手术植入虚假超声波发射器对草鱼的影响

分别于2010年10-12月、2010年11月-2011年10月研究了手术植入虚假超声波发射器对草鱼的短期和长期影响.结果表明： 手术植入超声波发射器在术后30 d内对草鱼的生长具有明显的负面影响,30 d后这种负面影响逐渐消失;1尾草鱼及2尾草鱼分别在60 d及360 d研究周期内死亡,死亡率分别为4.2%及6.7%;术后30 d草鱼切口均已愈合,术后360 d,所有草鱼缝线均已脱落;2尾草鱼及1尾草鱼分别在60 d及360 d研究周期内通过未愈合的切口排出发射器,发射器排出率分别为8.7%及3.3%;保留在草鱼腹腔内的发射器都被自然包裹在纤维囊中,且与肠道、体壁及内脏存在多重粘连.手术植入超声波发射器应用于草鱼的超声波遥测技术是可行的,但草鱼在术后应至少暂养30 d以便切口愈合及生长恢复.     

Removing the rubbish: frogs eliminate foreign objects from the body cavity through the bladder

During the course of a telemetry study on three species of Australian frogs (Litoria caerulea, Litoria dahlii and Cyclorana australis), we found that many of the surgically implanted transmitters had migrated into the bladder. We subsequently implanted small beads into L. caerulea and they were expelled from the body in 10-23 days. Beads implanted into cane toads (Rhinella marina) to document the process were either expelled or were enveloped into the bladder. This appears to be a unique pathway for expulsion of foreign objects from the body, and suggests that caution should be employed in telemetry studies when interpreting the separation of some animals from their transmitters as a mortality event.     

Acoustic telemetry to assess post-stocking dispersal and mortality of razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus

Acoustic telemetry and scuba revealed immediate and high post-stocking mortality of razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus in Lake Mohave, U.S.A., a Colorado River impoundment. At the conclusion of this 6 month study, only three of 19 (16%) study fish remained active. Concurrently, 20 X. texanus implanted with acoustic transmitters and held in a hatchery raceway remained healthy throughout the experiment and no transmitters were shed. Post-stocking mortality was probably due to predation by striped bass Morone saxatilis , a piscivorous non-native fish.     

Effects of suture material on incision healing, growth and survival of juvenile largemouth bass implanted with miniature radio transmitters: case study of a novice and experienced fish surgeon

Juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , intraperitoneally implanted with microradio transmitters exhibited short-term (5 days) inflammation around the incision and suture insertion points for both non-absorbable braided silk and non-absorbable polypropylene monofilament, but in the longer term (20 days) almost all sutures were shed and the incisions were completely healed. Cumulative mortality was higher for fish with braided silk sutures, however, post-mortem analysis revealed that violations to the gastro-intestinal tract from the surgical procedure were the usual cause of the mortality. Mortality was generally low in control fish. The two surgeons who performed the implantations differed substantially in experience. Despite receiving basic training, the novice surgeon took longer to complete the surgeries, had reduced suture precision and experienced more fish mortality relative to the experienced surgeon. For both surgeons, it took longer to complete suturing with polypropylene than with braided silk. During the surgery day, the experienced surgeon exhibited consistently rapid surgery times, whereas the novice surgeon exhibited significantly improved speed as the number of surgeries completed increased. This study suggests that microtransmitters can be successfully implanted in juvenile largemouth bass but some mortality can be expected. This mortality seems to be independent of suture material, but dependent upon the experience of the surgeon.     

Effects of external and surgically implanted dummy radio transmitters on mortality, swimming performance and physiological status of juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou

The effects of external and surgically implanted radio transmitters on juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou were examined. External attachment of transmitters significantly decreased the survival of fish and caused a decreased critical swimming speed compared with surgical implantation. Although plasma cortisol, plasma glucose and haematocrit values did not differ significantly among groups, it appeared that the most suitable transmitter attachment method for juvenile O. masou may be surgical implantation.     

