溶藻类细菌的研究现状

随着全球水体富营养化的加剧,有害藻类水华和赤潮的爆发日趋频繁,所造成的环境和经济问题日益引起人们的重视.溶藻细菌作为水生生态系统生物种群结构和功能的重要组成部分,对维持藻的生物量平衡具有非常重要的作用.目前在物理、化学和其它生物方法治理水华和赤潮都不够理想的情况下,利用溶藻细菌治理水华,可保持水环境生态平衡,从而达到防止水华的目的.而且随着溶藻细菌的生物学活性不断被发现,以茵治藻将作为水华和赤潮生物防治的一个新对策,具有广泛的研究前景.本文通过查阅近年来国内外有关水生生态系统中溶藻细菌研究的最新研究成果并对溶藻细菌防治有害藻类的种类、分离方法、作用方式及可能的作用机理、作用效应、研究前景和存在问题做一阐述,以期对于细菌溶藻方面的研究及开发应用具有一定的参考价值.     

短小芽孢杆菌溶藻效应研究

随着全球水体富营养化的加剧,有害藻类水华的暴发日趋频繁,其造成的环境和经济问题日益引起人们的重视,寻求有效的水华和赤潮防治途径势在必行。溶藻细菌作为水生生态系统中生物种群结构和功能的重要组成部分,对维持浮游植物生物量平衡具有非常重要的作用。不少研究认为水华和赤潮的突然消亡可能与溶藻细菌的感染有关。有些溶藻细菌能够分泌细胞外物质,对宿     

溶藻细菌

利用溶藻细菌防治水华和赤潮,作为富营养化水体藻类生物防治的方法已经受到广泛关注.多项研究表明,许多溶藻细菌能分泌胞外活性物质,对宿主藻类的生长起抑制作用.因此,分离筛选环保、高效、专一的溶藻活性代谢产物,最终开发安全、高效的生物杀藻剂已经日渐成为治理藻类水华和赤潮问题的方法之一.近年来,国内外相关人员和机构对溶藻细菌的溶藻机理以及溶藻活性物质的分离、提纯和鉴定进行了较为深入的基础性研究.     

溶藻细菌杀藻物质的研究进展*

溶藻细菌作为防治有害藻类水华的一种可能微生物,已引起了众多科研人员的关注。大多数溶藻细菌分泌的生物活性杀藻物质对宿主藻类具有强烈的杀灭作用。首先讨论了细菌活性杀藻物质的生态作用,重点阐述了目前已经报道的细菌杀藻物质的种类及其提取和分离方法,最后对细菌杀藻物质的进一步研究提出几点看法。     

滇池中溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻效应

【背景】藻类水华或赤潮在世界范围内频发,带来各种危害,亟需找到有效途径控制水华或赤潮。溶藻细菌具有杀死藻类控制藻类生物量的能力,可以作为防治水华和赤潮的有效工具。【目的】分离并鉴定滇池中的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)及其溶藻细菌,对溶藻菌作用于铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效应进行研究,初步了解其溶藻特性与溶藻机制。【方法】采用LB平板稀释涂布,再经多次划线分离纯化细菌,测定16SrRNA基因序列以鉴定细菌种类;采用毛细管分离的方法分离铜绿微囊藻,并测定其cpcBA基因序列以鉴定蓝藻种类;采用热乙醇法提取叶绿素a,从而计算溶藻效率;基于过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)探究藻细胞在溶藻菌处理下的抗氧化系统响应。【结果】共分离获得11株微囊藻和17株针对铜绿微囊藻的高效溶藻菌。选取其中一株生长速度最快的铜绿微囊藻DCM4和一株溶藻效果最好的溶藻菌Sp37 (Bacillus siamensis)进行后续研究。Sp37对DCM4的4 d溶藻率达到92.4%±1.5%,且对微囊藻属的水华微囊藻(M. flos-aquae)和惠氏微囊藻(M.wesenbergii)均有溶藻效果,而对绿藻没有溶藻效果。Sp37的原菌液和无菌滤液对DCM4的4d溶藻率分别为86.8%±4.3%和81.1%±2.2%,两者没有显著差异(P0.05)。Sp37菌体对DCM4的溶藻率为25.4%±7.3%。Sp37无菌滤液经不同温度和pH处理之后的溶藻率与未经处理的无菌滤液的溶藻率无明显差异。Sp37无菌滤液处理藻细胞会使藻细胞的CAT、GSH和MDA含量发生变化。【结论】菌株Sp37对铜绿微囊藻DCM4具有高效的溶藻作用,而且对微囊藻属具有一定的溶藻特异性。Sp37是通过分泌胞外物质间接溶藻,且溶藻物质具有热稳定性和酸碱稳定性。Sp37无菌滤液处理藻细胞会触发藻细胞抗氧化系统,并且会损伤藻细胞膜。Sp37无菌滤液很可能是通过对藻细胞造成氧化胁迫,最终导致藻细胞死亡的。     

