponding synthetic compounds. These side-chain oxidation metabolites were similar to those of calcitriol [1,25(OH)₂ vitamin D₃] described previously. Besides these five metabolites, two unique side-chain cleavage metabolites, 20S(OH)-hexanor-OCT and 17,20S(OH)₂-hexanor-OCT, were identified as main metabolites in plasma by GC-MS and LC-MS using a specific chemical reaction. Our studies suggest that OCT is extensively metabolized and circulates in blood as a number of metabolites as well as unchanged OCT. This metabolism includes both unique pathways of C₂₃-O₂₂ cleavage and 17-hydroxylation, in addition to the side-chain oxidation metabolites similar to those of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃.     

Effect of xylanases on peroxide bleachability of eucalypt (E. globulus) kraft pulp

Industrial eucalypt (E. globulus L.) kraft pulp was treated with two commercial xylanase preparations Ecopulp^® TX-200A and Pulpzyme^® HC (endo-1,4-β-xylanase activity; EC 3.2.1.8) and bleached by totally chlorine-free (TCF) three-stage hydrogen peroxide bleaching sequence, without oxygen pre-delignification. The effect of enzymatic stage on pulp properties and bleachability has been studied and compared with reference (control) pulps, processed without enzyme addition. The similar mode of enzymatic action was noted for both xylanase preparations. Final brightness of 86% ISO was achieved after complete bleaching. Direct bleaching effect caused pulp brightening (by 1.2–1.5% ISO) and delignification (by 7–10%) immediately after the enzymatic stage. The maximal bleach boosting was shown after the first peroxide stage and then diminished, despite the progressive increase in delignification over the control. The loss in efficiency of xylanase treatment by the end of peroxide bleaching was associated with specific behavior of xylan-derived chromophores, i.e., hexenuronic acids.     

The interaction of xylanases with commercial pulps

When purified xylanases from Trichoderma harzianum E58 or from a clone of Bacillus circulans were incubated with various low-yield wood pulps, little of the original enzyme activity could be detected in the filtrate at the end of the reaction. Partial bleaching of the pulps prior to enzymatic treatment generally resulted in an increased recovery of the xylanase activity. It appears that both nonspecific adsorption and soluble inhibitors may be responsible for the loss of much of the xylanase activity. However, xylanases from Aureobasidium pullulans and Schizophyllum commune were not as inhibited by the pulps, and the activity of the latter enzyme actually increased after incubation with several high-yield pulps. Although a lignin preparation from spent sulfite liquor at a concentration of 0.06 mg/mL could inhibit the xylanase activity of T. harzianum and B. circulans by 65% and 50%, respectively, xylanases from Thermoascus aurantiacus, S. commune, and A. pullulans were activated at similar lignin concentrations. At higher concentrations these latter xylanases were also inhibited. Water-soluble lignins extracted from a variety of pulps and used at a lignin concentration of 2.5 mug/mL resulted in inhibition of more than 65% of the original activity of the xylanase from T. harzianum. Kinetic studies showed that lignin from spent sulfite liquor resulted in noncompetitive inhibition of this enzyme.     

Synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic studies of dicyanamide bridged two new 1D copper(II) complexes

Two new dicyanamide bridged 1D polynuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(L¹){μ_1,5-N(CN)₂}]_n (1) [L¹H = C₆H₅C(O)NHNC(CH₃)C₅H₄N] and [Cu(L²){μ_1,5-N(CN)₂}]_n (2) [L²H=C₆H₅C(O)CHC(CH₃)NCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂] have been synthesised and structures of both the complexes and their crystal packing arrangements have been established by X-ray crystallography. For complex 1, a tridentate hydrazone ligand (L¹H) obtained by the condensation of benzhydrazide and 2-acetylpyridine is used, whereas a tridentate Schiff base (L²H) derived from benzoylacetone and 2-dimethylaminoethylamine is employed for the preparation of complex 2. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurement studies indicate there are weak antiferromagnetic interactions with J values −0.10 and −1.41 cm⁻¹ for 1 and 2, respectively.     

