Streptococcus faecium var. casselifavus, nov. var

Streptococcus faecium var. casseliflavus is a gram-positive, spherical cell. The cells occur chiefly as pairs within chains and elongate to ogive-shaped cells during growth. Growth is good on 5% bile salts-agar and in broth at 10 C, and in broth adjusted to pH 9.6 or containing 6.5% NaCl, but many strains fail to grow at 45 C. Litmus is reduced rapidly prior to formation of an acid curd. Few strains release ammonia from arginine or serine. The organism is not proteolytic and does not produce H(2)S or acetylmethylcarbinol, reduce nitrate, decarboxylate tyrosine, or produce slime on sucrose-agar. Most strains survive heating to 60 C for 30 min. It produces gray colonies on potassium tellurite agar, reduces 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium-HCl to a pink color, and ferments cellobiose, dextrin, maltose, mannose, and sorbitol, thus resembling S. faecalis. Like S. faecium, it produces peroxidase but not catalase on heated blood media, dissimilates malate, and ferments arabinose, melibiose, and salicin, but not melezitose. Like both species, it ferments dextrose, galactose, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, and citrate. Properties peculiar to the variant include the high pH limiting initiation and termination of growth; the fermentation of alpha-methyl-d-glucoside, raffinose, and xylose; motility; and growth without blue button formation in ethyl violet broth. The water-soluble, pale lemon-yellow pigment is released into the aqueous phase only after the cell envelope is altered by fat solvents. The bacterium thrives as an epiphyte on plants.     

Der Generationswechsel von Rotalia beccarii var. flevensis,nov. var

Zusammenfassung Rotalia beccarii var. flevensis nov. var. zeigt eine typische Trimorphie (Formen a₁, A₂ und B). Diese Trimorphie ist der Ausdruck eines Generationswechsels, der mit den Jahreszeiten gleichen Tritt hält. Die B-Form ist die Dauerform im Winter und bildet im Frühjahr durch asexuelle Vermehrung Plasmodiosporen, welche zur A₁-Form heranwachsen. Die A₁-Form bildet ihrerseits im Sommer die A₂-Form, welche gekennzeichnet ist durch den Besitz eines Chromidiums. In dieser Form entwickeln sich die Mikrosporen durch mitotische Teilungen der aus dem Chromidium entstandenen kleinen Kerne, nachdem die Individuen sich enzystiert haben. Die Kopulation der Mikrosporen liefert im Herbst wieder die mikrosphärische B-Form.Ich habe eine ausführliche Studie publiziert über die Fortpflanzung der Foraminiferen in: Siboga-Reports 4, Part II, S. 79–104. Daselbst ist diese Rotalia noch als Pulvinulina repanda angeführt. Für Figuren verweise ich auf diese Arbeit.Mitteilung der Kommission zur biologischen Untersuchung der Zuidersee während der Trockenlegung.     

UeberColchicum autumnale,var.vernum

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

New heptaene antibiotic, flavomycin, formed by Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov]

An actinomycetous culture LIA-0734 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphologo-cultural properties it was close to Act. flavus and differed from the latter in the sporophores, colour of the substrate mycelium on synthetic media amd markedly pronounced antagonism with respect to yeasts and yeast-like fungi. The culture was classified as Act. flavus var. geptinicus var. nov. The actinomycete produced new aromatic heptaens: flavomycins A and B. Their physico-chemical and biological characteristics and singularity are presented.     

Detoxification of Benzoxazolinone Allelochemicals from Wheat by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. graminis, G. graminis var. avenae, and Fusarium culmorum

The ability of phytopathogenic fungi to overcome the chemical defense barriers of their host plants is of great importance for fungal pathogenicity. We studied the role of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their related benzoxazolinones in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We identified species-dependent differences in the abilities of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, and Fusarium culmorum to detoxify these allelochemicals of gramineous plants. The G. graminis var. graminis isolate degraded benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA) and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA) more efficiently than did G. graminis var. tritici and G. graminis var. avenae. F. culmorum degraded BOA but not MBOA. N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-malonamic acid and N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-malonamic acid were the primary G. graminis var. graminis and G. graminis var. tritici metabolites of BOA and MBOA, respectively, as well as of the related cyclic hydroxamic acids. 2-Amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one was identified as an additional G. graminis var. tritici metabolite of BOA. No metabolite accumulation was detected for G. graminis var. avenae and F. culmorum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi was inhibited more by BOA and MBOA than by their related fungal metabolites. The tolerance of Gaeumannomyces spp. for benzoxazolinone compounds is correlated with their detoxification ability. The ability of Gaeumannomyces isolates to cause root rot symptoms in wheat (cultivars Rektor and Astron) parallels their potential to degrade wheat allelochemicals to nontoxic compounds.     

Scopafungin, a Crystalline Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. enhygrus var. nova

Scopafungin (U-29,479) is a crystalline, nonpolyenic antimicrobial agent obtained from the culture broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. enhygrus var. nova UC-2397. Scopafungin inhibits, in vitro, a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and gram-positive bacteria.     

New antibiotic, parvulomycin, produced by a culture of Actinomyces parvullus var. chromogenes var. nov]

Actinomycete LIA-O784 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphological and cultural properties the isolate was close to Act. parvullus but differed from it in synthesis of melanoid pygment, thyrosinase, hydrogen sulphide and pronounced antifungal activity. The actinomycete was classified as a new variant and designated as Actinomyces parvullus var. chromogenes var. nov. The culture produced a new polyglycoside antibiotic named parvulomycin. The physico-chemical characteristics of the antibiotic is presented.     

