Urologic issues during pregnancy

Pregnancy induces a variety of physiologic changes in the urinary tract. When such changes become accentuated the physiologic becomes the pathologic and symptoms arise, at times of significance enough to threaten the well being of mother and/or fetus. This article intends to describe the basis for urinary physiology and its pathologic counterparts during pregnancy. Such a background may then facilitate a rational management protocol for various urologic problems in the gravid state.     

H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠和两种灵长类动物的肺组织病理学比较

目的比较H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠、恒河猴及食蟹猴急性期肺组织的病理学变化。方法在麻醉状态下对BALB／c小鼠、恒河猴及食蟹猴进行H5N1病毒滴鼻接种,在感染急性期实施安死术,取肺组织运用H＆E结合免疫组化技术分析肺组织的病理变化。结果BALB／c小鼠感染急性期,肺组织以变质性炎为主,肺泡结构被广泛破坏,以单核细胞为主的炎细胞浸润,局部可见渗出性炎。而在恒河猴感染急性期肺组织病理改变以渗出性炎为主,同时可见变质性炎和增生性炎。在食蟹猴感染急性期肺组织病理改变以渗出性和变质性炎为主,同时亦可见上皮的新生。结论H5N1禽流感病毒感染小鼠与恒河猴、食蟹猴急性期肺组织的病理变化不同,这将为进一步认识禽流感的发病机制及研究针对性的治疗方法提供一些理论依据。     

艾滋病继发马尔尼菲青霉菌病结肠病理观察1例

目的 观察艾滋病继发马尔尼菲青霉菌病患者结肠的病理学变化。方法 通过结肠镜检查观察结肠黏膜病变并取活检,再对活检组织进行普通组织病理学检查和免疫组化检查。结果 结肠镜下可见结肠黏膜充血、水肿。病理学检查发现结肠黏膜呈慢性炎症改变;结肠内CD4~+T淋巴细胞明显减少,CD4~+/CD8~+比值明显降低。结论 艾滋病继发马尔尼菲青霉菌病患者结肠壁黏膜内的CD4~+T淋巴细胞减少,结肠呈非特异性炎性改变。     

Pathogenicity of Haemoproteus danilewskyi,Kruse, 1890, in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata)

Although the impact of blood parasite infections on passerine birds is potentially great, little is known of their pathologic effects. We studied Haemoproteus danilewskyi in experimentally infected captive and naturally infected free-ranging blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) to determine patterns of infection and examine the pathologic effects of the parasite on the host. Physiologic changes, such as elevated numbers of lymphocytes, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes and decreased packed cell volume in the peripheral blood were associated with the erythrocytic phase of experimental infections of captive juvenile jays. Sublethal pathologic changes associated with the pre-erythrocytic phase of infections were observed in the liver, lung, and spleen. Schizonts were observed in the pulmonary capillaries of a 1 yr old jay necropsied 31 days post-inoculation, but not in 20 juvenile jays necropsied 57 days post-inoculation. In free-ranging naturally infected jays plasma protein concentration increased with density of natural infections.     

乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗动物安全性试验研究

为评价乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗的安全性,分别给豚鼠皮下注射、小鼠皮内注射乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗或卡介苗,豚鼠每2周称体重一次,观察6周,解剖检查其病理变化;小鼠也进行病理检查。结果乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗接种组和卡介苗接种组的豚鼠体重均增加,疫苗注射局部及各脏器病理改变相似;小鼠接种局部皮肤病理改变也未见差异。结论为乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)没有促使卡介苗毒力增强,乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗接种实验鼠是安全的。     

Changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix in patellar tendinopathy

