中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性

生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型：动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明：不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种－面积公式,S=CA^Z,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z₁/Z₂＝0.913,Z₁/Z₂接近于1。于是 ,C₁/C2可视为近似等于R_am。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。     

中国阿勒泰地区鸟类物种编目、丰富度格局和区系组成

中国阿勒泰地区位于新疆北部, 与哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯、蒙古国交界, 该区包含阿尔泰山及山前荒漠和绿洲, 属于全球200个生物多样性最丰富和最具代表性生态区之一的阿尔泰-萨彦岭生物热点地区。阿勒泰地区生境多样, 鸟类物种资源丰富。尽管以往曾在阿勒泰地区进行过一些鸟类调查, 但对于该地区不同景观和生境类型中鸟类物种丰富度和分布尚无详尽报道。本文通过2013-2016年在中国境内阿尔泰山及山前平原地区对不同生境类型中的鸟类进行实地调查, 并总结文献资料及观鸟爱好者的记录数据, 重新整理了阿勒泰地区鸟类名录及地理分布, 分析了鸟类的物种组成、区系成分; 通过鸟类分布位点数据, 选取气候、土地覆被类型、人类足迹指数及地形共4类环境因子作为自变量建立MaxEnt生态位模型, 通过模拟77种鸟类的适宜分布区并叠加分布图层, 获得了阿勒泰地区的鸟类物种丰富度分布格局。结果表明: 阿勒泰共记录鸟类344种, 隶属19目55科149属, 其中雀形目163种。在垂直海拔带上, 鸟类物种数分别为高山裸岩带24种, 高山草甸带35种, 山地森林草原带172种, 低山灌木带130种, 荒漠草原带84种, 平原绿洲带173种, 以及各海拔带的湿地与水域生境中水鸟92种; 在区系成分上, 以北方型鸟类为主(170种, 占49.4%), 其次为广布种(93种, 占27.0%)。阿尔泰山地的鸟类区系呈现出西伯利亚动物区系特征, 山前平原地区呈现蒙新区分布特征, 因此, 阿勒泰地区动物地理区系属于古北界欧洲-西伯利亚亚界阿尔泰-萨彦岭区阿尔泰亚区; 山前平原地区属于古北界中亚亚界蒙新区西部荒漠亚区。MaxEnt模型推测阿勒泰地区山前平原绿洲地区、山地森林草原带和低山灌木带具有较高的鸟类物种丰富度, 尤其是额尔齐斯河流域下游的绿洲带宽阔, 鸟类物种丰富, 而高山区和荒漠生境中鸟类物种相对较少。模型预测的结果与实际调查情况相符。阿勒泰地区应采用生态友好的经济发展策略, 加强对乔木和灌木的保护, 这有助于维持较高的鸟类物种多样性。此外, 降低生境破碎化不仅对该地区物种保护有重要作用, 也对维持阿尔泰-萨彦岭生物热点地区的山地鸟类多样性有重要意义。     

地带性森林群落物种多样性的比较研究

在群落调查以及文献收集的基础上,对暖温带地区、暖温带和亚热带过渡地区、亚热带地区以及热带地区的典型地带笥植被不同群落类型群落多样性进行了分析和研究。结果发现这４类地区物种多样性的变化具有一定的规律性,具体表现在热带地区群落乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性为最高,然后依次是亚热带地区、秦蛉地区和东灵山地区;灌木层的物种丰富度和多样性则以亚热带地区为最高,其次是秦岭地区,热带地区的则仍高于东灵山地区;灌木层     