INTRASTRIATAL ADMINISTRATION OF AN OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE ANTISENSE TO THE D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTOR mRNA INHIBITS D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR AND D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS IN NORMAL MICE AND IN MICE LESIONED WITH 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE

Previous studies have shown that the intracerebroventricular injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted to the mRNAs encoding the different subtypes of dopamine receptors inhibited behaviors mediated by these receptors. The present studies were designed to determine whether such antisense oligodeoxynucleotides could produce similar effects when injected into a discrete brain area. A D₂ dopamine receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (D₂ antisense) was repeatedly injected into one corpus striatum of either normal mice or mice with unilateral lesions of the striatum induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. In the latter, intrastriatal injection of D₂ antisense blocked the contralateral rotational behavior induced by the parenteral administration of the D₂ dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. The inhibitory effect of D₂ antisense was dose- and time-related and was reversed upon cessation of D₂ antisense treatment. This inhibitory effect was also selective in that D₂ antisense treatment inhibited the rotational behavior induced by quinpirole but not that induced by the D₁ dopamine receptor agonist SKF 38393 or by the muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine. Following repeated intrastriatal injections of D₂ antisense into normal mice, parenteral administration of quinpirole caused rotational behavior ipsilateral to the side in which the D₂ antisense was injected. No such rotational behavior was seen when similarly treated mice were challenged with SKF 38393 or oxotremorine. The quinpirole-induced rotational behavior in mice given intrastriatal injections of D₂ antisense disappeared upon cessation of D₂ antisense treatment. Repeated intrastriatal administration of D₂ antisense also caused a significant reduction in the levels of D₂, but not D₁, dopamine receptors in striatum, as determined by receptor autoradiography. The levels of D₂ dopamine receptors returned to normal upon cessation of D₂ antisense treatment. Intrastriatal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide with randomly placed nucleotides failed to alter the rotational response to quinpirole in either 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned or normal mice and failed to alter the levels of D₂ dopamine receptors in striatum. These results show that selective inhibition of behavioral responses mediated by D₂ dopamine receptors can be achieved by the direct injection of a D₂ antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into a discrete brain area. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd     

微喷带长宽对不同区段麦田水分和小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

2014—2015和2015—2016年小麦生长季,设置微喷带长宽组合处理:带宽65 mm下设置带长60 m (T₁)、80 m (T₂)和100 m (T₃)处理,带宽80 mm下设置带长60 m (T₄)、80 m (T₅)和100 m (T₆)处理,研究不同组合对麦畦各区段(沿微喷带铺设方向分为D₁至D₆)水分和旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明: 拔节期灌溉,带宽65 mm下喷洒均匀系数为T₁>T₂、T₃,带宽80 mm下为T₄、T₅>T₆;开花期灌溉,带宽65 mm下为T₁>T₂>T₃,带宽80 mm下为T₄>T₅>T₆.65 mm带宽下,T₁开花期灌溉后各区段0～40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量,以及花后20和30 d旗叶实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、电子传递效率(ETR)和籽粒产量均无显著差异;T₂为D₁、D₂>D₃>D₄>D₅;T₃为D₁、D₂>D₃>D₄>D₅、D₆.各区段花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR以及成熟期各区段干物质积累量为T₁>T₂、T₃.80 mm带宽下,T₄开花期灌溉后各区段0～40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量,以及花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR和籽粒产量无显著差异,T₅为D₁、D₂、D₃>D₄、D₅;T₆为D₁、D₂、D₃>D₄>D₅>D₆.各区段花后20和30 d旗叶Φ_PSII、NPQ、ETR以及成熟期各区段干物质积累量为T₄、T₅>T₆.籽粒产量和水分利用效率为T₁、T₄、T₅>T₂、T₃、T₆,灌溉效益T₁、T₄优于T₅处理.本试验条件下,带宽65 mm下T₁和带宽80 mm下T₄为节水高产的最优处理,T₅为较优处理.     

林分密度对马尾松林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

林分密度是影响林下植物多样性的重要因子。本研究以马尾松人工林为对象,设置低密度(1575株·hm^-2,D₁)、中密度(2474株·hm^-2,D₂)和高密度(3550株·hm^-2,D₃)3个林分密度,分析林下植物和土壤种子库多样性及二者的关系,为马尾松人工林实现多目标可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 3种林分密度林下草本与灌木植物共有42科62属70种,D₁密度以喜光植物种类分布较多,而D₂、D₃密度以耐阴植物为主;3种林分密度间的草本、灌木的Margalef (M)、Shannon (H)、Simpson (D)、Pielou (J_sw)、Alatalo (Al)指数均随林分密度增加而呈下降趋势,且在草本与灌木层中对密度的响应不同。在草本层中,D₁与D₃的H、D、J_sw、Al指数均存在显著差异;在灌木层中,不同林分密度J_sw和Al指数存在显著差异,H和D指数差异不显著。土壤种子库H、D、J_sw和Al指数均随林分密度增加呈先下降后升高趋势,D₁密度的物种丰富度及多样性最高;不同林分密度下土壤种子库Jaccard与Sorensen相似性系数均较低。草本层M与J_sw指数呈显著正相关;灌木层林分密度与H、D、J_sw、Al指数的相关性大于草本层,而草本、灌木层的林分密度与J_sw指数均呈显著负相关。林分密度1575株·hm^-2是马尾松林下植被生长发育较为合适的密度,能够维持林下植物多样性,有利于马尾松人工林的可持续经营。     

