分离自活性污泥的硫酸盐还原菌用于铅锌冶炼渣重金属污染修复

【背景】从活性污泥中分离出一类具有硫酸盐还原能力的菌株,探讨了其用于铅锌冶炼渣重金属污染修复的可行性。【目的】研究硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria)对铅锌冶炼渣中重金属的固化作用。【方法】将从活性污泥中分离出的硫酸盐还原菌接种到铅锌冶炼渣中进行修复,采用X射线衍射、Tessier、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪检测、高通量测序等方法进行实验。检测铅锌冶炼渣中矿物组成,以及修复过程中重金属化学形态、各金属离子浓度和微生物群落结构的变化。【结果】修复实验表明,体系中电位降低、pH值提高、各重金属稳定态增加、离子浓度降低且微生物群落结构变化显著,硫酸盐还原菌成为优势菌群。【结论】接种硫酸盐还原菌后铅锌冶炼渣中的重金属原位固化效果显著,从而降低生物可利用性,将恶性循环变为良性循环,所以硫酸盐还原菌可用作重金属污染修复的固化药剂。     

废弃铅锌矿石和钨矿砂中可培养细菌多样性分析

为了了解废弃铅锌矿石和钨矿砂中可培养细菌的多样性,发掘其中的微生物新资源,采用3种培养基(R2A、无磷R2A、无磷R2A+Cd2+)分别对其中的可培养细菌进行分离纯化和培养。再通过16S rRNA基因测序获取相关的分类学信息,并进行系统进化分析。从2种材料中共分离到可培养细菌152株。其中,废弃铅锌矿石中的可培养细菌涵盖了5个门、7个分支,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria、Deinococcus-Thermus、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Firmicutes,以Massilia、Methylobacterium、Deinococcus和Sphingomonas为主要类群;而钨矿砂中的可培养细菌涵盖了3个门、4个分支,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes,以Methylobacterium、Massilia、Ralstonia和Microbacterium为主要类群。废弃铅锌矿石中可培养细菌的多样性和新分类单元发现率均大于钨矿砂,且两者的可培养细菌类群组成存在较大差异。此外,向培养基中添加重金属Cd2+降低了可培养细菌的多样性。研究分离到的Cd2+耐受菌株主要属于3个属：Methylobacterium、Herbaspirillum和Ralstonia,其能耐受2 mmol/L Cd2+,是金属尾矿中重金属耐受菌的优势种群。研究结果为金属尾矿中微生物新资源的深入发掘提供了依据。     

抗铅锌功能菌生长菌株和干菌体吸附Pb2+、Zn2+性能优化及机理分析

【目的】针对湖南资兴铅锌矿污染问题,筛选本土耐性菌株用作生物修复。【方法】供试菌株J3筛选自湖南资兴铅锌矿区的尾砂矿矿渣,利用正交实验分析其生长菌株及干菌体最佳吸附条件以优化其吸附效果,同时对相关数据进行动力学拟合以探讨其吸附机理,最后结合形态观察和18S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行分类鉴定。【结果】在最佳条件下,J3生长菌株对Pb2+和Zn2+的去除率分别为92.2%和87.7%;干菌体对Pb2+和Zn2+去除率分别为72.6%和23.8%,反应动力学模型研究表明,生长菌株吸附过程中吸附速率受重金属浓度影响,对Zn2+吸附主要为颗粒内扩散作用;干菌体对Pb2+吸附推测为膜扩散和颗粒内扩散作用,而对Zn2+的吸附则由膜扩散控制。根据形态特征和系统发育分析,J3初步鉴定为虫生轮枝菌。【结论】生长菌株吸附效果好于干菌体,二级动力学方程拟合结果可为生物吸附反应器的设计提供理论参考和实践指导。     

废弃铅锌矿区圆叶无心菜根际真菌的分离及其镉铅耐性研究

采用常规的和分别含Cd2+、Pb2+的马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区圆叶无心菜(Arenar-ia orbiculata)根际真菌进行分离和鉴定,将分离的菌株分别接种在含不同浓度Pb2+(0,0.1,1,10mmol/L)和Cd2+(0,0.05,0.5,5mmol/L)的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液(PSB)中,研究废弃铅锌矿区圆叶无心菜根际真菌的镉铅耐性,结果表明:从铅锌矿区圆叶无心菜根际共分离获得6个属的真菌,其中青霉属(Penicillinm)真菌为优势种群;Cd2+和Pb2+显著减少根际真菌在平板上生长的菌落数量,抑制菌株的生长;含Cd2+和含Pb2+的马丁氏培养基分离的根际真菌镉铅耐性强于常规马丁氏培养基分离的菌株。     