物种丰富度垂直分布格局及影响机制

物种丰富度分布格局是一定地域内物种丰富度沿三维空间的立体分布,包括物种丰富度在经度、纬度和垂直梯度(海拔高度和海水深度)三个维度上的空间分异。近年来物种多样性的垂直分布格局与机制研究得到了生物地理学家和生态学家的重视。物种丰富度的垂直分布格局存在多种类型,但随海拔增加而物种数减少的单调递减模型和中海拔物种丰富度最高的单峰模型较为常见。目前在机制研究中验证较多的是气候稳定性、生物因子(种间相互作用)、能量、生境异质性、干扰、进化时间、物种分化速率、面积、中域效应(mid-domain effect)、生态位保守性(niche conservatism)等假说和机制。物种丰富度的分布格局是多方面因素综合作用的结果;由于地理、地形、气候、地质演化历史、物种库和进化历史、物种分化速率、干扰等差异,在不同地区存在着特别的物种丰富度空间分布格局和机制;处于同一地区的不同类群的物种也因进化扩散历史和生态适应能力不同而呈现多样化的分布格局。因此,对不同地区和类群的物种丰富度格局和机制进行研究应具体分析后才能得到可信结论。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同空间尺度和径级水平的物种丰富度与个体密度关联

以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林为研究对象, 基于尖峰岭原始林60 hm²大样地, 分析了7个不同空间尺度(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m、60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m)、3个不同径级(胸径(DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm、DBH ≥ 2.5 cm、DBH ≥ 7.5 cm)物种丰富度与个体密度之间的关联性, 以期为负密度制约效应等研究的尺度选择提供参考依据。研究结果表明, 物种丰富度和个体密度之间的关联性是基于空间尺度存在的, 并受分析植株径级大小的影响。DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时, 在4个空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m), 物种丰富度随个体密度增加而增加, 但物种丰富度和个体密度两者间的相关性随取样空间尺度的增大而逐渐下降; 在其他3个空间尺度下(60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m), 两者间没有显著相关性。当DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 物种丰富度和个体密度间的相关性随空间尺度变化的趋势也与上述结果基本一致; 在60 m × 60 m的空间尺度上, DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时物种丰富度和个体密度相关性不显著, DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm两个径级的物种丰富度和个体密度表现出弱相关性。DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 各空间尺度下物种丰富度和个体密度之间的决定系数几乎一致, 但高于DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时两者之间的决定系数, 说明大径级植株的个体密度和物种丰富度之间有更强的关联性, 负密度制约效应和自疏效应可能是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多度与丰富度空间分布的尺度效应

物种多样性的空间分布格局及其尺度效应是生态学研究的重点,对于理解物种多样性的形成和维持机制以及生物多样性的管理和保护均具有重要意义。以贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区分布的亚热带原生性喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象,分析了2个1hm2(100m×100m)样地中物种多度和丰富度的空间分布特征及其与取样尺度的关系,采用方差和变异系数描述多度和丰富度在5个尺度(5m×5m,10m×10m,20m×20m,25m×25m,50m×50m)上的空间变异性。结果表明:(1)两个样地的物种多度和丰富度具有尺度依赖性特征;(2)由于多度具有叠加性,物种多度的方差随着尺度的增加呈线性增加,而变异系数呈线性下降;(3)丰富度的方差随尺度的增加表现出单峰分布的特征,在25 m×25 m尺度上达到最大值,变异系数则随取样尺度的增加而呈线性下降。研究表明,物种多度具有尺度推演规律,而丰富度却没有,因此,应慎重进行物种丰富度的尺度推演。在分析喀斯特森林物种多样性时,应注重尺度效应带来的影响。     

岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度及其影响因子

1997年1月至1997年12月间,以杭州市的园林鸟类群落为研究对象,对岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度与面积,人为干扰,内部结构和周围景观结构等多种因素的关系进行了系统的分析和检验。在杭州市各园林中共观察到82种鸟类。园林单次调查的鸟类物种数（S）与园林全年总物种数（Sy)与园林面积（A）的最佳回归拟合方程分别为;S＝ 2.7432A^0.3846,Sy=10.6574A^0.3669。杭州市园林鸟类群落物种－面积关系的成因不支持平衡假说,随机取样假说,栖息地多样性假说和干扰假说,岛屿栖息地鸟类群落的丰富度是多因素综合作用的结果,包括取样面积效应（排除了取样面积效应之后,小园林具有更高的物种密度）,栖息地结构的多样性（其中树种多样性是最主要的影响因子）,干扰因素,物种因素和研究尺度等几个方面。     

