云南bo人源流的父系和母系遗传研究

对云南人32份男性DNA样本进行Y染色体单倍型以及mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA)单倍型分析,结果发现云南人的父系和母系遗传组分都表现出典型的南方人群的遗传特征。由人的数据结合已经发表的东亚人群的Y染色体和mtDNA单倍型(haplotype)数据进行MultidimensionalScaling(MDS)分析,结果表明,在MDS分布图中人群体的Y染色体单倍型和mtDNA单倍型都与南方人群聚在一起。这一结果支持人的遗传族源为东亚南方人群后裔,与考古学的推论相一致。结合历史和考古学证据来探讨人的起源和史前迁移,为揭开“人悬棺”这种独特的考古文化的起源和史前传播提供遗传学的研究证据。     

Between Andes and Amazon: The genetic profile of the Arawak‐speaking Yanesha

The Yanesha are a Peruvian population who inhabit an environment transitional between the Andes and Amazonia. They present cultural traits characteristic of both regions, including in the language they speak: Yanesha belongs to the Arawak language family (which very likely originated in the Amazon/Orinoco lowlands), but has been strongly influenced by Quechua, the most widespread language family of the Andes. Given their location and cultural make‐up, the Yanesha make for an ideal case study for investigating language and population dynamics across the Andes‐Amazonia divide. In this study, we analyze data from high and mid‐altitude Yanesha villages, both Y chromosome (17 STRs and 16 SNPs diagnostic for assigning haplogroups) and mtDNA data (control region sequences and 3 SNPs and one INDEL diagnostic for assigning haplogroups). We uncover sex‐biased genetic trends that probably arose in different stages: first, a male‐biased gene flow from Andean regions, genetically consistent with highland Quechua‐speakers and probably dating back to Inca expansion; and second, traces of European contact consistent with Y chromosome lineages from Italy and Tyrol, in line with historically documented migrations. Most research in the history, archaeology and linguistics of South America has long been characterized by perceptions of a sharp divide between the Andes and Amazonia; our results serve as a clear case‐study confirming demographic flows across that ‘divide’. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:600–609, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American journal of physical Anthropology published by Wiley Periodocals, Inc.     

Vegetation formations and associations of the zonobiomes along the North American Pacific coast: from northern California to Alaska

This phytosociological study, carried out according to the Braun–Blanquet method and supported by cluster analysis, describes Walter's zonobiomes along the North American Pacific coast between the California–Oregon state border and Alaska (USA), including some interior zones of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory (Canada). Twenty two floristic associations are identified and each is characterized by a unique floristic combination, a distinctive geographical range and particular bioclimatic or edaphic conditions.     

The Uptake of Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes by Means of Glycated Hemoglobin versus the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test among 18 to 60-Year-Old People of South Asian Origin: A Comparative Study

Background

Direct comparisons of the effect of a glycated haemoglobin measurement or an oral glucose tolerance test on the uptake and yield of screening in people of South Asian origin have not been made. We evaluated this in 18 to 60-year-old South Asian Surinamese.

Materials and Methods

We invited 3173 South Asian Surinamese for an oral glucose tolerance test between June 18^th 2009- December 31^st 2009 and 2012 for a glycated hemoglobin measurement between April 19^th 2010-November 11^th, 2010. Participants were selected from 48 general practices in The Hague, The Netherlands. We used mixed models regression to analyse differences in response and participation between the groups. We described differences in characteristics of participants and calculated the yield as the percentage of all cases identified, if all invitees had been offered screening with the specified method.

Results

The response and participation in the glycated hemoglobin group was higher than in the group offered an oral glucose tolerance test (participation 23.9 vs. 19.3; OR: 1.30, 95%-confidence interval1.01–1.69). After adjustment for age and sex, characteristics of participants were similar for both groups. Overall, glycated hemoglobin identified a similar percentage of type 2 diabetes cases but a higher percentage of prediabetes cases, in the population than the oral glucose tolerance test.