细菌溶藻技术的研究

近年来水体富营养化而导致的藻类水华爆发事件,对人类健康及水生生态系统产生了严重危害。在利用物理、化学等防治方法都不甚理想的情况下,利用微生物处理作为水华治理的潜在手段已得到学界的广泛关注。通过实验经验和查阅大量文献,对一些细菌溶藻技术进行综述。     

溶藻微生物净化富营养化水体的作用

湖泊富营养化导致的水华藻类频繁暴发已成为当今世界性的环境问题,溶藻微生物作为生物法防治有害藻类水华具有广泛的研究前景,通过查阅文献对微生物控制有害藻类水华进行概述,并探讨进一步的研究趋势和应用前景,以期对微生物溶藻方面的研究及开发应用有一定的参考价值。     

细菌DC10的溶藻作用及环境因子对该作用的影响

从云南滇池分离获得溶藻细菌DC₁₀, 该菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.), 它能强烈地溶解绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis, FACHB 102)等6种蓝藻及月芽藻 (Selenastrum capricornutum, FACHB 271) 等2种绿藻. 试验发现, 该菌通过分泌某种物质来溶解藻类, 较低的温度以及黑暗条件有利于细菌溶藻, 不同浓度的氯化钙、硝酸钠对该菌的溶藻作用有一定影响; 不同pH条件下, 溶藻作用的强弱依次为: pH 4 > pH 9 > pH 7 > pH 5.5. 发展利用该菌进行水华控制的技术具有现实意义.     

三株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质若干分离特性的研究

为了探索新分离到的3株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质的分离特性, 选择了对水华鱼腥藻生长无抑制作用的淀粉培养基培养溶藻细菌。采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、活性炭吸附与解吸等方法对其分离特性进行了研究。溶藻细菌L7的溶藻活性物质的分子量小于3.5 kD, 溶藻细菌L8、L18的溶藻活性物质的分子量在3.5 kD~7 kD之间; 3株溶藻细菌的胞外溶藻活性物质不能用乙醇沉淀法完全分离; 3株溶藻细菌的溶藻活性物质具较好的亲水性和较强的极性, 且都不能被活性炭吸附。     

三株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质若干分离特性的研究

为了探索新分离到的3株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质的分离特性,选择了对水华鱼腥藻生长无抑制作用的淀粉培养基培养溶藻细菌.采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、活性炭吸附与解吸等方法对其分离特性进行了研究.溶藻细菌L7的溶藻活性物质的分子量小于3.5 kD,溶藻细菌L8、L18的溶藻活性物质的分子量在3.5 kD～7 kD之间;3株溶藻细菌的胞外溶藻活性物质不能用乙醇沉淀法完全分离;3株溶藻细菌的溶藻活性物质具较好的亲水性和较强的极性,且都不能被活性炭吸附.     