青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

通过2009-2010年青海湖流域的样地实测数据,研究了不同尺度物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并初步探讨了其形成机制.结果表明:青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系在小尺度上(群落内和群落间)表现为线性正相关、负相关,在大尺度上(区域)则以单峰相关为主.沼泽草甸和高寒草甸的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而降低,高寒草原和温性草原的物种丰富度随生产力的增加而增加.在整个研究区内则表现为单峰型相关.研究还表明,研究区群落生产力的变化范围为65～585 g·m-2·a-1,物种丰富度为2～9种;生产力从高到低的顺序为沼泽草甸＞高寒草甸＞高寒草原＞温性草原.     

珠三角河网浮游植物物种丰富度时空特征

对2012年珠三角河网浮游植物物种丰富度的时空特征进行了系统阐析。季节上,枯水期的物种丰度差异大,丰水期差异小;空间上,广州周边及河网中部个别站位的总种数高于其他站位。不同季节的空间特征显示,枯水期的物种丰度自西江沿线、河网中部、广州周边呈递增趋势;而丰水期呈现三角洲两侧的物种丰富度高于河网中部。各类群相对组成结果显示,硅藻在枯水季节占绝对优势,丰水期优势下降;空间上广州周边站位硅藻百分比明显低于其他站位。分析原因,径流相关的补充和稀释作用和水体搅动引起的底层藻类的悬浮补充不仅影响物种丰富度的季节变动,也影响不同类群的相对组成;水体交换能力和营养盐分别是决定丰水期和枯水期物种丰富度空间分布的关键因素。     

华北平原及黄土高原啮齿动物物种丰富度的空间格局及其分异

在采用网格法对华北平原及黄土高原啮齿动物调查的基础上,分析了啮齿动物物种丰富度空间格局。华北平原物种丰富度最低,其次为晋、翼山地和汾、渭谷地,而南蒙高原和黄土高原的丰富度较高;物种丰富度纬向变化不明显,而经向变化显著,由东向西,物种丰富度呈递增趋势;丰富度在海拔上的变化并不存在相关的地理模式;丰富度与山地面积呈正相关,与平原面积呈负相关,而与丘陵面积相关不显著,丰富度与各地地貌类型面积的总和呈明显的正相关;丰富度与温度相关不明显,而与降雨量呈负相关。在华北平原及黄土高原,生境结构类型愈复杂的地区,啮齿动物物种丰富度愈高。     

Generalizability of neotropical bird abundance and richness models

Predicting the consequences of land-cover change on tropical biotas is a pressing task. However, testing the applicability of models developed with data from one region to another region has rarely been done. Bird faunas were sampled along 3.0-km routes in southern Costa Rica (Coto Brus) to develop statistical models to describe the abundance and richness of groups as a function of land-cover characteristics. The relative value of the land-cover models was assessed by comparing them with null models. The generalizability of the models was tested with data from north-western Costa Rica (Monteverde) to determine whether the models were applicable to another area that has undergone significant land-cover change in the last 60 years. The richness and abundance of understory, open-country and edge non-insectivore groups showed clear relationships with land-cover variables, and the land-cover models had lower prediction errors than the null models for Coto Brus. With one exception, useful models for canopy birds, edge insectivores and hummingbirds could not be developed. The land-cover models of abundance of canopy insectivores, understory insectivores and non-insectivores, and edge non-insectivores were generalizable to Monteverde whereas the land-cover models of abundance of open-country birds and species richness for any of the groups were not better than null models for Monteverde. The results indicate that land-cover models that describe the abundance or richness of various bird groups provide useful predictions in the area where the data were collected and that models of abundance of some canopy, understory and edge birds may perform well in areas that are similar in elevation, life zones and land use to the area from which data were collected. Land-cover models of the abundance of other groups, and of the richness of the majority of groups, may be less generalizable to other areas, or it may be difficult to develop models at all.     