马铃薯Y病毒福建分离物P1基因的分子变异和结构特征

为揭示马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y, PVY)P1基因的分子变异及结构特征, 并查明福建分离物P1基因的变异来源。文章设计一对简并引物从感染PVY的马铃薯病叶扩增、克隆获得福建分离物P1基因的cDNA全长序列, 分析其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的特征, 并采用贝叶斯法重建P1基因的系统发育树。结果显示, 12个福建分离物均成功扩增出预期大小(约915 bp)的特异性片段, P1基因的核苷酸序列与已报道的PVY不同株系的核苷酸序列一致性为73%~99%; QK44、XT02、XT08、LH05分离物的309 nt位置均检测到一个强烈的重组信号。12个PVY分离物中, P1蛋白有85个变异的氨基酸位点, 表明其高度变异; P1蛋白的第41~275位是一个高度保守的结构功能域, 含有3个保守的活性位点(H₁₉₂、D₂₀₁、V₂₃₅); 系统发育分析显示, 福建分离物形聚为3种不同的簇, 其对应的卷曲结构(Coiled-coil domain)和空间结构也不相同, 表明不同株系型的P1基因在系统发育关系上分化较大。该研究结果表明PVY P1基因在核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列以及空间结构具有高度变异性, 但行使P1蛋白功能的活性位点所在的氨基酸(H₁₉₂、D₂₀₁和V₂₃₅)均高度保守; 福建分离物P1基因的变异源主要来自碱基突变和基因重组。     

Metabolism of CO2 by leaves of different photosynthetic types of Neurachne species

Following a series of continuous exposures to ¹⁴CO₂ for different lengths of time, leaves from Neurachne munroi (C₄), N. minor (C₃-C₄) and N. tenuifolia (C₃| were estimated to assimilate 100%, 9% and 2–4%, respectively, of atmospheric CO₂ by the C₄ pathway. The percentage of ¹⁴C-label appearing in malate and aspartate in leaves of N. minor progressively increased with longer exposure times indicating that a significant proportion of its C₄ acids are formed as secondary products. In ¹⁴CO₂/¹²CO₂ pulse/chase experiments, the ¹⁴C-label in leaves of N. munroi was rapidly transferred from C₄ acids to sugar monophosphates plus sugar diphosphates, and finally to sucrose. In leaves of N. minor, the ¹⁴C-label was slowly metabolized from the C-4 carboxyl of malate and asparate (apparent half-time = 250 s), and the formation of C₄ acids as secondary products was again evident. ¹⁴C-label in serine/glycine accumulated to comparable magnitudes in both N. minor and in N. tenuifolia, but there was an initial lag phase in the accumulation of label in N. minor. C₄ photosynthesis is apparently of minimal importance in reducing photorespiration in N. minor, but leaf anatomical specializations and a possible compartmentation of photorespiratory metabolism may be of considerable importance.     

宽幅播种下基本苗密度对小麦旗叶光合特性及叶片和根系衰老的影响

为明确宽幅精播条件下小麦高产高效的适宜基本苗密度,于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在山东兖州大田试验条件下设置4种基本苗密度处理:90×10⁴株·hm^-2(D₁)、180×10⁴株·hm^-2(D₂)、270×10⁴株·hm^-2(山东高产田常用基本苗密度,D₃)、360×10⁴株·hm^-2(D₄),研究基本苗密度对小麦光合特性、衰老特性以及籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 与D₁、D₄处理相比,D₂处理显著改善了灌浆期间小麦旗叶光合特性,提高了旗叶和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性蛋白质含量,降低了旗叶和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量,延缓了旗叶和根系衰老;与D₁、D₃、D₄处理相比,D₂处理显著提高了0~40 cm土层小麦根长、根表面积和根体积。2018—2019年和2019—2020年,与D₁、D₃、D₄处理相比,D₂处理的籽粒产量分别提高11.8%、2.5%、6.4%和22.7%、5.7%、17.1%,水分利用效率分别提高9.2%、8.8%、14.2%和21.1%、6.2%、21.5%。综上,基本苗密度为180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2的D₂处理通过提高小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性,改善小麦根系形态,延缓了植株衰老,籽粒产量和水分利用效率最高,是山东宽幅播种高产麦田的最优处理。     