ObjectiveTo compare the chemical levels and mRNA expression of proteoglycan and collagen in normal human patellar tendons and tendons exhibiting chronic overuse tendinopathy.MethodsSulfated glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline content were investigated by spectrophotometric measurement using papain-digested samples. Deglycosylated proteoglycan core proteins were analysed by Western blot using specific antibodies. Total mRNA isolated from samples of frozen tendons was assayed by relative quantitative RT-PCR for decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, versican, aggrecan, and collagens Type I, II and III and normalised to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.ResultsThere was a significant increase in sulfated glycosaminoglycan content in pathologic tendons compared to normal. This was attributed to an increased deposition of the large aggregating proteoglycans versican and aggrecan and the small proteoglycans biglycan and fibromodulin, but not decorin. Aggrecan and versican were extensively degraded in both normal and pathologic tendons, biglycan was more fragmented in the pathologic tendons while predominantly intact fibromodulin and decorin were present in normal and pathologic tendons. There was a greater range in total collagen content but no change in the level of total collagen in pathologic tendons. There were no significant differences between the pathologic and normal tendon for all genes, however p values close to 0.05 indicated a trend in downregulation of Type I collagen and fibromodulin, and upregulation in versican and Type III genes in pathologic tissue.ConclusionThe changes in proteoglycan and collagen levels observed in patellar tendinopathy appear to be primarily due to changes in the metabolic turnover of these macromolecules. Changes in the expression of these macromolecules may not play a major role in this process.     

Glycosaminoglycans in the vitreous body of patients with retinal detachment.

The variation and changes of glycosaminoglycans in human vitreous body from patients with retinal detachment were studied. The isolated glycosaminoglycans from normal vitreous were identified as hyaluronate, which is the main component (92%) and chondroitin sulphate (8%). In contrast, in pathologic samples up to 18% of total glycosaminoglycans were identified as chondroitin.sulphate. In addition, in pathologic vitreous two fractions of glycosaminoglycans about 10% were identified as undersulphated chondroitin and heparan sulphate. The hydrodynamic size of hyaluronate differs between normal and pathologic samples. In samples from the patients with detached retinas the hyaluronic acid was of small hydrodynamic size.     

The Vitamin E-Deficiency Syndrome in Pigs

Four feeding experiments with fat-rich diets were performed to study the gross and histologic pathology of the vitamin E-deficiency syndrome in pigs. The pathologic changes which occurred included skeletal and heart muscle dystrophy with degenerative and micro- thrombotic vessel injury, anaemia, liver necrosis (hepatosis diaetetica) and yellow discoloration of the fat tissue (yellow-fat disease). In some cases clear-cut pathologic changes corresponding to “mulberry heart disease” or hepatosis diaetetica occurred, but there was an obvious tendency for these pathologic conditions, as well as for muscle dystrophy and yellow fat to occur simultaneously. The changes could be counteracted with alphatocopherol, while supplement of selenium or sulphur-containing amino acids did not protect against the lesions under the conditions of these experiments. This may be due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the experimental diets. Contradictory to earlier reports, hepatosis diaetetica developed on diets containing casein as a source of protein, and even when extra supplements of sulphur-containing amino acids were given. In these experiments „mulberry heart disease” was induced experimentally in vitamin E-deficient pigs. The explanation why several of these pigs belonged to groups with extra amino acids or selenium supplement may be a somewhat improved rate of growth in these groups.     

Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Stem Cell-Microglia Interaction in Brain Homeostasis

Neurochemical Research - Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain...     

Combination interleukin-2 and interleukin-12 induces severe gastrointestinal toxicity and epithelial cell apoptosis in mice

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) have potent anti-tumour activity as single agent therapy against several different murine and human tumours. Combining these cytokines may result in improved therapeutic effectiveness, however, the toxicity associated with simultaneous administration is prohibitive. This study was designed to determine the specific histopathologic changes associated with combination therapy. Mice were treated with 5 days of interleukin-2, interleukin-12, or both using standard doses and schedules. Histologic specimens were prepared from all internal organs on a daily basis to identify specific pathologic abnormalities. Treatment with interleukin-2, interleukin-12, or both resulted in pathologic insult to the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Mild lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates were seen in the liver. The most significant pathology was seen in the large bowel and consisted of apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells. While recovery of injured gastrointestinal mucosa occurred in mice treated with interleukin-2 or interleukin-12 alone, combination therapy resulted in death before recovery was possible. Combination interleukin-2 and interleukin-12 therapy results in irreversible injury of the colon as manifested by increased epithelial cell apoptosis and death in mice. Understanding the pathologic changes associated with combination cytokine therapy may lead to strategies that prevent toxicity while maintaining therapeutic effects.     