Using soundscape recordings to estimate bird species abundance, richness, and composition

ABSTRACT Point counts are the most frequently used technique for sampling bird populations and communities, but have well‐known limitations such as inter‐ and intraobserver errors and limited availability of expert field observers. The use of acoustic recordings to survey birds offers solutions to these limitations. We designed a Soundscape Recording System (SRS) that combines a four‐channel, discrete microphone system with a quadraphonic playback system for surveying bird communities. We compared the effectiveness of SRS and point counts for estimating species abundance, richness, and composition of riparian breeding birds in California by comparing data collected simultaneously using both methods. We used the temporal‐removal method to estimate individual bird detection probabilities and species abundances using the program MARK. Akaike's Information Criterion provided strong evidence that detection probabilities differed between the two survey methods and among the 10 most common species. The probability of detecting birds was higher when listening to SRS recordings in the laboratory than during the field survey. Additionally, SRS data demonstrated a better fit to the temporal‐removal model assumptions and yielded more reliable estimates of detection probability and abundance than point‐count data. Our results demonstrate how the perceptual constraints of observers can affect temporal detection patterns during point counts and thus influence abundance estimates derived from time‐of‐detection approaches. We used a closed‐population capture–recapture approach to calculate jackknife estimates of species richness and average species detection probabilities for SRS and point counts using the program CAPTURE. SRS and point counts had similar species richness and detection probabilities. However, the methods differed in the composition of species detected based on Jaccard's similarity index. Most individuals (83%) detected during point counts vocalized at least once during the survey period and were available for detection using a purely acoustic technique, such as SRS. SRS provides an effective method for surveying bird communities, particularly when most species are detected by sound. SRS can eliminate or minimize observer biases, produce permanent records of surveys, and resolve problems associated with the limited availability of expert field observers.     

Dependence of broad-scale geographical variation in fleshy-fruited plant species richness on disperser bird species richness

Aim We analysed the interdependence of avian frugivore‐ and fruited plant‐species richness at the scale of major river basins across Europe, taking into account several environmental factors along different spatial gradients. Location Continental Europe and the British Isles. Methods We focused on wintering birds and autumn/winter fruiting plants, and used major river basins as geographical units and Structural Equation Modelling as the principal analytical tool. Results The statistical influence of disperser species richness on fleshy‐fruited plant species richness is roughly double that of the reverse. Broad‐scale variation in frugivore richness is more dependent on environmental factors than on fruited plant richness. However, the influence of disperser richness on plant richness is four times higher than the influence of environmental factors. Environmental influences on both birds and plants are greater than purely spatial influences. Main conclusions Our results are interpreted as indicating that biotic dispersal of fruits strongly affects broad‐scale geographical trends of fleshy‐fruited plant species richness, whereas richness of fruited plants moderately affects frugivore richness.     

Energy availability, abundance, energy-use and species richness in forest bird communities: a test of the species–energy theory

Aim To test the ‘more individuals hypothesis’ as a mechanism for the positive association between energy availability and species richness. This hypothesis predicts that total density and energy use in communities is linearly related to energy availability, and that species richness is a positive function of increased density. We also evaluate whether similar energy–density patterns apply to different migratory groups (residents, short‐distance migrants and tropical migrants) separately. Location European and North American forest bird communities. Methods We collected published breeding bird census data from Europe and North America (n = 187). From each census data we calculated bird density (pairs 10 ha^?1), energy use by the community (the sum of metabolic needs of individuals, Watts 10 ha^?1) and geographical location with an accuracy of 0.5°. For each bird census data coordinate we extracted the corresponding monthly values of actual evapotranspiration (AET). From these values we calculated corresponding AET values that we expected to explain the density energy use of forest birds: total annual, breeding season (June) and winter AET. We used general linear modelling to analyse these data controlling for the area of census plots, forest type and census method. Results Total density and energy use in European and North American forest bird communities were linear functions of annual productivity, and increased density and energy use then translated into more species. Also resident bird density and energy consumption were positive functions of annual productivity, but the relationship between productivity and density as well as between productivity and energy use was weaker for migrants. Main conclusions Our results are consistent with the more individuals hypothesis that density and energy use in breeding forest bird communities is coupled tightly with the productivity of the environment, and that increased density and energy consumption results in more species. However, not all community members (migratory groups) are limited by productivity on the breeding grounds.     

