波温苏铁(Bowenia spectabilis)营养器官的解剖结构研究

报道了波温苏铁Bowenia spectabilis Hook.ex Hook. f）根、茎、叶的解剖结构.根的初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱三部分组成,为二原型木质部.茎具大量薄壁组织,薄壁细胞富含淀粉粒,维管束为外韧并生.叶柄中含有5-8束维管束,呈弧形排列.羽片叶角质层厚,有小叶脉产生,气孔主要分布在下表皮.根、茎、叶木质部中的管胞主要是螺纹和孔纹管胞,有少量纤维分化;茎中管胞的侧壁呈现凹凸不平,部分管胞具有分枝或分叉现象.     

菖蒲营养器官的解剖结构特征及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片法和组织离析法观察湿地植物菖蒲Acorus calamus营养器官的解剖结构特征,并探讨与菖蒲生态适应性的关系。结果表明,菖蒲根状茎具有不定根,不定根的表皮由一层细胞组成,排列紧密;皮层由多层薄壁细胞组成,薄壁细胞破裂形成多数的通气道;内皮层存在细胞壁马蹄形加厚的凯氏带,维管柱具5原型初生木质部,具4~10个大型导管,形成发达的通气组织。根状茎外层表皮细胞类方形,外壁增厚;基本组织近表皮有厚壁细胞团,皮层薄壁细胞呈链状排列,中间有较大的通气组织,内皮层形成凯氏带,有大量导管附着在凯氏带周围;维管束散生于基本组织,中柱维管束为周木型。根状茎部分区域存在与内生菌共生形成的结瘤。叶是等面叶,叶肉组织薄壁细胞破裂形成大的通气组织,叶脉具有限外韧维管束,中间有一较大的导管。菖蒲的解剖结构特点与其湿地生长环境相适应,根状茎存在结瘤状内共生菌,具有净化污水作用,不定根发达适于分株繁殖。     

甘草根和根状茎的发育解剖学研究

甘草（ＧｌｙｃｙｒｒｈｉｚａｕｒａｌｅｎｓｉｓＦｉｓｃｈ）实生苗具直根系。其根端原分生组织具三层原始细胞,外层产生表皮和根冠,中层和内层分别产生皮层和中柱。根的初生木质部四原型,由中柱鞘细胞产生第一次周皮。成长根中央的初生木质部由于导管周围薄壁细胞的增殖而被分割成几部分,使导管分子星散分布于薄壁细胞间。实生苗生长到第三年春由于叶节处的更新芽萌发形成最初的根状茎,根状茎顶端的原分生组织由两层原套细胞和一团原体细胞组成。初生结构的分化开始于皮层和髓两部分基本分生组织,而原形成层早期在根状茎横切面上呈连续的分生组织环。以后在环内逐渐分化出原形成层束,由它分化出初生锥管束,根状茎第一次周皮产生于初生韧皮部外方的第五或第六层皮层细胞。     

中华水韭根叶发育的解剖观察

中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis Palmer)为国家一级保护野生植物,被评价为极度濒危级(CR),仅分布在长江中下游,对环境污染敏感。本文以其人工苗为材料,用石蜡切片法,连续观察了根和叶的发育特征:叶原基横切面呈端部渐圆的三角形,由表皮原、皮层原和中柱原三部分组成;维管束中央首先出现的一个原生管胞,与其近轴面两侧后出现的两个后生管胞共同组成倒“V”字型的外始式初生木质部;成熟叶分化出表皮与皮层,表皮细胞间有嵌合,皮层部分细胞裂解成彼此不相通的4个通气道。根横切面呈圆形,成熟区分化出表皮、皮层(外皮层、中皮层、内皮层)和维管束三部分,中皮层部分细胞裂解呈一个完整的筒状通气道并与外皮层无连接,由内皮层包围的维管束横切面呈三角形。讨论了根和叶的形态结构、功能及系统学意义。     

乌拉尔甘草根与根状茎发育解剖学研究

应用常规石蜡切片方法,对乌拉尔甘草根和根状茎的结构及其发育进程进行研究.结果显示:(1)乌拉尔甘草根的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原分生组织由3层原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织细胞的特征;初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成;初生结构包括表皮、皮层和中柱,初生木质部为4原型,偶见3原型,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;次生生长依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层活动完成,维管形成层源于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞,而木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞脱分化产生;次生结构由次生维管组织和周皮共同组成,根中央不具髓.(2)根状茎发育过程与地上茎类似,包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原生分生组织由原套和原体组成,其衍生细胞分化成由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成的初生分生组织;初生结构包括表皮、皮层、外韧维管束、髓和髓射线,维管束呈环形排列;位于维管束中的原形成层细胞恢复活动产生次生木质部和次生韧皮部,束间形成层产生射线细胞;靠近维管束内侧的皮层薄壁组织细胞脱分化产生木栓形成层,以后形成周皮.周皮、次生维管束、射线和髓共同构成根状茎的次生结构.     