Coupling non‐invasive physiological assessments with telemetry to understand inter‐individual variation in behaviour and survivorship of sockeye salmon: development and validation of a technique

Approximately 200 km from the mouth of the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka , were gastrically implanted with radio transmitters without anaesthetic. Subsets of the transmitter implanted fish were also biopsied which included drawing blood from the caudal peduncle (3 ml), removal of gill tissue (0·03 g) and quantification of energetic status using a microwave fat meter. Several experiments were used to test the hypothesis that the biopsy had a negligible effect on the subsequent survival and migratory behaviour of transmitter implanted fish. In the first experiment, no difference was found in the survival (both 100%) or tag retention (both 100%) between the two treatment groups (transmitter implanted with and without biopsy) when fish were held in pens for 24 h in the marine environment. Similarly, in other experiments where fish were released to the ocean to resume their migratory journey, no statistical differences were found in the travel times of fish in the two treatment groups, or in the proportion of fish that passed in‐river telemetry checkpoints. These results indicated that the handling and biopsy methods produced similar levels of mortality and tag retention as the telemetry treatment alone and that any changes in behaviour between the two treatment groups did not adversely affect migration time. Based upon the evidence provided from the biotelemetry of >300 adult sockeye salmon, it was felt that this general type of approach could be applicable to other fish species.     

The effects of surgically implanted acoustic transmitters on laboratory growth, survival and tag retention in hatchery yearling Chinook salmon

Telemetry has proven an effective means for studying the movement of fishes, however, biases associated with tagged animals requires careful scrutiny if accurate conclusions are to be made from field studies. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, survival, and tag retention in hatchery yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles with intracoelomic surgically implanted acoustic transmitters representing 2.6 to 5.6% of body weight. The first trial consisted of three treatments; passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag-only (25 fish), acoustic-tag+PIT-tag (25 fish), and sham-surgery+PIT-tag (25 fish). There were no significant differences in relative growth rate (% change in weight day^?1) among treatments over the 221 day trial. Survival in the acoustic-tag treatment (80%) was not significantly different from the PIT-tag-only and sham treatments (92 and 88% respectively). The second trial consisted of three treatments; PIT-tag-only (22 fish), acoustic-tag+PIT-tag with absorbable sutures (12 fish) and acoustic-tag+PIT-tag with non-absorbable sutures (12 fish). There were no significant differences in relative growth rate among treatments over the 160 day trial. Survival in the second trial was 100%. Fish with absorbable sutures healed sooner and with less inflammation compared to fish with non-absorbable sutures. Tag retention was 100% in both trials. The results of this study suggest that acoustic transmitters of less than 5.6% body weight can be effectively used in 1-year old Chinook salmon.     

Surgical implantation techniques for electronic tags in fish

Intracoelomic implantation of transmitters into fish requires making a surgical incision, incision closure, and other surgery related techniques; however, the tools and techniques used in the surgical process vary widely. We review the available literature and focus on tools and techniques used for conducting surgery on juvenile salmonids because of the large amount of research that is conducted on them. The use of sterilized surgical instruments properly selected for a given size of fish will minimize tissue damage and infection rates, and speed the wound healing of fish implanted with transmitters. For the implantation of transmitters into small fish, the optimal surgical methods include making an incision on the ventral midline along the linea alba (for studies under 1 month), protecting the viscera (by lifting the skin with forceps while creating the incision), and using absorbable monofilament suture with a small-swaged-on swaged-on tapered or reverse-cutting needle. Standardizing the implantation techniques to be used in a study involving particular species and age classes of fish will improve survival and transmitter retention while allowing for comparisons to be made among studies and across multiple years. This review should be useful for researchers working on juvenile salmonids and other sizes and species of fish.     

Learning from unsuccessful radio tagging of common carp in a Namibian reservoir

Radio tagged common carp Cyprinus carpio in a Namibian reservoir, where this species has been introduced, experienced 100% mortality or tag loss (  n  = 13) with surgically implanted transmitters and 100% survival (  n  = 5) with externally attached transmitters at water temperatures of 24–25° C. It seems that the negative effects of the tagging were greater for surgical implantation than for external attachment. The body shape of common carp make them well suited for external tagging, and this tagging method is recommended for common carp studies at high water temperatures or under other stressful conditions.     

