不同种源山桐子果实脂肪酸组成变异分析

以采自11个种源的山桐子为材料,测定其果实脂肪酸的组成及其变异情况,结果表明：山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,尤以亚油酸含量最高,11个种源的平均值为63．58％,且种源间差异显著,分宜、宜昌种源亚油酸相对含量明显高于其他9个种源;饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,11个种源山桐子果实棕榈酸差异显著,且以平武种源最高;其余脂肪酸含量均较低,变异幅度较大;种子中棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸含量明显高于果肉,而亚油酸、亚麻酸及硬脂酸含量明显低于果肉,油酸含量相近：果实不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为果肉〉全果〉种子,且变异系数及相对极差均较小,尤以果肉中最小;除硬脂酸外,山桐子果实中其他4种主要脂肪酸组分受海拔等地理环境的影响均较小。     

不同居群山桐子果实表型性状变异及与环境因子的关系

以国内14个山桐子居群为研究对象,采用方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,探究山桐子果实表型性状变异及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)山桐子的9个果实表型性状在居群间和居群内均有广泛变异,居群间各表型性状的变异系数为6.47%—32.51%,居群内各表型性状的变异系数为4.69%—35.21%。单串果穗重和单串果实重的变异系数较大,单果横径、单果纵径及单果重的变异系数均较小。河南农业大学林木种苗繁育工程技术中心居群表型变异最丰富,四川省方山村居群最小。山桐子果穗表型性状与果实产量性状呈显著正相关,通过聚类分析可将山桐子14个居群分为4个类群,类群Ⅳ中山桐子果实表型性状最为优良,果穗大、单果重,表现出突出的育种优势。(2)山桐子14个居群地土壤pH在5.36—8.49范围内,多数居群土壤为酸性,土壤有效氮、有效磷、有效钾含量低。(3)环境因子中全氮对山桐子果实表型性状影响较大,土壤pH、有效磷含量与果实表型性状存在显著相关性。山桐子果实表型性状存在丰富变异,果穗外形对其产量有着显著影响;土壤pH及有效磷含量是影响山桐子果实表型性状的主要土壤养分因子,在生产中或可通过调节...     

东兴金花茶表型变异研究

对东兴金花茶(Camellia tunghinensis Chang)5个自然居群的表型变异特征进行研究。结果表明：东兴金花茶多数表型指标居群间变异大于居群内变异;20项表型指标中,果柄粗(FHT)、果实横径(FD)、果实纵径(FT)和果实重量(FM)等13项指标在居群间的差异达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),其中,种子重量百分比(SMPF/FM)的变异程度最大,而种宽(SB)的变异程度最小;表型总体在居群间的差异未达到显著水平;按变异系数均值大小,5个居群的排列顺序为SFSH1 (0.272)＞MJG (0.217)＞SFSH (0.207)＞SHL (0.190)＞DGL (0.170);平均株高、植株基径与各表型性状间的相关性不显著;不同表型性状间存在一定的相关性。     

濒危植物金花茶果实、种子形态分化

对濒危植物金花茶5个天然居群和1个人工居群的果实、种子形态进行了研究.结果表明:6个金花茶居群按果实、种子大小进行排序为:广西植物所(GXIB)＞那子山中海拔2(NZSH2)＞大王江(DWJ)＞庚毛山(GMSH)＞那子山高海拔3(NZSH3)＞那子山低海拔1(NZSHI);表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在一定程度的变异,不同形态性状在居群间变异系数的平均值从0.429(种子质量/果,SWPF)到0.069(果实整体形态,FT/FD),果实整体形态最为稳定,各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从0.287(NZSH3)到0.155(GXIB)不等;在调查的15个性状中,果实直径、果实质量等3个性状在居群间的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05),种长、种宽等7个性状在居群间的差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01),多数居群已产生较明显的形态分化;聚类分析结果表明,在居群水平上,形态分化并不与居群间的地理距离远近相关联.影响果实、种子表型性状变异的主导因子为海拔高度、土壤有机质、土壤含水量和乔木层透光率.     

云南金钱槭果实、种子形态分化研究

对5个云南金钱槭(Dipteronia dyeriana Henry)天然居群的果实、种子形态进行研究.测量了果实和种子的长度、宽度、重量等12个表型性状指标.数据统计结果显示5个云南金钱槭居群按果实、种子大小进行排序为蒙自(MZ)>屏边(PB)>文山1(WSh1)>文山3(WSh3)>文山2(WSh2).表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在着一定程度的变异,其中居群间变异系数的平均值从0.064(果实整体形态,PL/PB)到0.197(种子重量,SW),相比之下果实整体形态最为稳定.居群间形态总体差异显著性配对t检验结果说明,多数居群间已产生较明显的形态分化.Ward聚类和相关分析结果都表明表型性状与生态因子、海拔高度之间存在着一定程度的相关性,多种生态因子的共同作用是导致果实、种子形态特征产生差异的主要原因.     