Three cases of hemolytic Streptococcus infection in guinea-pigs (author's transl)

Three cases of naturally occurring hemolytic streptococcus infection were detected in guinea-pigs which had been delivered from different sources to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, during the period from November, 1976, till February, 1977. The clinical manifestations of the infection were differentiated into two types; ie, the acute type with sepsis and pneumonia as main pathologic changes, and the chronic type with abscess formation of submaxillary lymph node. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from the conjunctiva of about 56% of these guinea-pigs. Healthy guinea-pigs housed with spontaneously infected ones in the same cage suffered from the infection, showing manifestation and pathologic changes similar to the spontaneous cases. Some of them, however, remained apparently healthy for about 2 months harboring the organisms in the conjunctiva or nasal cavity. It is presumed that such carriers become a source of the infection in nature.     

功能性心电图的基本特征及其产生机理

本文概述了航空、航天应激心电图(高空急性缺氧,加压供氧、加速度,失重,高温、下身负压与爆炸减压)、运动员与飞行员以及普通工作人员的非病理性心电图。此类心电图的形态改变同病理性心电图有同有异。各波段有意义的改变主要是P波与ST-T异常,心律失常中主动性异位节律、窦房结节律失常与被动性异位节律以及传导异常均可见。产生机理属于反射性或中枢性;诱因与产生机理均属功能性质。我们主张将此类异常心电图称为功能性心电图,以资区别于病理性心电图,利于科研中正确评价人体反应以及临床上鉴别诊断。     

Ultrastructural changes in human leukemic cell nuclei

The ultrastructural changes of human leukemic cell nuclei have been investigated. Particular attention is paid to the alteration of the nuclear envelope and its constituents, i.e., the pores and the Zonula Nucleum Limitans which appear constantly involved in these pathologic processes. An alteration of the relationships between the components of the nuclear envelope and the chromatin itself may be responsible for the appearance of the most nuclear changes.     

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathology and the Advantage of Single-Cell Profiling

The aggregation of neuronal proteins as inclusions is emerging as a common mechanistic theme in neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of these "disease-specific" pathologic changes in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases assist pathologists in the diagnosis and characterization of dementing illnesses. However, these same inclusions may provide valuable clues toward understanding common pathologic roots and shared abnormalities in protein folding across disorders. Such an investigation will likely provide insights into disease mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abundant filamentous lesions. This review focuses on two themes: (i) Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by shared and distinct histopathological and biochemical abnormalities, and (ii) the presence of abnormal protein aggregates may alter a gene, and hence protein expression in inclusion-bearing neurons predisposes them to dysfunction and eventual neuronal degeneration. The pathologic features of neurodegenerative diseases are first discussed followed by a rationale behind sampling mRNA species from single cells rather than from whole-brain homogenates to explore disease mechanisms.     

内膜下血管成形术动物模型的构建

目的建立一种稳定可靠的内膜下血管成形术(subintimal angioplasty,SIA)的动物模型,进而探索术后血管壁有关组成成分的变化规律。方法以巴马猪为实验对象,一组(7只)先建立动脉硬化狭窄模型,另一组(9只)为正常动脉,在颈总动脉施行SIA,在术后不同时间观察造模段动脉的通畅率及病理变化等。结果手术操作成功率为93.8%(15/16)。SIA术后总的通畅率为53.3%(8/15)。病理组织学观察发现SIA术后动脉管壁有新内膜形成,中膜增厚,平滑肌细胞数量增多,较多泡沫细胞出现,胶原纤维及弹力纤维染色范围增大、染色密度增加。超微结构观察提示SIA术后中膜层平滑肌细胞的收缩型与合成型同时存在;细胞外基质中胶原纤维和弹力纤维含量异常丰富。结论①首次成功设计、构建内膜下血管成形术的动物模型。②内膜下血管成形术模型构建术后的病理组织学改变与腔内血管成形术后的变化基本一致。     