黔西北铅锌矿区植物群落分布及其对重金属的迁移特征

重金属耐性植物和超富集植物的筛选、鉴定和驯化是植物修复技术研究与发展的关键。以黔西北4个不同恢复年限的铅锌矿为研究对象,通过群落生态调查利用聚类分析方法筛选出研究区域中重金属耐性植物优势种,并分析其对重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的迁移富集能力。结果表明:4个矿区共发现高等植物22种,分属13科21属,筛选出9种重金属耐性植物优势种,其中转运系数大于1的植物有:黄花蒿(Cu)、珠光香青(Zn)、大叶醉鱼草(Zn/Pb/Cd)、野艾蒿(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd);没有富集系数大于1的植物。其中大叶醉鱼草具有耐贫瘠、耐旱、生物量大等优势,可将其作为典型的重金属耐性先锋植物,用于矿区废弃地的植物修复。     

Microbiological leaching of zinc and lead ores of the Tekeli deposit

In certain regions of the West Tekeli lead-zinc ore deposti, the number of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells reaches 10(6) per 1 ml of ore water. Spontaneous bacterial leaching of sulphide ore is confirmed by an increase in the concentration of ferric iron and zinc in ore water. As a result of this leaching, up to 40 per cent of zinc and 60 per cent of lead have been leached from lead-zinc ore within 271-286 days. Bacterial leaching of lead intermediate products has shown that the maximum rate of galenite oxidation is reached at 50--65 degrees C and the content of Fe3+ in a solvent being above 20 g per litre. Microbiological leaching can be used for selective extraction of zinc and lead. Zinc dissolves directly in the leaching bacterial solution while lead remains in the precipitate and is then dissolved under the action of concentrated NaCl solutions.     

Microfossils from the middle Precambrian McArthur Group,Northern Territory,Australia

Microfossils have been detected in several formations of the McArthur Group (about 1600 m.y. old), in petrological thin sections and in macerations. Some of these occur associated with a lead-zinc ore body; others have been found in well-preserved dolomites and cherts. The variety of microfossils observed is considerable, and their state of preservation is good. Large numbers of singlecelled, colonial and multicellular organisms occur; in the latter, at least one clear case of cell differentiation can be demonstrated. Some of the organisms are morphologically comparable with blue-green algae such as the Chroococaceae, but, unlike the well-known Bitter Springs microflora, the assemblage is notably poor in filamentous algae. The filaments that do occur are not septate, and may represent discarded blue-green algal sheaths. Many of the microorganisms are extremely small in size, and in some cases, colonial structures composed of large numbers of 1 m diameter cells are present, that may represent bacterial remains. Most of the microfossils occur in stromatolitic cherts, but the lead-zinc orebody from which some were obtained is a fine-grained dolomitic shale.Stratigraphically, this new assemblage occurs in sediments of age intermediate between the well-known Gunflint Chert assemblage and the equally well-known Bitter Springs flora. The level of organization of the microfossils represents a great advance on the of the Gunflint Chert microfossils, in that demonstrably colonial and large multicellular microorganisms occur, as well as cells of a relatively large size. No convincing evidence for the presence of nuclei or nuclear membranes has yet been found in McArthur Group microorganisms, but the large size and organizational complexity of some of the structures suggests that the origin of the eukaryotic cell may occur rather earlier in geologic times than previous indications have suggested.     

兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科根瘤菌遗传多样性ARDRA分析

通过16S rDNA扩增产物限制性片段长度多态性分析(ARDRA),对兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性进行了研究。采用限制性内切酶Hae Ⅲ、Hind Ⅲ、Hinf Ⅰ和Taq Ⅰ对16S rDNA扩增产物进行了酶切分型,根据ARDRA酶切图谱的不同,进行树状聚类。结果表明:49株根瘤菌在40%的相似水平上按氮含量不同及铅锌含量的采集地不同分别聚为OTU1、OTU2和OTU33个群,说明根瘤菌的遗传多样性及分布与土壤中的氮含量和铅锌含量有关。代表菌株的16S rDNA测序结果分析表明,它们在系统发育树上属于Rhizobium sp.、Sinorhizobium sp.和Bradyrhizobium sp.3个系统发育分支,进一步说明兰坪铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌多样性较丰富。     

凡口铅锌矿酸性底泥可培养微生物资源的探索分离

通过改良优化多种传统分离培养基,对凡口铅锌尾矿的酸性底泥可培养微生物资源进行分离,并结合多种分子标记基因对分离资源进行系统发育地位分析。结果表明,凡口铅锌尾底泥中分离获得细菌41株,分属于放线菌门(Actinomycetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的11目,18科,18属;真菌8株,分属于2门,5目,5科,5属;藻类1株,属于Galdieria属的红藻。改良ISP 2和改良9号培养基的分离效果较好,分离获得的微生物多样性较为良好。研究结果为矿山酸性废水微生物多样性研究提供参考,为酸性废水的修复及生态治理研究提供物质基础。     

铅锌矿尾矿场植被重建的生态学研究Ⅰ.尾矿对种子萌发的影响

在实验条件下,供试的林木、农作物及牧草种子均能在铅锌矿尾矿中萌发,其中萌发率与非污染土壤中的相近,多数种子的萌发速率低于对照组。供试植物幼苗出土30天内没有死苗现象,但与对照相比,株高下降28.4%,复叶数减少34.1%,生物量下降52.6%.     

Explanation and prediction in vegetation science

A definition of vegetation science is given, spanning 6 levels of integration and stressing the interrelations among them. The problems of realism are discussed. The selection of levels is related to the adequate correspondence between conceptualization and research aims. Pattern and process are introduced as the central concepts of vegetation science. The perception of reality is dependent on the spatial and temporal scale chosen. The concept of noise is discussed in relation to stochasticity and randomness of events. Traces of essentialism are found both in classification of communities and habitat ecology. Classification is important, particularly the coexistence of alternative classification approaches. Organicism as a basis of vegetation research is rejected because the organismic view is inadequate on higher integration levels. The concept of function is redefined in a non-teleologic way.Present vegetation ecological research is inductivistic. One possible alternative to inductivism is falsificationism. The major domain of this approach is hypothesis testing, which will become more important. Progress can only be reached by a maximum degree of communication among scientific individuals.Predictive ecology is partly based on historic explanation, partly on complementary approaches. Characters of vegetation worthwhile to be predicted are listed and the necessary requirements for vegetation science to become predictive are discussed. A major requirement is the development of succession and life-history theory. A further elaboration of the individualistic concept will be a main task of vegetation science in the near future.     

Membrane receptors and transporters involved in the function and transport of vitamin A and its derivatives

The eye is the human organ most sensitive to vitamin A deficiency because of vision's absolute and heavy dependence on vitamin A for light perception. Studies of the molecular basis of vision have provided important insights into the intricate mechanistic details of the function, transport and recycling of vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoid). This review focuses on retinoid-related membrane receptors and transporters. Three kinds of mammalian membrane receptors and transporters are discussed: opsins, best known as vitamin A-based light sensors in vision; ABCA4, an ATP-dependent transporter specializes in the transport of vitamin A derivative; and STRA6, a recently identified membrane receptor that mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. The evolutionary driving forces for their existence and the wide spectrum of human diseases associated with these proteins are discussed. Lessons learned from the study of the visual system might be useful for understanding retinoid biology and retinoid-related diseases in other organ systems as well. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.     

Estimating cell and product yields

The balance equations for carbon, reduction potential, and energy during cell growth and product formation are rederived in a general form. Cells are treated simply as a very complex product, and the Y(ATP) concept is extended to products. Limitations on the theoretical yield are discussed for different product types. Simple aerobic products cannot be energy limited unless the maintenance requirement is large, while complex products cannot be reduction limited. A maximum yield is defined for products much more oxidized than their substrate (carbon limited) because the theoretical yield conditions may violate the energy balance. For reduced complex products the yield on available electrons is related to Y(ATP), the P/O ratio, and the product composition. Narrow bounds are established on the actual yields in simple anaerobic fermentations, and the significance of the yields in the linear growth equation is discussed.     