Effect of species richness and relative abundance on the shape of the species accumulation curve

Abstract We explain how species accumulation curves are influenced by species richness (total number of species), relative abundance and diversity using computer‐generated simulations. Species richness defines the boundary of the horizontal asymptote value for a species accumulation curve, and the shape of the curve is influenced by both relative abundance and diversity. Simulations with a high proportion of rare species and a few abundant species have a species accumulation curve with a low ‘shoulder’ (inflection point on the ordinate axis) and a long upward slope to the asymptote. Simulations with a high proportion of relatively abundant species have a steeply rising initial slope to the species accumulation curve and plateau early. Diversity (as measured by Simpson's and Shannon–Weaver indices) for simulations is positively correlated with the initial slope of the species accumulation curve. Species accumulation curves cross when one simulation has a high proportion of both rare and abundant species compared with another that has a more even distribution of abundance among species.     

Environmental factors influencing bird species diversity in Kenya

Sustainable resource management requires understanding the factors that increase or decrease species richness. Regional species richness patterns may be predicted by analysing patterns of variation in the environment. A number of studies have shown that bird species richness at a regional scale is influenced by climatic variables. We examined environmental correlates of bird species richness at a quarter degree square scale (55 × 55 km). Mean annual potential evapotranspiration accounts for 46% of the observed variation in species richness, while mean annual temperature and range annual potential evapotranspiration are significantly correlated with species richness and together account for a further 5% of the observed variation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmentally available energy limits regional species richness.     

Effect of forest fragmentation on bird species richness in Papua New Guinea

Tropical forests worldwide are being fragmented at a rapid rate, causing a tremendous loss of biodiversity. Determining the impacts of forest disturbance and fragmentation on tropical biotas is therefore a central goal of conservation biology. We focused on bird communities in the interior (>100 m from forest edge) of forest fragments (300, 600, and 1200 ha) in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea and compared them with those in continuous forest. We surveyed bird communities using point counts, mist‐netting, and random walks, and measured habitat and microclimate characteristics at each site. We also surveyed leaf‐dwelling arthropods, butterflies, and ants, and obtained diet samples from birds to examine food availability and food preferences. We recorded significantly fewer bird species per point in the 300‐ha forest fragment than in other study sites. Overall, we recorded 80, 84, and 88 species, respectively, in forest fragments, and 102 in continuous forest. Frugivores (especially large frugivores) and insectivores had lower species richness in forest fragments than continuous forest. Our results did not support the food scarcity hypothesis, that is, the decline of insectivorous birds in forest fragments is caused by an impoverished invertebrate prey base. We also found no significant differences among forest fragments and continuous forest in microclimates of forest interiors. Rather, we found that microhabitats preferred by sensitive birds (i.e., 30% of species with the strongest preferences for continuous forest) were less common in forest fragments (19%–31% of points) than in continuous forest (86% of points). Our results suggest that changes in microhabitats may make forest fragments unsuitable for sensitive species. However, limited dispersal capabilities could also make some species of birds less likely to disperse and occupy fragments. In addition, impoverished food resources, size of the forest fragment, or hunting pressure could contribute to the absence of large frugivorous birds in forest fragments. The forest fragments in our study, preserved as village‐based protected areas, were not large enough to sustain the bird communities found in continuous forest. However, because these fragments still contained numerous bird species, preservation of such areas can be an important component of management strategies to conserve rainforests and birds in Papua New Guinea.