微生物木糖发酵产乙醇的代谢工程

利用木质纤维素发酵生产乙醇具有广泛的应用前景。而自然界中缺少有效转化木糖为乙醇的微生物是充分利用纤维素水解产物、提高乙醇产率、降低生产成本的关键因素。多年来研究者利用分子生物学技术对微生物菌株进行了代谢工程改造,使其能更有效地利用木糖生产乙醇。以下主要对运动发酵单胞菌、大肠杆菌和酵母等候选产乙醇微生物的木糖代谢工程研究进展进行了概述。     

代谢工程改造运动发酵单胞菌用于提高乙醇产量

目的:采用可以在运动发酵单胞菌中表达的操纵子构建重组运动发酵单胞菌,用于提高该细菌对高温高糖的耐受性和提高乙醇产量.方法:用外来的YfdZ、MetB和Hsp构建的多顺反子质粒,转化运动发酵单胞菌而使其获得新的代谢途径.在玉米水解液中,验证了该多顺反子质粒对运动发酵单胞菌产生乙醇的影响.结果:与对照菌相比,在37℃和糖浓度为28%的培养条件下,该基因工程菌的乙醇产量提高到183.2%.在37℃,糖浓度为28%并添加氮源的条件下,该基因工程菌的乙醇产量提高到148.0%.结论:YfdZ、MetB及Hsp三种基因的共同作用能显著提高运动发酵单胞菌的乙醇产量和发酵温度.     

运动发酵单胞菌积累聚羟基丁酸提高乙醇产量

运动发酵单胞菌是一种很有潜力的酒精生产菌。PHB是生物合成的一种聚酯,有研究表明,该类物质在微生物体内的积累能够提高宿主菌的抗逆能力。本文对运动发酵单胞菌进行了如下改造：将PHB合成操纵子phbCAB与来源于运动发酵单胞菌的丙酮酸脱羧酶的启动子准确融合,插入广泛宿主载体pBBR1MCS-1中,并利用电转化的方法转入运动发酵单胞菌中。在重组菌中检测到了PhaA和PhaB的酶活;并首次在运动发酵单胞菌中实现了PHB的积累。摇瓶实验表明,前48小时重组菌的乙醇积累量提高了约10%,后续发酵中可能由于葡萄糖耗尽,重组菌与野生菌乙醇积累量差别不大。     

重组运动发酵单胞菌的构建及木糖利用特性研究

将大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)木糖代谢的关键酶基因.引入到运动发酵单胞菌中,获得能利用木糖发酵生产乙醇的重组工程菌株PZM.混合糖发酵过程中,重组菌利用葡萄糖和木糖生成乙醇的效率分别达到理论值的81.2%和63.1%.     

响应面法优化重组工程菌的发酵工艺条件

目的：对基因改造运动发酵单胞菌的发酵工艺条件进行优化,提高重组菌发酵乙醇产量。方法：使用分子克隆实验操作技术构建重组运动发酵单胞菌,以单因素实验为基础,利用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析法,确定了影响重组菌高产乙醇的三个重要因素。结果：成功构建含有YfdZ、MetB基因和Hsp基因的重组菌Zymomonas mobilis HYM,发酵主要影响因素的最佳条件分别为温度28℃,葡萄糖浓度24%（W/V）,pH7.4。在此优化条件下,Zymomonas mobilis HYM的乙醇产量可高达105.0735g/l,比原始菌株乙醇产量提高16.4%。结论：用中心组合设计和响应面分析法优化重组运动发酵单胞菌的发酵工艺条件,显著提高乙醇产量。     

产乙醇工程菌研究进展

伴随着21世纪的到来,低油价的时代也悄然落幕。简要概述了燃料乙醇产生菌代谢工程的研究进展,包括了利用淀粉、戊糖及纤维素的工程酵母构建,运动发酵单胞菌利用戊糖工程菌的构建,引入外源乙醇合成途径的大肠埃希氏菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌等。对燃料乙醇的重视将促进开发能利用廉价原料和要求粗放的工程菌株用于高产乙醇的生产过程,以降低成本和能耗,其中能利用生淀粉的工程酵母及利用木质纤维素水解物的运动发酵单胞菌工程菌有较大的工业化潜力。     

能源上的应用

卯135,用孟组大肠杆菌从葡萄精、乳精和木精有效地生产乙醉哄】/Altcrthum,F.…11 APPI.Environ.M沁robiol一1989,55(8)一1943一1948阵自DBA,1989,8(19),89一1 1483] 运动发酵单胞菌(Zy从omonas用obi价)的质粒编码了乙醇途径的酶类.存在于纤维素和半纤维素中的乳糖和所有主要糖类(葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳搪及甘露糖)可被含该质粒的重组大肠杆菌(及cherich细c口li)转化成乙醇.比较了8个菌株的环境耐性(耐盐性、耐乙醇性及对搪类和低pH的抗性)、质粒稳定性、运动发酵单胞菌丙酮酸脱氢酶的表达、底物范围和乙醇生产(从葡糖搪、乳糖…     