Conclusion

We found that glycated hemoglobin and the oral glucose tolerance test may be equally efficient for identification of type 2 diabetes in populations of South Asian origin. However, for programs aimed at identifying people at high risk of type 2 diabetes (i.e. with prediabetes), the oral glucose tolerance test may be a less efficient choice than glycated hemoglobin.     

Suppressors, Screens, and Genes: An Educational Primer for Use with "A Network of Genes Antagonistic to the LIN-35 Retinoblastoma Protein of Caenorhabditis elegans"

An article by Polley and Fay in this issue of GENETICS provides an excellent opportunity to introduce or reinforce concepts of reverse genetics and RNA interference, suppressor screens, synthetic phenotypes, and phenocopy. Necessary background, explanations of these concepts, and a sample approach to classroom use of the original article, including discussion questions, are provided.     

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels into antibody-containing agarose: an improved method for evaluation of the number of immunochemical determinants in polypeptides, with reference to spectrin.

A simple method is described for performing crossed immunoelectrophoresis into antibody-containing agarose when the first-dimension gel contains peptides separated by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Artifacts produced by sodium dodecyl sulfate are avoided by incorporation of Triton X-100 in the agarose layer. Peptides are located by prestaining (before SDS-acrylamide electrophoresis) with the cycloheptylamylose complex of fluorescamine. Injection of ink into prestained peptide bands produces a line extending from the peptide band location to its precipitin arc, thereby allowing unambiguous assignment of arcs to peptides in situations where peptide bands are not widely separated. The utility of this procedure is illustrated for the erythrocyte membrane protein spectrin.     

Analysis of double-helix motions with spin-labeled probes: binding geometry and the limit of torsional elasticity

The e.p.r.⁵ spectra of a family of spin-labeled probes non-covalently bound to DNA have been measured as functions of helix orientation, packing density and temperature. The spectra are interpreted in terms of the geometrical relations between the helix axis and the orbital containing the unpaired electron and in terms of the motions of the helix. Torsional and flexural motions can be distinguished.Spectra from well-ordered helices have been obtained using fully hydrated DNA fibers that are in thermodynamic equilibrium with unbound probe in dilute salt solution. The binding equilibria are similar to the equilibria in dilute DNA solution. The spatial relations between the spin label and the helix, inferred from the spectra, correspond closely to the structure expected on the basis of intercalation perpendicular to the helix axis and a sterically hindered amide bond between the spin label and the intercalating moiety of the probe. Viscometric measurements with one probe also indicate intercalation.Linear e.p.r. spectra of solutions, randomly condensed DNA, and fibers show substantial torsional motion but no detectable flexure on the linear e.p.r. time scale (> 300 ns). The correlation time of a propidium-based probe is much longer than that of aminoacridine intercalators. The probes with short correlation times are considered to be too weakly coupled to the adjacent base-pairs to be reliable indicators of DNA dynamics. For the propidium probe the correlation time, 30 nanoseconds, and its temperature dependence are compared with the properties expected according to four models: tight rotational coupling along the entire length of the helix; swivels at fixed intervals; a two-state exchange; and elastic rotational coupling between adjacent nucleotide pairs. In terms of the fourth model, the results suggest that each nucleotide pair undergoes random oscillation with an r.m.s. amplitude of not more than 4 ° to 5 ° at room temperature. That value agrees with estimates made in other ways.     

The reduction of trimethylarsine oxide to trimethylarsine by thiols: a mechanistic model for the biological reduction of arsenicals

Trimethylarsine oxide is reduced to trimethylarsine in aqueous solution by a variety of thiols and dithiols including cysteine, glutathione, and lipoic acid. Kinetic results and other observations suggest that the rate-determining step is the production of [Me₃AsSR]⁺ from an initially formed Me₃As(SR)OH species, and that the reduction occurs via a two-electron transfer from Me₃As(SR)₂ affording Me₃As and RS-SR. A simple model for the biological methylation of arsenic is proposed based on oxidative methylation of arsenic(III) by S-adenosylmethionine and reduction by a thiol such as lipoic acid.     

