The use of Callitriche for water quality determination can be misleading: An example from the Po Valley in Northern Italy

In the context of the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60), aquatic macrophytes have become important elements for ascribing the correct ecological value to water systems. Callitriche includes macrophyte species which are widespread and particularly sensitive to environmental cues. High plasticity and morphological variability of these plants have carried to great difficulties in their correct taxonomic determination. Diverse populations of Callitriche of the Po Valley (Northern Italy) have been studied. Plants of Callitriche spp. were collected in Northern Italian rivers with mesotrophic and eutrophic waters and their morphological, karyological, and molecular features were analyzed. Populations with a different chromosome number equal to 10, 18, or 20 were found. Chloroplast rbcL DNA showed the presence of three different sequences. Moreover, the presence of heterozygous rDNA-ITS sequences suggests the existence of a considerable number of hybrids. At ecological level, only one taxon lives in eutrophic waters, while all the others live in mesotrophic ones. Different morphological characters and chromosome set suggest the presence of a new taxon among Italian Callitriche populations. In conclusion, this research underlines that the possibility of Callitriche taxon misclassification, using only the “canonical” macro-morphological approach, is significant and that the incorrect determination of these plants would lead to erroneous evaluation of water quality.     

Palynological characters of Glycyrrhiza,Glycyrrhizopsis,and Meristotropis(Leguminosae),with special reference to their taxonomic significance

Li X-Y.1992.Studies on germplasm of Glycyrrhiza by using different taxonomic methods.Advances in Plant Taxonomy in Northwest China 1:7-24.

Li X-Y.1993.A study of the system and new taxa of genus Glycyrrhiza L.Bulletin of Botanical Research 13(1):14-43.

Turrill WB.1937.Glycyrrhizopsis syriaca Turrill.Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 2:79.

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大血藤科植物的分类学研究

作者对大血藤科植物的花性、叶片内部结构形态、花粉形态、染色体核型及过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶进行了比较研究,结果表明：１）大血藤科植物外形上的两性花,其雄蕊的形态退化、花药始终不开裂,为功能上的雌花,因此其花为单性,同株,同序或异序;１２）首次指出大血藤属植物的染色体数为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２２,属小型染色体,与木通科植物２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３２、３０、２８的染色体数明显不同,支持Ｓｔａｐｆ（１９２６）将其从木通科分出另立为科的观点;３）单叶和复叶可出现于同一植株上,而且在叶片内部结构、花粉形态、染色体核型、过氧化物酶及脂酶同工酶等性状上,大血藤与单叶血滕间均无实质性的差异,因此将单叶血藤归并于大血藤中。     

第四纪地层中常见的菊科植物花粉及其起源与分布

文中描述近年来在不同地区第四纪地层中发现的20多种类型菊科植物花粉形态特征,主要有3大类型:外壁具刺型、外壁内部具基柱型和大网胞型。并对它们的植物亲缘关系进行分类探讨。这些类型的化石花粉的植物关系都可归属到相应的现代菊科植物的族或属。据记载,早始新世古地中海至美国西北部亚热带略干旱温暖环境中出现的菊科祖先,可能是菊科植物的起源中心。根据现代植物属(或族)的相关资料,文中讨论了主要类型花粉的起源或分布。绝大多数类型分布于欧亚大陆及北美,在亚洲主要集中于喜马拉雅山及中国西南部。     

南蛇藤花粉和柱头的生物学特性研究

以南蛇藤花粉和柱头为研究对象;用日立TM-1000扫描电镜（SEM）观察花粉和柱头形态;用TTC（2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride）法测定不同贮藏温度对雄花花粉活力的影响;用固体培养基萌发法测定不同温度下雄花花粉的萌发率。结果表明：南蛇藤花粉粒呈长球形;赤道观细长椭圆形;极面观近三裂圆形;具三孔沟;网状雕纹。南蛇藤雌花、两性花的柱头形态及不同发育期的变化规律相似;而雄花柱头形态明显区别于雌花和两性花的。不同的贮藏温度对雄花花粉活力的影响差异明显;贮藏温度越高;花粉失活越快;说明低温利于花粉贮藏。南蛇藤雄花花粉萌发的最适温度约25℃。     

Pollen and stigma morphology of some Phaseoleae species (Leguminosae) with different pollinators

Pollen transport to a receptive stigma can be facilitated through different pollinators, which submits the pollen to different selection pressures. This study aimed to associate pollen and stigma morphology with zoophily in species of the tribe Phaseoleae. Species of the genera Erythrina, Macroptilium and Mucuna with different pollinators were chosen. Pollen grains and stigmas were examined under light microscopy (anatomy), scanning electronic microscopy (surface analyses) and transmission electronic microscopy (ultrastructure). The three genera differ in terms of pollen wall ornamentation, pollen size, pollen aperture, thickness of the pollen wall, amount of pollenkitt, pollen hydration status and dominant reserves within the pollen grain, while species within each genus are very similar in most studied characteristics. Most of these features lack relationships to pollinator type, especially in Erythrina and Mucuna. Pollen reserves are discussed on a broad scale, according to the occurrence of protein in the pollen of invertebrate- or vertebrate-pollinated species. Some pollen characteristics are more associated to semi-dry stigma requirements. This apical, compact, cuticularised and secretory stigma occurs in all species investigated. We conclude that data on pollen and stigma structure should be included together with those on floral morphology and pollinator behaviour for the establishment of functional pollination classes.     