62 An updated checklist of the seaweeds and seagrasses of oregon

In order to control harmful algal blooms, many biological approaches have been tried. Specially, there have recently been discussions concerning the roles of bacteria in algal bloom dynamics. Then, algicidal bacteria are expected as an agent considerate for harmful algal blooms control. Development of these organisms as biological control agents involves isolation from environmental samples. With the aim of develop eco-technology controlling water blooms in fresh waters, we isolated the diatom-lysing bacteria from the sediments of Lake Seokchon and Pal¡¯tang River-Reservoir. A soft agar-overlay technique was used to isolate the diatom lytic bacteria. The SK-02 showed a diatom lytic activity against Stephanodiscus hantzschii . Taxonomic identification including 16S rDNA base sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate SK-02 had a 99.20% homology in its 16S rDNA base sequence with Pseudomonas putida . The nature of these diatom-lying components is still under investigation. These results suggest that the indigenous bacteria isolated from the sediments may have a potential in the application and development of eco-technology controlling harmful water blooms in the fresh water environments.     

Development of blooms of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyclotella meneghiniana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nitzschia</Emphasis> spp. (Bacillariophyceae) in a shallow river and estimation of effective suppression flows

Diatom blooms in the middle reaches of the shallow, freshwater, Hunter River, Australia, are a frequent nuisance to river users. During a 4-year study, blooms of Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia spp. coincided with water temperatures above 23°C and flows below 400 Ml d⁻¹ that lasted for more than 12 days. Redundancy analysis showed that water temperature was positively related, and antecedent flow was negatively related, to the abundance of both taxa. Addition experiments indicated that nutrients are seldom limiting to growth. It is suggested that a combination of faster growth rates at higher temperatures and longer retention times at low flows allows bloom populations to develop. Simulation modelling showed that flow regulation and water extraction have decreased flows in the river during summer, and consequently have probably increased the number of diatom blooms. Environmental flows have been provided to the river, but are not sufficient to prevent blooms. Discharges required for bloom suppression are described.     

Harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in Egyptian fresh waters – state of knowledge and research needs

Cyanobacterial blooms have increased in freshwater ecosystems worldwide in the last century, mostly resulting from eutrophication and climate change. These blooms represent serious threats to environmental and human health because of the production of harmful metabolites, called cyanotoxins. Like many countries, Egypt has been plagued with cyanobacterial blooms in most water sources, including the Nile River, irrigation canals, lakes and fishponds. However, the data about cyanotoxins produced in these blooms are limited. Only two types of cyanotoxins, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin, have been identified and characterised, mainly from Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis blooms. The data revealed the presence of microcystins in raw and treated drinking waters at concentrations (0.05–3.8 µg l^?1), exceeding the WHO limit (1 µg l^?1) in some drinking water treatment plants. In addition, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus caught from ponds containing heavy cyanobacterial blooms have accumulated considerable amounts of cyanotoxins in their edible tissues. The data presented here could be the catalyst for the establishment of a monitoring and management programme for harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins in Egyptian fresh waters. This review also elucidates the important research gaps and possible avenues for future research on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in Egypt.     

60 Identification of diatom‐lytic bacterium sk‐02 and its capability to degrade stephanodiscus hantzschii

In order to control harmful algal blooms, many biological approaches have been tried. Specially, there have recently been discussions concerning the roles of bacteria in algal bloom dynamics. Then, algicidal bacteria are expected as an agent considerate for harmful algal blooms control. Development of these organisms as biological control agents involves isolation from environmental samples. With the aim of develop eco‐technology controlling water blooms in fresh waters, we isolated the diatom‐lysing bacteria from the sediments of Lake Seokchon and Pal¡¯tang River‐Reservoir. A soft agar‐overlay technique was used to isolate the diatom lytic bacteria. The SK‐02 showed a diatom lytic activity against Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Taxonomic identification including 16S rDNA base sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate SK‐02 had a 99.20% homology in its 16S rDNA base sequence with Pseudomonas putida. The nature of these diatom‐lying components is still under investigation. These results suggest that the indigenous bacteria isolated from the sediments may have a potential in the application and development of eco‐technology controlling harmful water blooms in the fresh water environments.     