C3和C4植物光合途径的适应性变化和进化

高等植物大多为C₃植物, C₄植物和景天酸代谢(Crassulacean acid metabolism, CAM)植物是由C₃植物进化而来的。C₄途径的多源进化表明, 光合途径由C₃途径向C₄途径的转变相对简单。该文分析研究了植物光合途径的进化前景, 指出C₄植物是从C₃植物进化而来的高光效种类, 且地质时期以来降低的大气CO₂浓度和升高的大气温度以及干旱和盐渍化是C₄途径进化的外部动力。C₃植物的C₄途径的发现说明植物的光合途径并非是一成不变的, C₃和C₄植物的光合特征具有极大的可塑性, 某些环境的变化会引起植物光合途径在C₃和C₄途径之间转变。C₃植物具有的C₄途径是环境调控的产物, 是对逆境的适应性进化结果, 因而光合途径的转变也适用于干旱地区植被的适应性生存机理研究。该文还利用国外最新的C₄光合进化模型介绍了植物在进化C₄途径中所经历的7个重要时期(从分子基础到形态基础、结构基础, 再到物质代谢水平、光合酶活水平, 直到C₃和C₄途径协调运转时期, 最后达到形态与功能最优化阶段), 并结合全球气候变化的特点对国内外相关领域的研究进行了分析, 总结了植物光合途径的适应性转变和进化的研究成果, 为今后的相关工作提出建议。     

减量施氮及施肥距离对玉米/大豆套作系统增产节肥的影响

通过田间试验研究了3种施氮水平(RN₁:210 kg N·hm^-2;RN₂:270 kg N·hm^-2;CN:330 kg N·hm^-2)与4个施肥距离(与窄行玉米距离, D₁:0 cm、D₂:15 cm、D₃:30 cm、D₄:45 cm)对玉米/大豆套作系统增产节肥的影响.结果表明: 与CN相比,RN₂下玉米花后的干物质积累量、转移量及对籽粒的贡献率提高1.4%、23.0%、16.0%,玉米穗粒数与单株产量增加1.6%和4.9%;大豆花前的物质积累量、转移量及对籽粒贡献率提高2.1%、37.9%、26.9%,单株粒数与籽粒产量均增加7.3%;RN₂下玉米/大豆套作系统的作物氮素吸收量与氮肥利用率比CN提高5.0%、44.4%,玉米的土壤总氮含量提高4.1%,大豆的则降低0.8%.各施肥距离间,以D₂处理效果较好;RN₂下,D₂的玉米花后(大豆花前)干物质积累对籽粒贡献率、玉米穗粒数(大豆单株粒数)分别比D₁提高57.2%、9.4%,大豆的则比D₄提高335.2%、2.4%;D₂的玉米/大豆套作系统氮素吸收量及氮肥利用率分别比D₁提高15.1%和112.4%,比D₄提高21.4%和66.3%;玉米土壤总氮含量D₂比D₁提高6.6%,大豆土壤总氮含量D₂比D₄提高16.0%.合理的减量施氮和施肥距离有利于玉米/大豆套作系统下作物干物质向籽粒转运,提高作物的单株粒数、百粒重和产量,促进作物氮素吸收与氮肥高效利用,达到节肥增产的目的.     

Characterization of monoglucuronides of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in rat bile using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The characterization of vitamin D₂ 3-glucuronide, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ 3-glucuronide and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ 25-glucuronide, biliary metabolites obtained from rats dosed with vitamin D₂ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ per os, was carried out using HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. The glucuronide obtained from bile specimens was identified by comparison of its chromatographic behaviour with an authentic sample using HPLC—APCI-MS operating in the negative-ion mode. Methylation of the respective fraction with diazomethane gave the methyl ester, which was also confirmed by HPLC—APCI-MS operating in the positive-ion mode. The (M-M)⁻ and (M+NH₄)⁺ ions were monitored in the selected-ion monitoring mode.