缙云山草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra)天然居群结实特征的变异性研究

对缙云山草珊瑚8个天然居群结实特征的20项表型性状的变异性进行了研究,结果表明:各表型性状在居群内与居群间都存在很大的变异性,其中种实产量、果序数和果序分枝的变异程度较高,而果实和种子的特征指数变异程度较低,同类性状果实的变异程度要大于种子;平均变异系数最大的性状是四分枝果序百分比(1.477),最小的是种子长宽比(0.041);变异程度最大的居群是居群6(0.564),最小的是居群4(0.292);各居群间除果序分枝总数差异不显著、果序数和二分枝果序百分比差异显著外,其它17项表型指标均达到极显著水平,表明缙云山草珊瑚各居群间已经发生了明显的形态分化;居群内和居群间变异分别占总变异的60.7%和39.3%,说明居群内变异是表型变异主要来源,但居群间变异也不容忽视;欧氏距离聚类将所有居群划归为两大类群,主要与居群的群落类型与干扰程度有关;表型性状的Pearson相关性聚类显示草珊瑚同类性状在表型分化过程中具有很强的相关性。     

基于形态及分子标记的濒危植物夏蜡梅自然居群的遗传变异研究

比较了濒危植物夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)大明山、大雷山、龙须山3个居群的果实与种子的形态变异,采用ISSR分子标记技术分析DNA序列的变异,综合评价夏蜡梅3个居群的遗传变异。结果如下:果实性状中,果柄长、果实长、果实重、每果种子数等指标均以大明山居群最大、大雷山居群次之、龙须山居群最小,它们之间差异显著(P<0.05)。种子重、种子长、种子宽、种子厚等指标均以大雷山居群最大,与大明山居群和龙须山居群差异显著(P<0.05)。基于果实形态特征的表型分化系数(VST)在0.5518—0.9750之间,平均为0.8930,所有果实形态指标的变异大部分存在于居群间。基于种子形态特征的VST在0.1669—0.8678之间,平均为0.6240,除种子长外,其他种子形态指标的变异也大部分存在于居群间。ISSR分析表明,3个居群的多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数、Nei基因多样性均是大明山居群最高、龙须山居群次之、大雷山居群最低。居群间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.6050。基于ISSR分子标记数据的聚类结果显示大明山居群先与龙须山居群聚在一起,再与大雷山居群相聚,这与基于种子性状特征的聚类结果相似,而与基于果实性状特征的聚类结果不同。3个居群的种子形态特征变异系数与遗传多样性水平具有显著的正相关,且基于果实形态特征估算的VST要高于GST,而基于种子形态特征估算的VST仅略高于GST,表明夏蜡梅不同居群间的种子形态变异主要由遗传变异所造成的,而环境因子在果实形态变异中起了重要作用。Mantel检验显示3个居群基于分子标记数据的遗传距离矩阵和基于果实及种子形态特征的欧氏距离矩阵之间的相关性不显著,表明果实与种子在居群间出现的表型分化除了受遗传因素影响外,还受到其它环境因子的强烈影响。     

元宝枫天然种群种实表型多样性

为探索元宝枫(Acer truncatum)种群间和种群内的表型变异程度和变异规律,以元宝枫主要分布区内15个天然种群150个单株的13个种实性状为研究材料,采用巢氏方差分析、多重比较等分析方法,分析元宝枫种群间和种群内的表型多样性及其与地理生态因子间的相关性。结果表明:元宝枫果实、种子性状在种群内、种群间存在丰富的变异,各种实性状在种群内、种群间均具有极显著差异;元宝枫种群间表型分化系数为19.87%,种群内变异(80.13%)大于种群间变异(19.87%),种群内变异是变异的主要来源;元宝枫各性状平均变异系数为13.34%,变异幅度为8.98%~21.45%,种群间种子性状的平均变异系数(11.46%)低于种群间翅果性状的平均变异系数(14.52%),表明种子性状的稳定性高于果实性状。主成分分析结果显示,果实形态对元宝枫种群表型的贡献率大于种子贡献率。性状间相关性分析结果显示,翅果越大则种子越大,果翅角度性状与果实、种子大小皆无显著关系,推测其为独立因子。果实形态变异主要表现为经向变异,而种子性状无显著变异。利用种群间聚类分析将元宝枫15个种群分为三大类群。种群间与种群内多层次的变异模式为元宝枫种质资源保护与利用提供依据。     