Comparison of two methods of attaching telemetry transmitters to the Mekong giant catfish, Pangasianodon gigas

For conservation and successful stock enhancement of endangered species, an understanding of the movement patterns and behavior of the target species is indispensable. The Mekong giant catfish, Pangasianodon gigas, is endemic to the Mekong Basin and now is threatened with extinction. Although biotelemetry using acoustic transmitters and receivers is expected to reveal its movement patterns and behavior, the most suitable attachment method for the transmitter to the catfish is unknown. In this study we examined the effects of external attachment and surgical implantation on the survival and growth of the catfish, compared with those in control individuals, in an earthen fish pond for approximately 2 months. No fish died during the experimental period. Furthermore, we found no fungal infections in any fish and no significant differences in growth rate among treatment and control fish. However, all transmitters of externally tagged fish were lost during the experimental period. In contrast, transmitters of some surgically implanted fish remained in the peritoneal cavity. In conclusion, the surgical implantation technique is suitable for long-term monitoring of the catfish.     

Displacement,and home range movements of muskellunge determined by ultrasonic tracking

Synopsis Five adult or subadult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Salmoniformes: Esocoidei), were tracked over periods of 6–11 days by means of ultrasonic (74 ± 1 Khz) transmitters, surgically implanted in the body cavity. One of these fish demonstrated that survival and well-being for over a year is probable. There was no apparent effect on equilibrium, swimming, or feeding. There was also no apparent abnormally high amount of movement immediately after release.Signal range was at times no greater than 10 m (in contrast to a potential of 1 km) as a result of the air in the dense aquatic vegetation.Area occupied by a single individual for a protracted period could be described as a linear distance of 300–800 m in the stream, or a circle 300 m in diamter in the lake. Displaced individuals returned to a specific locality. Following spawning they do so over a distance as great as 6.4 km in a maximum of two days. There was evidence that two individuals used the same general area simultaneously.Subsequent results with some of the same individuals indicated that radio transmitters are more practical and yield better results in the situation under study.     

Tag retention and survival of juvenile bighead carp implanted with a dummy acoustic tag at three temperatures

Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (together, the bigheaded carps) are invasive fishes in North America that have resulted in substantial negative effects on native fish communities and aquatic ecosystems. Movement and behavior of adult bigheaded carps has been studied previously using telemetry, while similar studies with juvenile bigheaded carps have yet to be attempted. Recent technological advances in telemetry transmitters has increased the availability of tags sufficiently small enough to implant in juvenile carps. However, the effects of surgical implantation of telemetry tags on juvenile bigheaded carps have not been evaluated. We determined tag retention and survival associated with surgical implantation of acoustic telemetry tags into juvenile bighead carp (range 128–152 mm total length) at three temperatures (13, 18, and 23°C). In addition, we assessed the effect of surgically implanted transmitters on the fitness, defined as changes in weight or critical swimming speed, of carp implanted with transmitters. Survival was high among tagged fish (85%) with 47% of tags retained at the conclusion of the 45‐day study. No substantial decline in fitness of the fish was observed in tagged fish compared to untagged fish.     

A Field Evaluation of an External and Neutrally Buoyant Acoustic Transmitter for Juvenile Salmon: Implications for Estimating Hydroturbine Passage Survival

Turbine-passed fish are exposed to rapid decreases in pressure which can cause barotrauma. The presence of an implanted telemetry tag increases the likelihood of injury or death from exposure to pressure changes, thus potentially biasing studies evaluating survival of turbine-passed fish. Therefore, a neutrally buoyant externally attached tag was developed to eliminate this bias in turbine passage studies. This new tag was designed not to add excess mass in water or take up space in the coelom, having an effective tag burden of zero with the goal of reducing pressure related biases to turbine survival studies. To determine if this new tag affects fish performance or susceptibility to predation, it was evaluated in the field relative to internally implanted acoustic transmitters (JSATS; Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System) used widely for survival studies of juvenile salmonids. Survival and travel time through the study reach was compared between fish with either tag type in an area of high predation in the Snake and Columbia rivers, Washington. An additional group of fish affixed with neutrally-buoyant dummy external tags were implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and recovered further downstream to assess external tag retention and injury. There were no significant differences in survival to the first detection site, 12 river kilometers (rkm) downstream of release. Travel times were also similar between groups. Conversely, externally-tagged fish had reduced survival (or elevated tag loss) to the second detection site, 65 rkm downstream. In addition, the retention study revealed that tag loss was first observed in fish recaptured approximately 9 days after release. Results suggest that this new tag may be viable for short term (<8 days) single-dam turbine-passage studies and under these situations, may alleviate the turbine passage-related bias encountered when using internal tags, however further research is needed to confirm this.     