桃儿七营养器官解剖结构的地理差异

运用植物解剖学技术对云南、四川、甘肃和宁夏等6个居群桃儿七(Sinopodophyllum emodi)营养器官的结构进行了比较研究.结果显示,(1)桃儿七为多年生草本,根状茎发达,其次生结构包括周皮、皮层和维管组织三部分.(2)各居群间的差异主要表现在木栓层厚度、维管束个数和大小、导管分布格局以及淀粉粒的分布位置.其中:根初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱构成,各居群间的差异主要表现在皮层厚度、初生木质部类型以及淀粉粒的分布位置;茎由表皮、皮层和维管柱构成,维管束均为外韧型维管束,仅具束中形成层,髓维管束与正常维管束之间形成腔隙,差异主要表现在基本组织厚度、维管束数量及大小.(4)桃儿七叶片构造类似于一般双子叶植物,由表皮、叶肉、叶脉三部分构成,下表皮气孔较多且孔下室发达,差异主要表现在叶片厚度等方面.研究表明,桃儿七营养器官的结构既表现出一定的耐旱性,又与阴生环境相适应,各居群的结构特点与其分布区生态环境密切相关.     

无距虾脊兰营养器官解剖结构及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片法对无距虾脊兰（Calanthe tsoongiana T.Tang et F.T.Wang）营养器官解剖结构进行研究。结果显示,无距虾脊兰叶为等面叶,与一般植物相比,表皮毛和气孔器较少,均分布在下表皮,气孔器稍外凸,叶片维管束分化程度不一,木质部厚度远大于韧皮部。假鳞茎由表皮、基本组织和维管束组成,基本组织发达,含有丰富的内含物。维管束散生于基本组织中;根主要由根被、皮层和中柱组成,根被通常可见4层,皮层由8~10层薄壁细胞组成,菌丝体通过破坏根被细胞侵入皮层。除正对木质部脊的中柱鞘细胞外,其余中柱鞘通道细胞全面增厚,维管束类型为辐射维管束,中柱中央为薄壁细胞组成的髓。无距虾脊兰营养器官的解剖特征表现出阴生植物的特点,引种栽培过程中应注意适当遮荫和通风。     

无距虾脊兰营养器官解剖结构及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片法对无距虾脊兰(Calanthe tsoongiana T.TangetF.T.Wang)营养器官解剖结构进行研究。结果显示,无距虾脊兰叶为等面叶,与一般植物相比,表皮毛和气孔器较少,均分布在下表皮,气孔器稍外凸,叶片维管束分化程度不一,木质部厚度远大于韧皮部。假鳞茎由表皮、基本组织和维管束组成,基本组织发达,含有丰富的内含物。维管束散生于基本组织中;根主要由根被、皮层和中柱组成,根被通常可见4层,皮层由8~10层薄壁细胞组成,菌丝体通过破坏根被细胞侵入皮层。除正对木质部脊的中柱鞘细胞外,其余中柱鞘通道细胞全面增厚,维管束类型为辐射维管束,中柱中央为薄壁细胞组成的髓。无距虾脊兰营养器官的解剖特征表现出阴生植物的特点,引种栽培过程中应注意适当遮荫和通风。     

薯蓣属根状茎的组织结构和萆薢类药材鉴别

应用显微镜观察了中国薯蓣属根状茎组17种1亚种1变种根状茎组织结构。结果显示,(1)根状茎均由周皮、内外侧基本组织和散生维管束组成;(2)木栓层外方常见被挤压或残留的基本组织薄壁细胞,并有木化厚壁细胞及石细胞;外侧基本组织含有散生或稀疏排列成环的粘液细胞(含草酸钙针晶束);内侧基本组织占广大部位,薄壁细胞愈近中央部位的愈大,维管束绝大部分外韧型,无形成层;(3)木质部有大型管胞或导管,管壁孔纹或网纹增厚,大形筛管易见,导管多短节状,显示了演化上的原始性;淀粉粒形态结构多样。结果表明,薯蓣属根状茎组织结构特点可作为分类依据,并显示了该组为一个自然类群。其中,药材粉萆薢(粉背薯蓣、叉蕊薯蓣)、绵萆薢(绵萆薢、福州薯蓣)的原植物根茎组织结构具有明显的鉴别意义。     

铁筷子(毛茛科)营养器官的结构及其系统学意义

应用解剖学方法,对铁筷子(Helleborus thibetanusFranch.)(毛茛科)营养器官的结构进行了研究。结果表明,铁筷子根的初生结构观察到三原型、四原型和六原型。营养器官中的维管束在横切面上木质部中的导管分子不呈“V”字形排列;根状茎的次生结构由外向内为表皮、皮层和维管柱,髓射线发达。茎的初生结构中多个维管束排列成环状,维管束鞘分化不明显,节部为单隙三迹,叶迹分别来自于3条维管束或同一条维管束。叶为两面叶,表皮细胞不规则;气孔器只分布于下表皮,为毛茛科典型的无规则型气孔。从铁筷子营养器官的解剖学特点来看,与毛茛科其它植物基本相同,但在营养器官中维管束木质部不呈“V”字形、维管束鞘分化不明显、节部具单叶隙等特征上与其它毛茛科植物不同。     