Capturing and marking howler monkeys for field behavioral studies

Methods for capturing and marking howler monkeys for ecological studies are discussed. Systems for capturing and handling animals are compared. A dart with liquid Sernylan for capture and Sernylan or Ketamine as a holding drug was preferred to darts using powdered succinylcholine chloride (SCC) and ether. The effectiveness of both Sernylan and SCC is compared and dosages are given for Sernylan in howler monkeys and SCC for howlers and capuchins. The advantages of Ketamine over ether as a holding drug are discussed. Animals can be marked with leg-bands, collars, and freeze-branding.     

云南会泽铅锌矿渣中节杆菌的生理特征和系统发育

对分离自铅锌矿渣中一种具有奶油色不扩散菌落形态的优势细菌进行了系统发育和部分生理特征研究。在可培养的细菌类型中,该种菌落的出现频率在50%左右。利用60个菌株16SrRNA基因约500bp的序列和其相关种构建的系统树表明,这些菌落属于节杆菌属内多个系统发育地位有差异的类群。各类群代表菌株BS11、BS20和AS19约1440bp左右的16SrRNA基因序列分析的结果表明,BS11菌株同Arthrobacter histidinolovorans和Arthrobacter nicotinovorans关系密切,BS20菌株同Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus关系密切,而AS19同Arthrobacter aurescens和Arthrobacter ilicis关系密切。在考察的39个碳源中,3个代表菌株都能利用其中的15个,不能利用其中的12个,而对另外12个的利用存在差异。此外,它们对Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+和Co2+等5种重金属的抗性水平都较高,但对链霉素、氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素和利福平4种抗生素较敏感。它们是潜在的新物种。     

Homology and ontogeny: pattern and process in comparative developmental biology

In this article the interface between development and homology is discussed. Development is here interpreted as a sequence of evolutionarily independent stages. Any approach stressing the importance of specific developmental stages is rejected. A homology definition is favoured which includes similarity, and complexity serves as a test for homology. Complexity is seen as the possibility of subdividing a character into evolutionarily independent corresponding substructures. Topology as a test for homology is critically discussed because corresponding positions are not necessarily indicative of homology. Complexity can be used twofold for homology assessments of development: either stages or processes of development are homologised. These two approaches must not be conflated. This distinction leads to the conclusion that there is no ontogenetic homology “criterion”.     

Components and results of a new preparation technique for automated analysis of cervical samples

Components and evaluations of a new preparative procedure for automated high-resolution analysis of cervical samples are presented. This procedure is based on sedimentation velocity separation of samples with subsequent fractionation of the separation column and centrifugal deposition of suspended cells on coated glass slides. A system for specimen collection and mailing of suspended samples is described. A new type of glass slide designed for automated analysis is presented, and centrifugal buckets for cell deposition on a 6-sq-cm area are described. Experimental results with different kinds of coating substances for glass slides as well as different isopyknic media are discussed, and data for differential cell counts are graphically demonstrated. Looking at the diagnostic accuracy and economic feasibility of this system, the authors realize that preparations have to be evaluated quantitatively and that constraints of sample size and processing time have to be taken into consideration for further developments.     

Plant species and soil type cooperatively shape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is of central importance not only for plant nutrition, health and quality but also for microorganism-driven carbon sequestration, ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. A multitude of biotic and abiotic factors are assumed to influence the structural and functional diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. In this review, recent studies on the influence of the two factors, plant species and soil type, on rhizosphere-associated microbial communities are discussed. Root exudates and the response of microorganisms to the latter as well as to root morphology were shown to shape rhizosphere microbial communities. All studies revealed that soil is the main reservoir for rhizosphere microorganisms. Many secrets of microbial life in the rhizosphere were recently uncovered due to the enormous progress in molecular and microscopic tools. Physiological and molecular data on the factors that drive selection processes in the rhizosphere are presented here. Furthermore, implications for agriculture, nature conservation and biotechnology will also be discussed.     

The Knox method and other tests for space-time interaction

The Knox method, as well as other tests for space-time interaction, are biased when there are geographical population shifts, i.e., when there are different percent population growths in different regions. In this paper, the size of the population shift bias is investigated for the Knox test, and it is shown that it can be a considerable problem. A Monte Carlo method for constructing unbiased space-time interaction tests is then presented and illustrated on the Knox test as well as for a combined Knox test. Practical implications are discussed in terms of the interpretation of past results and the design of future studies.