山荆子腊叶标本表型性状变异分析

为了揭示山荆子表型性状的变异程度和规律,以150份山荆子腊叶标本为材料,选择20个表型性状,统计基本参数并进行聚类分析.结果表明:叶的平均变异系数(CV=32.67%)大于果的平均变异系数(CV=20.7%),果的性状稳定性较高,叶性状中叶柄长变异系数(CV=38%)最大,叶宽位/叶长变异系数(CV=13.29%)最小;果实性状中果径宽位/果柄长(CV=29.37%)变异最大,变异最小的性状是果长/果径(CV=13.10%);选用平均欧氏距离对各地方居群的20个表型性状进行UPGMA聚类,在距离5阈值处,可以划分为5类,在欧氏距离6阈值处,可划分为3大类.     

不同种源黄连木种子形态特征及脂肪油品质的差异性分析

对10个种源黄连木(Pistacia chinensis Bunge)种子的形态特征、果实含油率、籽油的理化性质和脂肪酸成分及其相对含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,不同种源黄连木种子的形态特征有显著差异(P<0.05),黄连木种子的千粒莺29.22～39.90 g,种子长度4.47～5.17 mm,种子宽度4.15～4.92 mm,长宽比为1.02～1.13.不同种源黄连木果实各部分的含油率均有极显著差异(P<0.01),果实、果肉和种仁的平均含油率分别为29.61%～38.61%、40.38%～64.54%和44.81%～55.97%,以江西彭泽、陕西商洛和云南石林种源的黄连木果实含油率较高.不同种源黄连木籽油的理化性质差异极显著(P<0.01),各种源黄连木籽油的折射率为1.469 6～1.475 1、碘值为748～924 g·kg-1、酸值为9.7～79.7 mg·g-1、水分含量为0.12%～1.40%.从黄连木籽油中共检测出棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸等7种脂肪酸成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸的总相对含量高达73.97%～87.41%.综合分析结果显示,江西彭泽的黄连木种子大而饱满且含油率高,可作为生物柴油油料资源的优良种源;云南石林、安徽滁州和陕西商洛的黄连木籽油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,可作为食用油原料资源的适合种源.     

野生玫瑰种群表型变异

在野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa)自然分布区内选取5个代表种群,选择24个表型性状作为研究对象,运用方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析、相关分析、聚类分析等方法,得出野生玫瑰种群表型变异程度和变异规律。结果显示:(1)24个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异,变异非常丰富;种群内变异(0.2718)大于种群间变异(0.1679),种群内变异是表型变异的主要来源,种群间平均表型分化系数(VST)为0.2952,分化水平相对较大;表型性状平均变异系数(CV)为18.48%(6.67—26.79%),叶片、果实、花、种子的变异系数依次为21.40%、17.42%、12.54%、6.67%;主成分分析表明叶片、果实的表型变异对种群变异起主要的贡献作用。(2)托叶长与年平均气温、7月平均气温呈显著正相关,与经、纬度呈显著负相关;果实横径与年降水量呈显著正相关;千粒重与经、纬度呈显著正相关,与7月平均气温呈显著负相关。(3)利用欧氏距离进行系统聚类分析,可以将5个种群划分为3类,表型性状主要依地理位置聚类。     

沙棘含油量及影响因子研究综述

为依据工业需要,定向地引种,培育沙棘优良品种,在整理分析国内外重要资料的基础上,对沙棘含油量及影响因子研究进行了综述。各地试验结果表明：（1）从15个产地10个沙棘品种研究看出,中国沙棘亚种种子及果肉含油量均较高（10．37％,8．44％）,且该亚种分布广,适应性强,可作为引种,培养的优质种源,但在环境适宜的地区,可选用俄罗斯培育的沙棘新品种,如布里亚特（果实含油量达11．67－36．4％）;（2）不同产地,不同品种沙棘含油量差异较大;沙棘果在一定的海拔高度下含油量较高,。[过高或过低的海拔 会影响其含油量;温度对沙棘含油量影响不明显,但在同一地区,随着平均气温的降低,沙棘种子含油量呈缓慢下降趋势,果色对果汁,果渣,种子出油率的影响比较中,以果汁最明显,而果渣和种子所受影响不大;立地条件对沙棘含油量有明显影响,水肥条件较好的河滩地有利于油的积累,且种子油积累以阳坡和梁顶坡比阴坡,河滩好;（3）采果时间对沙棘含油量有较大影响。在实际生产中可通过利用化学诱变剂来增加沙棘果油含量,以赤霉素加γ射线处理效果最好;在实际 生产中可通过利用化学诱变剂来增加沙棘果油含量,以赤霉素加γ射线处理效果最好,另外加强水,肥管理也可提高沙棘的含油量,为引种,培育沙棘优良品种,生产实践中采取对有效措施以提高沙棘含油量,为工业生产选择合适的加工原料提供了科学依据,对建立优质沙棘种植园,高效,持续发展沙棘产业具有重要意义。     