适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母的精准构制

以木质纤维素为原料的二代燃料乙醇工业生产对发酵微生物的基本要求,一是可对木质纤维素组分中的全糖发酵,二是对预处理过程产生的毒性物质具有高耐受性。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是具有优良生产性能的传统乙醇发酵生产菌株,是适合包括二代燃料乙醇等生物基化合物转化的理想底盘细胞。近30年来,利用理性代谢工程改造、非理性适应性进化以及新兴起的合成生物学等策略,对酿酒酵母进行精准构制,极大地提高了其二代燃料乙醇生产的产业化性能。综述了适于二代燃料乙醇生产酿酒酵母精准构制过程中的己糖和戊糖代谢途径工程、辅酶工程、糖转运蛋白、抗性元件发掘以及产业化推进等方面的研究进展。     

宿主遗传背景对重组酿酒酵母木糖共发酵影响的研究进展

木糖是纤维素原料水解液中最主要的五碳糖成分,由于野生的酿酒酵母缺乏有效的木糖利用途径,将外源木糖代谢途径整合至酿酒酵母中使其具有发酵木糖生产乙醇的能力是构建纤维素乙醇发酵菌株的关键。国内外学者的研究表明,同一木糖代谢途径导入不同酿酒酵母菌株中,所得到的重组菌发酵性能存在明显差异,表明宿主的遗传背景对菌株利用木糖能力和发酵性能具有重要的影响。就酿酒酵母宿主对重组菌株的木糖发酵性能的影响进行了综述,分析了产生宿主差异的内在机理,为进一步选育高效木糖共发酵菌种提供借鉴。     

巴氏醋杆菌高酸度醋发酵过程的能量代谢分析

【目的】初步分析了Acetobacter pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在醋酸发酵过程中的能量代谢状况, 通过强化细胞能量代谢水平以提升菌株高酸发酵的产酸强度。【方法】探明A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在高酸度醋发酵的不同阶段中三羧酸循环底物含量、乙醇呼吸链酶活及能量代谢酶基因的转录水平等代谢特点, 分析用于醋酸发酵的产能代谢途径及其作用。【结果】发现A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在醋酸发酵初期, 主要通过苹果酸/琥珀酸回补偶联有氧呼吸途径产能。进入醋酸快速积累阶段, 乙醇呼吸链为主要供能代谢途径。发酵后期苹果酸/琥珀酸回补途径配合乙醇呼吸链供能。基于上述研究, 采取添加琥珀酸和苹果酸强化细胞产能, 促进高酸度醋发酵强度。【结论】能量供给影响醋杆菌耐酸能力和醋酸生产能力。确定乙醇呼吸链为醋酸发酵的主要供能系统。强化细胞产能手段可达到提高醋酸发酵强度的目的。     

Genome-scale modeling and in silico analysis of ethanologenic bacteria Zymomonas mobilis

Bioethanol has been recognized as a potential alternative energy source. Among various ethanol-producing microbes, Zymomonas mobilis has acquired special attention due to its higher ethanol yield and tolerance. However, cellular metabolism in Z. mobilis remains unclear, hindering its practical application for bioethanol production. To elucidate such physiological characteristics, we reconstructed and validated a genome-scale metabolic network (iZM363) of Z. mobilis ATCC31821 (ZM4) based on its annotated genome and biochemical information. The phenotypic behaviors and metabolic states predicted by our genome-scale model were highly consistent with the experimental observations of Z. mobilis ZM4 strain growing on glucose as well as NMR-measured intracellular fluxes of an engineered strain utilizing glucose, fructose, and xylose. Subsequent comparative analysis with Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as gene essentiality and flux coupling analyses have also confirmed the functional role of pdc and adh genes in the ethanologenic activity of Z. mobilis, thus leading to better understanding of this natural ethanol producer. In future, the current model could be employed to identify potential cell engineering targets, thereby enhancing the productivity of ethanol in Z. mobilis.     

Disruption of the Zymomonas mobilis extracellular sucrase gene (sacC) improves levan production

AIMS: Disruption of the extracellular Zymomonas mobilis sucrase gene (sacC) to improve levan production. METHODS AND RESULTS: A PCR-amplified tetracycline resistance cassette was inserted within the cloned sacC gene in pZS2811. The recombinant construct was transferred to Z. mobilis by electroporation. The Z. mobilis sacC gene, encoding an efficient extracellular sucrase, was inactivated. A sacC defective mutant of Z. mobilis, which resulted from homologous recombination, was selected and the sacC gene disruption was confirmed by PCR. Fermentation trials with this mutant were conducted, and levansucrase activity and levan production were measured. In sucrose medium, the sacC mutant strain produced threefold higher levansucrase (SacB) than the parent strain. This resulted in higher levels of levan production, whilst ethanol production was considerably decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Zymomonas mobilis sacC gene encoding an extracellular sucrase was inactivated by gene disruption. This sacC mutant strain produced higher level of levan in sucrose medium because of the improved levansucrase (SacB) than the parent strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The Z. mobilis CT2, sacC mutant produces high level of levansucrase (SacB) and can be used for the production of levan.     