大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注后肝脏 HO-1表达的变化及其意义

目的:探讨肢体缺血/再灌注(I/R)致肝脏损伤时肝组织诱导型血红素氧合酶(HO-1)表达的变化及其意义.方法:夹闭大鼠双侧股动脉根部4 h、开放2～24 h,制备肢体I/R模型.RT-PCR检测肝组织HO-1 mRNA表达的变化,免疫组化染色法观察HO-1蛋白在肝内的生成与分布.对肢体I/R大鼠应用锌原卟啉抑制其体内HO-1活性后,光镜观察其肝组织的病理变化.结果:肢体I/R后肝组织HO-1 mRNA的表达水平显著高于各对照组,再灌12 h表达至峰值,至再灌24 h仍显著高于各对照组(P＜0.01).肢体I/R组肝组织内出现大量弥散分布的HO-1阳性肝细胞,抑制HO-1活性,使肢体I/R组肝组织损伤明显加重.结论:肢体I/R损伤可诱导肝细胞HO-1基因表达上调,所诱生的HO-1对肝细胞具有保护效应.     

Gene expression profile and overexpression of apoptosis-related genes (NGFI-B and Gadd 45 γ) in early phase of Thy-1 nephritis model

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a disease of high incidence in humans. Rat Thy-1 nephritis (Thy-1 N), namely, anti-thymocyte serum (ATS)-induced nephritis, is considered to be an animal model for studying MPGN. Although previous studies have demonstrated that glomerular mesangial cell (GMCs) injury might be a feature of Thy-1 N, the mechanism of the disease (i.e., GMC apoptosis) remains unclear. We have examined the pathologic changes of GMCs and the gene expression profile of renal tissues in Thy-1 N. The pathologic changes of Thy-1 N include three phages: GMC apoptosis (40 min), necrosis (2 h), and proliferation (5 days). Many TUNEL-positive cells are found 40 min after administration of ATS. Concomitantly, 341 genes are up-regulated, whereas 392 genes are down-regulated, as shown by microarrays analysis. The mRNA and protein of two of the up-regulated genes (nerve growth factor induced protein I-B, NGFI-B; growth arrest- and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 gamma, Gadd 45 γ) in the GMC apoptotic phase of Thy-1 N are markedly elevated, as observed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Our data indicate that pathologic changes of Thy-1 N are involved in the abnormal gene profile. The overexpression of the NGFI-B and Gadd 45 γ genes may be associated with GMC apoptosis of Thy-1 N.This work was supported by grants (no. 30571728, 30471615, and no. 03KJA310074) from the National Natural Science Foundations of China and Jiangsu Province.     

The hepatic vasculature and its response to hepatic injury: a working hypothesis

The hepatic circulation is unique in that high volumes of low pressure blood flow are supplied through a dual venous and arterial circulation. This vascular supply is modulated both by the gastrointestinal vascular bed and an intrahepatic microcirculation. This complex vascular system is influenced by pathologic processes within the liver. Alterations in the hepatic circulation reflect hepatic metabolic adaptation and injury. It seems reasonable to assume that in some circumstances hepatic circulatory alterations are inappropriate, exaggerated or inadequate and contribute to the initiation or perpetuation of hepatic injury. This paper attempts to focus on evidence derived from studies of the normal and abnormal hepatic circulation that provide insights into hepatic circulatory responses and their role in the initiation and perpetuation of hepatic injury. A possible relationship of these vascular changes to pathologic processes within the liver is proposed. Ultimately, precise measurement and understanding of hepatic vasculature changes may allow appropriate intervention to offset injury or stimulate maximum effective repair.     

亲属活体供肾的病理改变及其临床相关性

目的 探讨亲属活体供肾的病理改变与类型,分析供肾病理改变与供体临床预后的相关性.方法 2007 年5 月至2008 年7 月完成59 例亲属活体供肾肾移植,供肾灌注后用Trucut 肾活检针(18 G)行肾下极穿刺活检,常规行光镜检查和免疫组化检查.供体术后观察血清肌酐、尿常规和尿生化等.结果 55 岁以下供者肾脏出现...     

MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Principles and Concepts

Among 205 ovaries with cortical stromal hyperplasia or polycystic changes, 52 showed excessive luteinization. The clinical and pathologic parameters investigated were not statistically different in the group with extensive thecomatosis. Hyperthecosis is considered as the functional variant of ovarian stromal hyperplasia which reflects a predominance of pituitary luteinizing hormone.