Immunochemical studies on blood groups: The internal structure and immunological properties of water-soluble human blood group A substance studied by Smith degradation,liberation, and fractionation of oligosaccharides and reaction with lectins

Carbohydrate structures in the interior of a blood group A active substance (MSS) were exposed by one and by two Smith degradations. Reactivities of the original glycoprotein and its Smith degraded products with 13 different lectins and with anti-I Ma were studied by quantitative precipitin assay. MSS and its first Smith degraded product completely precipitated Ricinus communis hemagglutinin with five times less of the first Smith degraded glycoprotein being required for 50% precipitation. The second Smith degraded material precipitated only 90% of the lectin. MSS did not precipitate peanut lectin, whereas its first and second Smith degraded products completely precipitated the lectin. The first Smith degraded glycoprotein also reacted well with Wistaria floribunda, Maclura pomifera, Bauhinia purpurea alba, and Geodia lectins indicating that its carbohydrate moiety could contain dGalNAc, dGalβ1 → 3dGalNAc, dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAc, dGalβ1 → 3dGlcNAcβ1 → 3dGal and/or dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAcβ1 → 6dGal and/or dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAcβ1 → 6dGalNAc determinants at nonreducing ends. The second Smith degraded material precipitated well with Ricinus communis hemagglutinin, Arachis hypogaea, Geodia cydonium, Maclura pomifera, and Helix pomatia lectins showing that dGalNAc, dGalβ1 → 3dGalNAc, dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAc residues at terminal nonreducing ends could be involved. Monoclonal anti-I Ma (group 1) serum reacted strongly with the first Smith degraded product indicating large numbers of anti-I Ma determinants, dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAcβ1 → d 6dGal and/or dGalβ1 → 4dGlcNAcβ1 → 6dGalNAc at nonreducing ends. The comparable activities of the native and Smith degraded products with wheat germ lectin indicate capacity to react with DGlcNAc residues at nonreducing ends and/or at positions in the interior of the chain. The totality of lectin reactivities indicates heterogeneity of the carbohydrate side chains. Oligosaccharides with ³H at their reducing ends released from the protein core of the first and second Smith degraded products were obtained by treatment with 0.05 m NaOH and 1 M NaB³H₄ at 50 °C for 16 h (Carlson degradation). The liberated reduced oligosaccharides were fractionated by dialysis, followed by retardion, Bio-Gel P-2, P-4, and P-6 columns. They were further purified on charcoal-celite columns, and by preparative paper chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their distribution by size was estimated by the yields on dialysis, Bio-Gel P-2, and Bio-Gel P-6 chromatography, and from the radioactivity of the reduced sugars. Of the oligosaccharide fractions from the first Smith degraded product, about 77% of the carbohydrate side chain residues contained from 1 to 6 sugars, 13% from 7 to perhaps 12 sugars, and 10% was nondialyzable (polysaccharides and glycopeptide fragments). Of the second Smith degraded product, approximately 82% of carbohydrate residues had from 1 to 6 sugars, 14% from 7 to perhaps 20 sugars and 4% was nondialyzable. The biological activity profile of the two Smith degraded products together with the size distributions of the oligosaccharides indicated that their carbohydrate side chains, comprised a heterogeneous population ranging in size from 1 to about 12 sugars. When most of these chains that are shorter than hexasaccharides are fully characterized it may be possible to reconstruct the overall structure of the carbohydrate moiety of the blood group substances and account for their biological activities.     