An overview of cyanobacterial bloom occurrences and research in Africa over the last decade

Cyanobacterial blooms are a current cause for concern globally, with vital water sources experiencing frequent and increasingly toxic blooms in the past decade. These increases are resultant of both anthropogenic and natural factors, with climate change being the central concern. Of the more affected parts of the world, Africa has been considered particularly vulnerable due to its historical predisposition and lag in social economic development. This review collectively assesses the available information on cyanobacterial blooms in Africa as well as any visible trends associated with reported occurrences over the last decade. Of the 54 countries in Africa, only 21 have notable research information in the area of cyanobacterial blooms within the last decade, although there is substantial reason to attribute these blooms as some of the major water quality threats in Africa collectively. The collected information suggests that civil wars, disease outbreaks and inadequate infrastructure are at the core of Africa’s delayed advancement. This is even more so in the area of cyanobacteria related research, with 11 out of 21 countries having recorded toxicity and physicochemical parameters related to cyanobacterial blooms. Compared to the rest of the continent, peripheral countries are at the forefront of research related to cyanobacteria, with countries such as Angola having sufficient rainfall, but poor water quality with limited information on bloom occurrences. An assessment of the reported blooms found nitrogen concentrations to be higher in the water column of more toxic blooms, validating recent global studies and indicating that phosphorous is not the only factor to be monitored in bloom mitigation. Blooms occurred at low TN: TP ratios and at temperatures above 12 °C. Nitrogen was linked to toxicity and temperature also had a positive effect on bloom occurrence and toxicity. Microcystis was the most ubiquitous of the cyanobacterial strains reported in Africa and the one most frequently toxic. Cylindrospermopsis was reported more in the dry, north and western parts of the continent countries as opposed to the rest of the continent, whilst Anabaena was more frequent on the south eastern regions. In light of the entire continent, the inadequacy in reported blooms and advances in this area of research require critical intervention and action.     

Responses of spring phytoplankton communities to their habitats in the Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the water storage was initiated in 2003, the environment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has changed significantly. Algal blooms and eutrophication have been a frequent occurrence, with serious eutrophication in the tributary bays. To provide some theoretical evidence for the prevention and control of algal blooms, the goal of this study is to elucidate factors that influence algal blooms at different sections of the Xiangxi Bay (XXB). Using field data from the XXB, the responses of phytoplankton communities to their habitats were investigated from March to May, 2010. The results indicated a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in phytoplankton composition, cellular abundance, and habitats in the spring. Fifty-four genera representing 6 phyla were monitored. Redundancy analysis indicated that the variation in water temperature and relative water column stability (RWCS) contributed greatly to the succession of spring phytoplankton. Due to different physiological adaptabilities and mechanisms of competition among the algae species, significant succession of the community structure had been observed. The predominant species appears to have changed from those adapted to low temperatures and strong mixing (dinoflagellates and diatoms) to those adapted to high temperatures and weak mixing (green algae and cyanobacteria). The lack of silicate resulted in the succession from diatoms to green algae. Due to the influence of the Yangtze River, there is a low potential for algal blooms at lower reaches of the bay because of frequent water exchange. In contrast, the potential is high at middle and upper reaches where the water temperature increases gradually. The hierarchical status of the two sections is significantly different. Precipitation would inhibit algal blooms somewhat, and heavy rainfall would eliminate algal blooms throughout the bay. Phytoplankton are sensitive to their changing habitat in XXB. For a bloom to occur, sufficient nutrients, a lower flow velocity, and appropriate temperature and light conditions are necessary. As an artificial regulating reservoir, proper ecological regulation could not only significantly affect the dynamic conditions of the water body tributaries, but it could also change the transfer characteristics of light and heat, abolishing the algae habitats and thereby inhibiting the water bloom.     

Feeding dynamics of the copepod Diacyclops thomasi before, during and following filamentous cyanobacteria blooms in a large, shallow temperate lake