Extrachromosomal DNA in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, var. finitimus, var. sotto, and in Bacillus popilliae

Four entomopathogenic bacteria contained extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of various sizes. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki contained twelve elements banding on agarose gels that ranged from 0.74 to > 50 × 10⁶ daltons, three of which were giant extrachromosomal DNA elements. B. thuringiensis var. sotto contained one giant extrachromosomal DNA element with a molecular size of about 23.5 × 10⁶ daltons and two lesser elements of 0.80 and 0.62 × 10⁶ daltons. B. thuringiensis var. finitimus harbored two giant DNA elements corresponding to >50 × 10⁶ daltons and two lesser bands with relative small size (0.98 and 0.97 × 10⁶ daltons). B. popilliae contained no giant extrachromosomal DNA elements but did contain two smaller elements corresponding to 4.45 and 0.58 × 10⁶ daltons. The possible use of extrachromosomal DNA elements that prove to be autonomous replicons for recombinant DNA studies is discussed.     

Photosynthetic Redox Imbalance Governs Leaf Sectoring in the Arabidopsis thaliana Variegation Mutants immutans,spotty, var1, and var2

We hypothesized that chloroplast energy imbalance sensed through alterations in the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, measured as excitation pressure, governs the extent of variegation in the immutans mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. To test this hypothesis, we developed a nondestructive imaging technique and used it to quantify the extent of variegation in vivo as a function of growth temperature and irradiance. The extent of variegation was positively correlated (R² = 0.750) with an increase in excitation pressure irrespective of whether high light, low temperature, or continuous illumination was used to induce increased excitation pressure. Similar trends were observed with the variegated mutants spotty, var1, and var2. Measurements of greening of etiolated wild-type and immutans cotyledons indicated that the absence of IMMUTANS increased excitation pressure twofold during the first 6 to 12 h of greening, which led to impaired biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. In contrast with IMMUTANS, the expression of its mitochondrial analog, AOX1a, was transiently upregulated in the wild type but permanently upregulated in immutans, indicating that the effects of excitation pressure during greening were also detectable in mitochondria. We conclude that mutations involving components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, such as those present in immutans, spotty, var1, and var2, predispose Arabidopsis chloroplasts to photooxidation under high excitation pressure, resulting in the variegated phenotype.     

Magnolia denudata var. glabrata var. nov. (Magnoliaceae) from Hunan,China

Magnolia denudata var. glabrata Y. L. Wang et S. Z. Zhang var. nov. is described and illustrated from Hunan, China. The variety occurs mainly in semi‐evergreen forest of south Hunan at altitudes between 700 and 1260 m a.s.l. It differs from M. denudata var. denudata by its green and glabrous twigs and leaves which are glabrous above and have some white pubescence underneath. With its white flowers consisting of mostly 9 tepals, it differs from M. sprengeri Pamp. which mainly has 12 tepals in various shades of red/pink to white. The new variety is rare and considered endangered due to habitat destruction.     

Eugenia terpnophylla var. keralensis var. nov. (Myrtaceae) from Kerala,India

The new variety Eugenia terpnophylla Thw. viz. var. keralensis S. M. Shareef, E. S. Santhosh Kumar et Roy is described and illustrated from Kerala, India. It differs from the typical variety by its narrowly or broadly elliptic leaves with more numerous lateral nerves, sub‐orbicular petals and ellipsoidal fruits.     

Tremacron aurantiacum var. weiningense (Gesneriaceae) var. nov. from Guizhou,China

Tremacron aurantiacum var. weiningense (Gesneriaceaea), a new variety of Tremacron aurantiacum found in northwest Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. This new variety differs from T. aurantiacum K. Y. Pan var. aurantiacum in the following respects: it has appressed pubescence and tomentum on the lower surface of its leaves, inflorescence is 4–8‐flowered, 5–10 cymes, peduncles and pedicels are covered with glandular pubescence, the corolla is thin with tube‐like upper lips indistinct and cut‐like, the stigma is 1, capitate.     

Arabidopsis Chloroplast FtsH,var2 and Suppressors of var2 Leaf Variegation:a Review

Variegation mutants are ideal model systems to study chloroplast biogenesis. We are interested in variegations whose green and whitesectored leaves arise as a consequence of the action of nuclear recessive genes. In this review, we focus on the Arabidopsis var2 variegation mutant, and discuss recent progress toward understanding the function of VAR2 and the mechanism of var2-mediated variegation. VAR2 is a subunit of the chloroplast FtsH complex, which is involved in turnover of the Photosystem II reaction center D1 protein, as well as in other processes required for the development and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus. The cells in green sectors of var2 have normal-appearing chloroplasts whereas cells in the white sectors have abnormal plastids that lack pigments and organized lamellae. To explain the mechanism of var2 variegation, we have proposed a threshold model in which the formation of chloroplasts is due to the presence of activities/processes that are able to compensate for a lack of VAR2. To gain insight into these activities, second-site suppressor screens have been carried out to obtain mutants with nonvariegation phenotypes. Cloning and characterization of several var2 suppressor lines have uncovered several mechanisms of variegation suppression, including an unexpected link between var2 variegation and chloroplast translation.     

UeberVaccinium uliginosum,L. var,globosum, et tubulosum Baenitz

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Thaimycins,new anthelmintic and antiprotozoal antibiotics produced by Streptomyces michiganensis var. amylolyticus var. nova

Summary A new microorganism, isolated in our laboratories and identified as Streptomyces michiganensis var. amylolyticus var. nova is described.Thaimycins can be obtained by submerged fermentation of this microorganism on a suitable culture medium.Three new related compounds, thaimycins A, B and C have been obtained and characterized by their physical and chemical properties.Data on the antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activities in vitro as well as in vivo are reported.