水雍科植物的花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对世界水雍科6种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。水雍科植物花粉为舟形或船形,具远极单沟萌发孔类型,外壁纹饰通常为浅网状至网状,稀为小刺状纹饰,外壁外层由覆盖层、柱状层和基层组成,覆盖层厚。水雍科植物花粉外壁纹饰表现了从小刺状向网状的过渡。该科花粉为远极单沟,覆盖层厚,具小刺等特征反映了其与水鳖科和泽泻目花蔺科的密切联系,而该科花粉外壁纹饰多为网状则与茨藻目植物接近。这一结果支持将水雍科从茨藻目中分出作为一个独立的目处理的观点。此外,水雍科植物的花粉大小、纹饰类型、网眼大小与深浅等方面的差异对种级分类有一定意义。     

三峡库区川鄂紫菀(菊科)的形态学和细胞学研究

对川鄂紫菀（Aster moupinensis (Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.)秭归居群进行了形态学和细胞学研究。形态学研究表明,川鄂紫菀存在居群间分化,但不足以划分变种。发现了一些被以前研究者忽视的重要性状,首次报道了川鄂紫菀的染色体数目和核型。其核型公式为2n=2x=18m。     

木兰属3种植物花粉形态研究

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察木兰属（Magnolia)3种植物的花粉粒,其形态特征是：花粉粒长球形,具单沟：外壁光滑或粗糙,结果表明：该属3种植物花粉形态在种的水平上具有分类学意义,而且具有明显的深化趋势。     

陕西省常见蜜源植物花粉形态的研究

运用扫描电子显微镜,对陕西省境内３０种常见蜜源植物的花粉粒进行了观察研究,描述了花粉粒的大小、萌发孔类型及其表面纹饰等形态特征。结果表明：绝大多数种的蜜源植物,其花粉粒的形态特征明显不同。本文还就花粉粒形态特征,在鉴定蜜源植物花粉的属种,确定蜂蜜的产地、评价蜂蜜的品质等方面进行了探讨。     

葱属植物棱叶薤的形态性状与核型特征

对新疆不同地理位置分布的葱属植物棱叶薤的形态性状以及核型特征进行了研究,结果表明:鳞茎、株型、叶形等43个形态性状在3个棱叶薤居群之间不存在差异,而株芽、叶色、叶长、单株叶片数、小花数目、花序高度、花葶长度等19个性状在3个棱叶薤居群之间存在显著或极显著差异。采集自乌鲁木齐红旗水库居群的棱叶薤的核型公式是2n=2x=16=12m+4sm;塔城阿西尔乡巴尔鲁克山居群的棱叶薤的核型公式是2n=3x=24=18m+3sm+3st;裕民巴旦杏保护区居群的棱叶薤的核型公式是2n=4x=32=28m(4SAT)﹢4sm。棱叶薤居群内形态性状和倍性稳定,居群间存在形态性状分化,同时还存在二倍体、三倍体、四倍体的倍性分化。居群间染色体结构组成和相对长度组成也存在差异。核型类型均为2A型。     

Permian terebratulids of Eurasia: Morphology,systematics, and phylogeny

The Permian terebratulids of Eurasia are revised. The taxonomic composition of the Permian terebratulids of the Russian Platform, Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia, northern and southeastern Pamirs, and northern China (Inner Mongolia) is elucidated. Fifty-one species (13 described here as new), 21 genera (3 described here as new), 7 families, and 6 superfamilies are described. During the progress of the study, the author (Smirnova, 2004a, 2004b, 2006a, 2006b) and Smirnova and Grunt (2002, 2003a, 2003b) described for the first time 19 species, nine genera, two families, and one superfamily. Morphofunctional analysis reveals a great diversity of internal structures, of the time of their appearance in the ontogeny, and of their taxonomic significance. Ontogenetic study reveals phylogenetic relationships between the Permian and Meso-Cenozoic terebratulids, the presence of the superfamilies Terebratuloidea and Loboidothyroidea in the Permian, and a new type of brachidium ontogeny characterizing the superfamily Compositelasmatoidea. This book is intended for paleontologists and biologists interested in problems of taxonomy and phylogeny, and includes 5 plates, 80 figures, and 75 bibliographic references.     

Morphological,karyological and palynological investigation of endemic Centaurea kurdica Reichardt from Turkey

The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological, morphometrical, karyological and palynological features of the endemic Centaurea kurdica Reichardt species from East Anatolian region. Some morphological features of the species like morphology of capitula, involucra, involucral leaves (phyllaries) and achene have been investigated. The chromosome number of Centaurea kurdica was found as 2n = 18 and haploid karyotype formula 6m+2sm+1M. Metaphase chromosome length ranged from 5.81 to 3.91 μm and the total haploid chromosome length was 41.09 μm. The results of the light microscope investigation of pollen revealed that it is radially symmetrical, isopolar tricolporate and has spheroid-type pollen, and exine ornamentation was also determined as scabrate.     

东北19种禾本科植物花粉形态研究

报道了禾本科19种植物的花粉形态.通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对花粉的形态、表面饰纹、萌发孔的许多特征进行了观察.总结了禾本科植物花粉形态的类型及萌发孔的特征.     

槭树科花粉形态的研究

用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微对槭树科２属１０种１亚种４变种的花粉形态进行了研究。结果表明,金钱属的花粉为３孔沟,槭树属的花粉分为３沟和３孔沟两大类型。研究结果澄清了前人一些片面的看法,并从花粉形态特征探讨了该科各属及类型间的亲缘关系。