Metabolic shifts in Zymomonas mobilis in response to growth conditions

Abstract Extensive work on ethanol production with the Gram-negative bacterium Zymomonas mobilis has revealed that this is a promising microorganism for industrial use. Concise knowledge of the physiology and metabolism of this organism provides the basis for further improvements by genetic engineering and for the optimization of Zymomonas -specific fermentation processes.     

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase overexpression in Escherichia coli resulted in high ethanol production and rewired metabolic enzyme networks

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are efficient enzymes for ethanol production in Zymomonas mobilis. These two enzymes were over-expressed in Escherichia coli, a promising candidate for industrial ethanol production, resulting in high ethanol production in the engineered E. coli. To investigate the intracellular changes to the enzyme overexpression for homoethanol production, 2-DE and LC–MS/MS were performed. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected in the gel by image analysis. Compared to the wild-type, 99 protein spots showed significant changes in abundance in the recombinant E. coli, in which 46 were down-regulated and 53 were up-regulated. Most proteins related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycerol metabolism and other energy metabolism were up-regulated, whereas proteins involved in glycolysis and glyoxylate pathway were down-regulated, indicating the rewired metabolism in the engineered E. coli. As glycolysis is the main pathway for ethanol production, and it was inhibited significantly in engineered E. coli, further efforts should be directed at minimizing the repression of glycolysis to optimize metabolism network for higher yields of ethanol production.     

Filament formation and ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis in adsorbed cell bioreactors

Zymomonas mobilis immobilized on microporous ion exchange resins has previously been shown to allow the attainment of high ethanol productivities in packed-bed bioreactors. The formation of bacterial filaments after several days of continuous operation, however, had resulted in excessive pressure increases across the reactor bed. The present work examines techniques for controlling filament formation by Z. mobilis in two reactor sizes (161 mL and 7.85 L) and a feed glucose concentration of 100 g/L. By controlling the fermentation temperature at 20-25 degrees C it has been possible to eliminate filament formation by Z. mobilis and to operate the larger bioreactor for 232 h with an ethanol productivity of 50 g/L h (based on total reactor volume). The rate of ethanol production has been shown to be very sensitive to temperature in the range 20-30 degrees C, and it is likely that slightly higher temperatures than those used in this study will improve ethanol productivity while still permitting long-term operation.     

Cell immobilization in kappa-carrageenan for ethanol production

A combination of extended Monod kinetics and the diffusional equation was used for evaluating the effectiveness factor of entrapped immobilized cells. Based on the kinetics of Zymomonas mobilis reported in the literature, the numerical results have revealed that the problem of mass transfer diffusional restrictions can be neglected by using small beads (1 mm in diameter) with a corresponding cell loading up to 276 g/L gel. On the basis of the numerical results obtained, the application of immobilized cells for continuous ethanol production was investigated. The kappa-carrageenan method was utilized to entrap Z. mobilis CP4, a potential ethanol producer. A two stage fermentation process has also been developed for ethanol production by the Z. mobilis carrageenan-bound cells. About 90 g/L ethanol was produced by immobilized cells at a total residence time of 1.56 h. The ethanol yield was estimated to be 93% of theoretical. The results obtained in this study also indicated that the control of optimum pH in an immobilized cell column is necessary to enhance the rate of ethanol production.     

Reduction of xylose to xylitol catalyzed by glucose–fructose oxidoreductase from Zymomonas mobilis

Genetic improvements of Zymomonas mobilis for pentose utilization have a huge potential in fuel ethanol production. The production of xylitol and the resulting growth inhibition by xylitol phosphate have been considered to be one of the important factors affecting the rates and yields from xylose metabolism by the recombinant Z. mobilis , but the mechanism of xylitol formation is largely unknown. Here, we reported that glucose–fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR), a periplasmic enzyme responsible for sorbitol production, catalyzed the reduction of xylose to xylitol in vitro , operating via a ping-pong mechanism similar to that in the formation of sorbitol. However, the specific activity of GFOR for sorbitol was higher than that for xylitol (68.39 vs. 1.102 μmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹), and an apparent substrate-induced positive cooperativity occurred during the catalyzed formation of xylitol, with the Hill coefficient being about 2. While a change of the potential acid–base catalyst Tyr269 to Phe almost completely abolished the activity toward xylose as well as fructose, mutant S116D, which has been shown to lose tight cofactor binding, displayed an even slower catalytic process against xylose.     

A structured kinetic model for Zymomonas mobilis ATCC10988

The inhibitory effects of glucose and ethanol on Zymomonas mobilis ATCC10988 were isolated through kinetic analysis of transient batch fermentation data. Growth of Z. mobilis was inhibited above a glucose concentration of 80 g/L. Growth was mildly inhibited by ethanol to 50 g/L, and severely inhibited above this concentration. Specific rates of ethanol production and glucose uptake were essentially invariant during batch fermentation. A structured kinetic model was developed, by way of augmentation of the Extended Bottleneck model, to quantify the kinetics of the growth and product formation processes. The model successfully describes the transient batch fermentation of Z. mobilis over a wide range of initial glucose concentration in a semidefined medium.