The copper-enzyme dopamine beta-monooxygenase: studies on the ability of several metals to inhibit the enzyme activity and to replace the copper

The ability of several metals to inhibit dopamine beta-monooxygenase was measured and compared with their ability to compete with the binding of 64Cu to the water-soluble form of the bovine adrenal enzyme at pH 6.0. In the presence of an optimal concentration of copper (0.5 microM in the present assay system), an inhibition was observed upon addition of Hg(II), Zn(II), or Ni(II). Only a small fraction of the inhibition with these metals may be due to uncoupling of electron transport from hydroxylation. Preincubation of these metals with the Cu-depleted apoenzyme before addition of copper, revealed a stronger inhibition than if copper was added before the other metals. Hg(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) also compete with the binding of 64Cu(II) to the protein. Hg(II) was the most effective and Ni(II) the least effective of these metals, both with respect to inhibition of the enzyme activity and to prevent the binding of 64Cu(II). Competition experiments on the binding of Zn(II) and 64Cu in the presence and absence of ascorbate, indicated i) a similar affinity of Cu(I) and Cu(II) to the native enzyme, and ii) a more rapid binding of Cu(I) than Cu(II) to the Cu-depleted and Zn-containing enzyme. Al(III), Fe(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) neither inhibited the enzyme activity nor competed with the binding of 64Cu(II) to the protein (Fe(II) was not tested for binding). Of those metals cited above only Cu(II)/Cu(I) was able to reactivate the apoenzyme.     

The Critical Review Process According to ISO 14040-43: An Analysis of the Standards and Experiences Gained in their Application (5 pp)

Background The critical review is an important, though not always well understood and correctly applied element of Life Cycle Assessment studies. It is the intention of this paper to analyse the relevant standards and to present personal experiences in conducting critical reviews.Results and Discussion A peer review for LCA-studies was first proposed in the SETAC guidelines ‘A Code of Practice’ (1993). The ISO standard 14040 (1997) describes three types of ‘Critical review’ which are optional in general, but mandatory ‘for LCA studies used to make a comparative assertion that is disclosed to the public’. For this purpose, the most comprehensive form according to section 7.3.3, the panel method, has to be (‘shall’ in ISO terminology) be used. From personal experience, this method is found to be the most frequently performed in practice (60%), the average panel size being three experts. Large panels with more than 4 experts are rare.Recommendation Personal experience leads to supporting the recommendation by SETAC of the accompanying or ‘interactive’ critical review, which should be preferred, over the review ‘a posteriori’, which offers considerable risks in regards to the duration and costs of an LCA study. ISO 14040, on the other hand, does not recommend one or the other way of performing the critical review.     

Systematic review of a new orb‐weaving spider genus (Araneae: Araneidae), with special reference to the Australasian‐Pacific and South‐East Asian fauna

The Australasian‐Pacific and South‐East Asian species of the new orb‐weaving spider genus Plebs with Plebs eburnus (Keyserling, 1886) as type species are revised. Following this study, Plebs includes a total of 22 species of which seven are here described new. Seven species are found in Australia, two in the Pacific region (New Caledonia, Vanuatu), and two in South‐East Asia (Papua New Guinea, The Philippines). Eleven Asian species are transferred to the new genus. Plebs represent comparatively small orb‐weaving spiders of c. 1.2–15.0 mm body length with a slightly elongated abdomen and humeral (shoulder) humps. Males of most species have two to three stout setae on the ventral side of their fourth coxae. Male pedipalps are characterized by the presence of a single macroseta on the patella, the presence of a paramedian apophysis as basal extension of the conductor, and an apical tegular protrusion. The female epigyne has a scape that is generally much longer than wide. It does not have a terminal pocket and is frequently broken off in a number of species. A phylogenetic analysis of 15 species of Plebs (those for which both sexes are known), 13 Australian/Pacific orb‐weaving spider species representing the most commonly collected clades with paramedian apophysis, three species of Nearctic Eriophora Simon, 1864, and Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1758, as outgroup, identified a single synapomorphy of Plebs based on 35 morphological and three behavioural characters: a distinct, inverted U‐shaped light pattern on the ventral side of the abdomen with two additional white spots anterolateral to the spinnerets. This analysis recovered a monophyletic clade of all Asian Plebs, suggesting a single colonization event of the genus that putatively originated in Australia. Most Plebs species appear to be active during the day. They build a regular orb‐web with vertical stabilimentum in grass and low shrubs. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 166 , 279–341.     