THE ROOT APEX OF LINUM

Several developmental stages of primary roots of 13 species of Linum were studied. The basic pattern of root apex organization in three species consisted of a single tier of cortical initials. Ten species had a basic pattern of two tiers of cortical initials. Variations, manifested by either an increase or a decrease in the tiers of cortical initials, were observed in some roots in those species that had a basic pattern of two tiers of cortical initials. Although these variations were interpreted as being ontogenetic, there was no total reorganization of the root apex. There was anatomical and cytological evidence that a quiescent center is established in Linum roots.     

THE ROOT APEX OF MALVA SYLVESTRIS. III. LATERAL ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND THE QUIESCENT CENTER

Both histological and autoradiographic procedures were used to follow lateral root initiation and development. Lateral roots of M. sylvestris were initiated in the pericycle, and although the endodermis became multiseriate, endodermal derivatives were not incorporated into the lateral root primordium. Apical organization of pre-emergent roots, characterized by two tiers of cortical initials, did not change with growth. During pre-emergent development there was no evidence of cortical lysogeny or quiescent center formation. Quiescent centers were present in both secondary and tertiary roots longer than 0.5 cm.     

THE BIOLOGY OF LETTUCE ROOT APHID

Lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius L., is a pest which sometimes causes considerable and widespread damage to crops of summer lettuce.
Its favourite primary host is Lombardy poplar. On hatching in spring, from eggs that have overwintered on this host, the fundatrices cause the development of hollow, flask-shaped galls on the leaf petioles. A fundatrix becomes enclosed within a gall, where it matures, and gives rise to between 100 and 250 young. These fundatrigeniae are all potential alatae and on developing wings leave the gall and migrate to lettuce and other secondary hosts; they reproduce rapidly.
Lettuce sown between mid-April and the end of May is most severely attacked, while lettuce sown in July escapes attack. The alternative secondary hosts belong to the Compositae, subfam. Liguliflorae, and although lettuce is preferred by the fundatrigeniae, Lapsana communis L. and Sonchus asper (L.) Hill often have big colonies of Pemphigus bursarius on their roots. The size of the mature apterae varies between hosts and is largest on lettuce and Sonchus asper.
All winged alienicolae are sexuparae and fly back to poplar. Thus alternative secondary hosts are not reservoirs for lettuce-infesting alatae.
The sexuparae begin appearing on lettuce from about the last week in August. They generally come up to the soil surface and settle around the 'collar' of the host plant, to mature and develop wings. Having flown back to the primary host, the sexuparae seek out crevices in the bark where they produce arostrate sexuales. The ovipara contains one egg, and after mating she crawls as far into the bark crevice as possible and oviposits.     

CHANGES IN THE RESPONSE OF CARROT ROOT CALLUSES TO THE ROOT EXTRACT OCCURRING DURING THEIR SUCCESSIVE CULTURES

1. Alcohol extract of carrot root promoted the growth of the carrotroot callus which had been succesively cultured for more than18 months (CCL) on the medium containing WHITE'S inorganic salts,sucrose, yeast extract and 2, 4-D, but only a weak promotionwas observed for the growth of the carrot root callus whichhad been cultured for less than 14 months (CCS).
2. The activesubstances were fractionated by Amberlite IR-120and AmberliteIRA-400 into four fractions; C, D, E, and F. Eachfraction seemedto act synergistically to produce the effectof the whole carrotroot extract on the growth of CCL.
3. Fraction F of the carrotroot extract, which was adsorbed byAmberlite IRA-400 but notby Amberlite IR-120, promoted thegrowth of CCL in the presenceof other fractions, but had noeffect on the growth of CCS.So the different responses to thealcohol extract of the carrotroot calluses having differentlengths of successive cultureperiod seemed to depend mainlyon the ability of respondingto fraction F.
4. Using four strains of carrot root callusesof different origin,it was ascertained that different responsesof carrot root callusesto fraction F depended on the lengthof their culture and noton their strain-specific characters.
5. The substances active for the growth of CCL in the carrotrootextract passed through a dialysis membrane. These substanceswere little affected by autoclaving and remained in the aqueouslayer when shaken with several organic solvents: n-butanol,ethyl acetate, chloroform, benzene, ethyl ether and carbon tetrachloride.
6. Alcohol extract of carrot root also promoted the growth ofcarrotroot explant, tobacco stem callus and sunflower crowngall tissue.

(Received December 24, 1964; )