Seed size selection by olive baboons

Seed size is an important plant fitness trait that can influence several steps between fruiting and the establishment of a plant’s offspring. Seed size varies considerably within many plant species, yet the relevance of the trait for intra-specific fruit choice by primates has received little attention. Primates may select certain seed sizes within a species for a number of reasons, e.g. to decrease indigestible seed load or increase pulp intake per fruit. Olive baboons (Papio anubis, Cercopithecidae) are known to select seed size in unripe and mature pods of Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) differentially, so that pods with small seeds, and an intermediate seed number, contribute most to dispersal by baboons. We tested whether olive baboons likewise select for smaller ripe seeds within each of nine additional fruit species whose fruit pulp baboons commonly consume, and for larger seeds in one species in which baboons feed on the seeds. Species differed in fruit type and seed number per fruit. For five of these species, baboons dispersed seeds that were significantly smaller than seeds extracted manually from randomly collected fresh fruits. In contrast, for three species, baboons swallowed seeds that were significantly longer and/or wider than seeds from fresh fruits. In two species, sizes of ingested seeds and seeds from fresh fruits did not differ significantly. Baboons frequently spat out seeds of Drypetes floribunda (Euphorbiaceae) but not those of other plant species having seeds of equal size. Oral processing of D. floribunda seeds depended on seed size: seeds that were spat out were significantly larger and swallowed seeds smaller, than seeds from randomly collected fresh fruits. We argue that seed size selection in baboons is influenced, among other traits, by the amount of pulp rewarded per fruit relative to seed load, which is likely to vary with fruit and seed shape.     

Changes in Baboon Feeding Behavior: Maturity-dependent Fruit and Seed Size Selection within a Food Plant Species

Despite considerable inter- and intraindividual variation in fruit and seed size in many plant species, researchers have given little attention to the relevance of the traits for primate fruit choice within a food plant species and its implications for tree regeneration. We studied feeding behavior and selectivity of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa, Mimosaceae), via direct observations of habituated groups and indirect evidence from leftovers of pods after feeding events. Olive baboons acted as both seed predators and dispersers for Parkia biglobosa. They fed on and destroyed unripe seeds, and swallowed intact ripe seeds when consuming mature fruit pulp. Predation rate was high, and only 10% of the seeds were dispersed. Predation and dispersal of seeds is linked to seed number and size. Digestible unripe seeds accounted for 10% of the unripe fruit mass, while indigestible ripe seeds made up 28% of the mature fruit mass. With these constraints, olive baboons increased food gain per fruit by selecting unripe pods containing a high number of large and heavy seeds. Consequently, only pods with fewer and smaller seeds remained for maturation. Thereafter, baboons fed on mature pods containing the smallest seeds, and exploited pods with more seeds to a greater extent than those with fewer seeds. Thus, fruits with small seeds and an intermediate seed number contributed the most to dispersal by baboons.     

Effects of population size and pollinator limitation on seed-set of Primula sieboldii populations in a fragmented landscape

Female reproductive success, fruit and seed-set and factors affecting them were measured for 3 years (1995–1997) for 24 populations of Primula sieboldii E. Morren, a threatened Japanese plant species in a highly fragmented landscape in southern Hokkaido. The smaller populations (genets <=; 3) set almost no seeds consistently during the study years. In larger populations (genets >= 7), proportions of failed flowers without damage from fungi or herbivores were relatively high, but fruit set per flower varied among the populations in 1995. Correlations of fruit (r = 0.589, P = 0.011) and seed- set (r = 0.688, P < 0.01) with population pollinator availability were highly significant. In 1995, pollination failure would be the most plausible reason for the variation in reproductive success among the populations. However, pollinator availability was relatively high in all populations in 1996 and 1997. In these years, higher proportions of fruit failed because of antagonistic biological interactions. In the populations with poor pollinator availability in 1995, mean fruit and seed-sets were greater in the long-styled morph than in the short-styled morph. Such between-morph differences are thought to be caused by partial self-compatibility of the long-styled morph and the results of hand pollination experiments support this hypothesis.     