The evolutionary origin of proinsulin: Amino acid sequence homology with the trypsin-related serine proteases detected and evaluated by new statistical methods

Proinsulins and pancreatic serine proteases were analyzed for possible amino acid sequence similarity, using an adapted version of the nucleotide sequence alignment technique of Sankoff (1972). The technique allowed us to determine simultaneously the statistical significance of both the sequence alignment and the number of gaps necessary to achieve that alignment. In the course of this work, it was realized that a rigorous analysis required non-parametric statistics.For the B-chain (amino-terminal) of insulin a highly significant gap-free sequence alignment with the serine proteases was found. For the A-chain (carboxy-terminal) of insulin a sequence alignment of modest statistical significance with two gaps could be obtained, while the search for a corresponding alignment for the C-peptide remained unsuccessful. Presumably the rapid evolution of the C-peptide has obscured its origin. Reconstruction of ancestral sequences was of no help. In contrast to the amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures of the two protein families are quite different.Considering current histophysiological understanding of ontogeny and phylogeny of exocrine and endocrine pancreas, the observed sequence similarity of proinsulins and serine proteases was interpreted to mean that the two protein families have diverged from a common genetic ancestor. Moreoever, from the organismic distribution of these proteins it was concluded that at least one serine protease existed first, and that proinsulin was generated after duplication of a serine protease gene and subsequent drastic modification, such as a large deletion. Thus proinsulin, basically an anabolic hormone, is derived from a serine protease, an enzyme involved in digestion. This constitutes a refinement of a similar proposal by Steiner et al. (1973).The emergence of proinsulin seems to have occurred after coelenterates diverged, and possibly before most other major animal phyla diverged from the line leading to vertebrates, i.e. 520 to 700 million years ago. The evolution of proinsulin seems to have paralleled the evolution of endocrine cells. Homology of the secreted products of endocrine and exocrine cells was most readily reconciled with a common embryological and phylogenetic origin of the two cell types, as considered by Pictet & Rutter (1972).     

Modification of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin with a high-specific-activity iodinated imidoester: preparation, characterization, and binding to isolated pancreatic acinar cells

Proteoglycans were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using two coupled Aquapore columns containing glycerylpropylsilane groups covalently linked to large-pore (50–100 nm) silica spheres. This two-column HPLC system was effective in separating cartilage proteoglycan aggregates and monomers, without altering their biochemical integrity. This system was also effective in resolving small amounts of isotopically labeled proteoglycans synthesized by cultured mammalian cells. The small sample size, short analysis time, and high reproducibility represent improvements in the study of proteoglycans over conventional soft-gel chromatography.     

The response of lambs to vaccination and challenge with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: Effect of plane of nutrition on,and the inter-relationship between,immunological responsiveness and resistance

Wagland B. M., Steel J. W., Windon R. G. and Dineen J. K. 1984. The response of lambs to vaccination and challenge with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: effect of plane of nutrition on, and the inter-relationship between, immunological responsiveness and resistance. International Journal for Parasitology14: 39–44. Merino lambs weaned at 8 weeks of age were fed either ground and pelleted (high plane, HP) or chopped (low plane, LP) lucerne hay ad libitum to achieve an approximate 2-fold difference in liveweight gain. When aged 17 and 21 weeks, 15 of the 20 lambs in each diet group were vaccinated with 80,000 irradiated T. colubriformis larvae. At 25 weeks, vaccinated and unvaccinated lambs were treated with anthelmintic and one week later challenged with 30,000 normal larvae. Four weeks after challenge the animals were killed for worm counts. After vaccination HP lambs had higher titres of antibodies to the parasite and after challenge had lower worm egg outputs, and lower worm burdens than LP lambs. Immunological responsiveness (serum titre of complement-fixing antibodies against worm antigen) and manifestations of resistance (eggs produced per female worm per day and percent protection calculated from worm counts) were significantly correlated within dietary groups. Percent protection and egg production per female worm were highly correlated (r = ?0.81) in individual animals pooled over dietary groups, suggesting that both manifestations of resistance respond to essentially the same immunological mechanism. Failure to obtain significant correlation between weight gain pre-vaccination and immunological and resistance parameters indicated that animal production and resistance to infection are not genetically linked. Negative correlation of weight gain during the vaccination period with serum antibody titre at challenge suggests that the developing immune response competes with weight gain for limited physiological resources of the animal.     