Cyanobacteria blooms are an increasing problem in temperate freshwater lakes, leading to reduced water quality and in some cases harmful effects from toxic cyanobacteria species. To better understand the role of zooplankton in modulating cyanobacteria blooms, from 2008 to 2010 we measured water quality and plankton abundance, and measured feeding rates and prey selectivity of the copepod Diacyclops thomasi before, during and following summertime cyanobacteria blooms in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Vancouver Lake, Washington, USA). We used a combined field and experimental approach to specifically test the hypothesis that copepod grazing was a significant factor in establishing the timing of cyanobacteria bloom initiation and eventual decline in Vancouver Lake. There was a consistent annual succession of zooplankton taxa, with cyclopoid copepods (D. thomasi) dominant in spring, followed by small cladocerans (Eubosmina sp.). Before each cyanobacteria bloom, large cladocerans (Daphnia retrocurva, Daphnia laevis) peaked in abundance but quickly disappeared, followed by brief increases in rotifers. During the cyanobacteria blooms, D. thomasi was again dominant, with small cladocerans abundant in autumn. Before the cyanobacteria blooms, D. thomasi substantially consumed ciliates and dinoflagellates (up to 100% of prey biomass per day), which likely allowed diatoms to flourish. A shift in copepod grazing toward diatoms before the blooms may have then helped to facilitate the rapid increase in cyanobacteria. Copepod grazing impact was the highest during the cyanobacteria blooms both years, but focused on non-cyanobacteria prey; copepod grazing was minimal as the cyanobacteria blooms waned. We conclude that cyclopoid copepods may have an indirect role (via trophic cascades) in modulating cyanobacteria bloom initiation, but do not directly contribute to cyanobacteria bloom decline.     

斑马鱼脑细胞凋亡基因对束丝藻毒素致毒的响应

水华束丝藻是淡水湖泊中常见的水华蓝藻,是我国滇池冬春季节常见的优势种群,因其产生麻痹性贝类毒素,损伤人和动物的神经系统而倍受关注。但有关该毒素对动物神经系统损伤的研究较少,特别是对水生脊椎动物中枢神经系统损伤的研究尚无报道,为此本研究通过腹腔注射5.3μg STXeq/kg bw束丝藻毒素,研究了24h内该藻毒素对斑马鱼脑组织超微结构损伤及脑细胞凋亡基因表达的影响,以揭示该毒素对脑组织的损伤及其脑细胞在基因水平对该毒素的响应机理。研究表明,束丝藻毒素引起斑马鱼脑组织超微结构损伤,出现细胞膜发泡和形成凋亡小体等典型的细胞凋亡结构;从分子水平进一步分析显示,该毒素引起脑细胞p53、bax、caspase-3和c-jun等凋亡相关基因的表达上调,其上调量分别是对照组表达上调量的1.92、1.55、1.63和1.55倍,且具有时间-效应关系。这说明该毒素能通过引起脑细胞凋亡基因的表达异常,使脑细胞出现凋亡性形态损伤而导致脑细胞死亡;斑马鱼脑细胞可通过启动p53→bax→caspase-3线粒体径路实现其对该毒素的响应机制;束丝藻毒素具有损伤鱼类脑的神经毒性;这是束丝藻毒素引起脑细胞凋亡基因表达异常及超微结构损伤的直接证据,也是脑细胞在基因水平对束丝藻毒素积极响应分子机理的首次报道。     

The pathway to noxious cyanobacteria blooms in lakes: the food web as the final turn

1. Cyanobacteria blooms have long been the focus of limnological research as they often represent the 'end member' of limnological deterioration under various human impacts. Research over the past several decades has greatly illuminated the ecological factors promoting cyanobacteria blooms but controversy and confusion surround the successful integration of this diverse body of work.
2. In this opinion article I attempt to integrate well-known aspects of cyanobacteria bloom ecology (such as the roles of nutrient loading, N:P ratio, and mixing conditions) with more recent developments that highlight the importance of feedbacks within the food web in regulating cyanobacteria blooms. Food-web feedbacks involving stoichiometric mechanisms appear to be particularly important, as accumulating data indicate that the food web influences cyanobacteria not just by regulating the rate of grazing mortality. Rather, trophic interactions may also regulate cyanobacteria dynamics by altering the consumer-driven nutrient recycling regime in a way that shifts the competitive advantage away from cyanobacteria.
3. Viewed in this way, cyanobacteria blooms can be seen as probabilistic events that are the end result of a series of key mechanisms involving nutrient loading, physical mixing conditions, and trophic interactions. To successfully manage lake water quality we should take advantage of each node of contingency leading to undesirable blooms. In doing so we will also have a more coherent scientific message to communicate with those directly involved with the socioeconomic politics of water quality decision making.