皱皮木瓜果实发育后期品质变化及其成熟阶段的划分初探

以湖北长阳产皱皮木瓜为材料,测定果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果色、果实硬度以及果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量、总酸含量和总黄酮含量等品质指标的动态变化,划分不同成熟阶段,为判断果实适宜采收期、实现优质生产提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)皱皮木瓜果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果肉干物质量和可溶性糖含量均呈现上升趋势;果色由绿色、黄绿色渐变为淡黄色到黄色;果实硬度、果肉总酸和总黄酮含量呈先上升后下降趋势。(2)各品质指标快速变化的时间区域存在差异,果实鲜质量在花后105~150d增加较快,果色在150d后逐渐变黄,果实硬度在花后135~165d快速下降,果肉总酸、总黄酮含量则在花后105~120d快速增加至峰值。(3)根据主成分分析结果和各品质指标的变化特点,可初步将皱皮木瓜果实发育后期划分为未成熟(花后105d之前)、早期成熟(花后120~150d)和成熟(花后165~180d)3个阶段。研究表明,随着果实成熟度的提高,皱皮木瓜果实鲜质量、果色、果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量等指标不断升高,果实硬度逐渐下降,其食用加工品质不断提升,而在早期成熟阶段(花后120~150d)果实的药用品质则相对较高。     

Maturation characteristics of Rubus pennsylvanicus fruit: are black and red the same?

Summary Fruit of the blackberry, Rubus pennsylvanicus Poir. (Rosaceae), were examined to determine variation in maturation characteristics. Maturation timing and rate varied greatly among individual fruits, resulting in a bi-colored fruiting display comprised largely of two maturation stages, pre-ripe (salmon and scarlet) and ripe (dark brown and black). While ripe fruit were generally larger and heavier than pre-ripe fruit, exhibiting greater fresh and dry fruit weight, diameter, water content, and total seed weight, no significant differences were found in energy content, i.e. numbers of calories per gram pulp, or in pulp:seed ratio. The differences between ripe and pre-ripe fruit appear to be due largely to an increase in water content and seed weight with maturity. The fact that little energetic benefit accrues to the preferential selection of ripe fruit suggests that bi-colored Rubus displays may be considered to be unicolored.     

The effect of frugivory on postdispersal seed removal and germination in the pantropical forest tree Antiaris toxicaria Leschenault

The quality of seed treatment by frugivores has an effect on seed removal after dispersal, seed germination and tree recruitment. We provide information on postdispersal seed removal, germination and subsequent recruitment in tropical forest tree species Antiaris toxicaria in Ghana. We tested whether postdispersal seed removal and germination rates were differentially affected by the following seed treatments: seeds that were spat out by monkeys with all fruit pulp removed and spitting seeds with fruit pulp partially removed as observed in some birds and bats. We used seeds of intact ripened fruits as control. Frugivore seed treatment and distance from bole affected seed removal patterns, whereas intact seeds were significantly removed from all seed stations. The germination success was greater for seeds that were spat out by monkeys and poor for seeds with fruit pulp partially removed and intact fruits. More recruits were recorded at the edge of the adult A. toxicaria canopy radius. There was weak relationship (r² = 0.042) between the number of recruits and distance away from the adult tree. Results suggest that the subsequent recruitment in tropical forest tree species may be enhanced by some frugivore fruit‐handling behaviour where fruit pulp is removed from the seeds without destroying the seeds.     

5个番石榴品种果实食用品质和香气特征分析

为比较番石榴(Psidium guajava)不同品种果实的外观、营养价值和香气特征,采用国家标准方法,对5个番石榴品种(‘红宝石’、‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、本地种)果实的外观和营养成分进行测定,采用顶空气质联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对5个品种果实的香气成分进行测定。结果表明,不同品种果实外观及营养成分差异明显。‘水蜜’的果形指数最低,果实扁圆形,种籽最少;大多数糖类物质(总糖、还原糖、蔗糖等)、糖酸比、总酚含量最高;果糖、VC和总黄酮含量位居第2;总酸、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分含量最低。主成分分析表明,‘水蜜’作为鲜食水果的食用品质最高。己醛和石竹烯是红肉型品种的特征风味物质,3-羟基-2-丁酮是白肉型品种的特征香气成分。