Evolutionary relatedness of mackerels of the genus Scomber based on complete mitochondrial genomes: Strong support to the recognition of Atlantic Scomber colias and Pacific Scomber japonicus as distinct species

Mackerels of the genus Scomber are commercially important species, but their taxonomic status is still controversial. Although previous phylogenetic data support the recognition of Atlantic Scomber colias and Pacific Scomber japonicus as separate species, it is only based on the analysis of partial mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. In an attempt to shed light on this relevant issue, we have determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of S. colias, S. japonicus, and Scomber australasicus. The total length of the mitogenomes was 16,568 bp for S. colias and 16,570 bp for both S. japonicus and S. australasicus. All mitogenomes had a gene content (13 protein-coding, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs) and organization similar to that observed in Scomber scombrus and most other vertebrates. The major noncoding region (control region) ranged between 865 and 866 bp in length and showed the typical conserved blocks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a monophyletic origin of Scomber species with regard to other scombrid fish. The major finding of this study is that S. colias and S. japonicus were significantly grouped in distinct lineages within Scomber cluster, which phylogenetically constitutes evidence that they may be considered as separate species. Additionally, molecular data here presented provide a useful tool for evolutionary as well as population genetic studies.     

The centipede genus Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) in North Africa, a cybertaxonomic revision, with a key to all species in the genus and the first use of DNA barcoding for the group

The centipede genus Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907 in North Africa is revised. A new cavernicolous species, Eupolybothruskahfi Stoev & Akkari, sp. n., is described from a cave in Jebel Zaghouan, northeast Tunisia. Morphologically, it is most closely related to Eupolybothrusnudicornis (Gervais, 1837) from North Africa and Southwest Europe but can be readily distinguished by the long antennae and leg-pair 15, a conical dorso-median protuberance emerging from the posterior part of prefemur 15, and the shape of the male first genital sternite. Molecular sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (mtDNA-5' COI-barcoding fragment) exhibit 19.19% divergence between Eupolybothruskahfi and Eupolybothrusnudicornis, an interspecific value comparable to those observed among four other species of Eupolybothrus which, combined with a low intraspecific divergence (0.3-1.14%), supports the morphological diagnosis of Eupolybothruskahfi as a separate species. This is the first troglomorphic myriapod to be found in Tunisia, and the second troglomorph lithobiomorph centipede known from North Africa. Eupolybothrusnudicornis is redescribed based on abundant material from Tunisia and its post-embryonic development, distribution and habitat preferences recorded. Eupolybothruscloudsley-thompsoni Turk, 1955, a nominal species based on Tunisian type material, is placed in synonymy with Eupolybothrusnudicornis. To comply with the latest technological developments in publishing of biological information, the paper implements new approaches in cybertaxonomy, such as fine granularity XML tagging validated against the NLM DTD TaxPub for PubMedCentral and dissemination in XML to various aggregators (GBIF, EOL, Wikipedia), vizualisation of all taxa mentioned in the text via the dynamically created Pensoft Taxon Profile (PTP) page, data publishing, georeferencing of all localities via Google Earth, and ZooBank, GenBank and MorphBank registration of datasets. An interactive key to all valid species of Eupolybothrus is made with DELTA software.