Surgical procedure for implanting a radiotelemetry transmitter to monitor ECG, heart rate and body temperature in small Carassius auratus and Carassius auratus gibelio under laboratory conditions

Radiotelemetry provides an alternative means of obtaining physiological measurements from conscious and freely moving animals, without introducing stress artefacts. A surgical procedure is described for implanting radiotelemetry transmitters to monitor the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) in small goldfish (Carassius auratus; 50-100 g) and Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio; 100 g). This type of transmitter is commonly implanted in freely moving mice. After surgery and a recovery period of 24 h, the ECG, HR and BT were recorded in freely swimming fish within the limitations of the aquarium.     

Measuring body temperature in the field—evaluation of external vs. implanted transmitters in a small mammal

Measuring the body temperature of animals living under natural conditions has gained increasing interest. This study shows in the small lemur Cheirogaleus medius that for many questions external collar transmitters can constitute an excellent alternative to implanted transmitters. During both active as well as inactive phases, data from collar transmitters precisely reflect core body temperature over a wide range of ambient temperatures. Even minor changes in the body temperature are detected, and collar transmitters are very adequate for determining general patterns of body temperature and activity in suitable species.     

Potential problems with removing scales before surgical transmitter implantation

Thirty one mirror carp Cyprinus carpio were implanted with telemetry transmitters. Several large scales were removed from the incision area of two mirror carp before implantation of transmitters. When the fish were recaptured after 4 months, the mirror carp from which scales were removed showed severe tissue necrosis at the incision site whereas intact fish did not.     

The effects of intraperitoneally implanted dummy acoustic transmitters on the behaviour and physiology of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L

The behavioural and physiological effects of surgical implantation of dummy miniature acoustic transmitters into the peritonealcavities ofjuvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were assessed. lntraperitoneal implantations had no significant effect on growth, feeding or swimming behaviour in either parr or smolts. Recovery from the surgical implantation was both rapid and total; infection was absent; and physiological processes such as smoltification and maturation of testes in precocious parr were unaffected. Expulsion of the transmitter through the body wall, not through the implantation wound, occurred in a number of fish but without adversely affecting the animals. The intraperitoneal implantation technique is discussed in relation to its use during biotelemetry studies.     

Use of Implanted Radiotransmitters to Estimate Survival of Greater Sage-Grouse Chicks

ABSTRACT Reduced chick survival has been implicated in declines of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations. Because monitoring survival of unmarked sage-grouse chicks is difficult, radiotelemetry may be an effective technique to estimate survival rates, identify causes of mortality, and collect ecological data. Previous studies have used subcutaneous implants to attach radiotransmitters to hatchlings of several species of birds with precocial young. Previous researchers who used subcutaneous implants in free-ranging populations removed chicks from the capture location and implanted transmitters at an alternate site. Because logistics precluded removing newly hatched greater sage-grouse chicks from the field, we evaluated a method for implanting transmitters at capture locations. We captured 288 chicks from 52 broods and monitored 286 radiomarked chicks daily for 28 days following capture during May and June 2001–2002. Two (>1%) chicks died during surgery and we did not radiomark them. At the end of the monitoring period, 26 chicks were alive and 212 were dead. Most (98%, 207/212) radiomarked chick mortality occurred < 21 days posthatch and predation (82%, 174/212) was the primary cause of death. Necropsies of 22 radiomarked chicks did not indicate inflammation or infection from implants, and they were not implicated in the death of any chicks. Fate of 48 chicks was unknown because of transmitter loss (n = 16), radio failure (n = 29), and brood mixing (n = 3). Overall, the 28-day chick survival rate was 0.220 (SE = 0.028). We found that mortalities related to the implant procedure and transmitter loss were similar to rates reported by previous researchers who removed chicks from capture sites and implanted transmitters at an alternate location. Subcutaneous implants may be a useful method for attaching transmitters to newly hatched sage-grouse chicks to estimate survival rates, identify causes of mortality, and collect ecological data.     

Fin-spines attachment,a novel external attachment method for the ultrasonic transmitters on hard fin-spines fish (Sparidae)

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel method for the external attachment of ultrasonic transmitters on hard fin-spines fish (Sparidae). Acanthopagrus latus, one of the main stocking Sparidae fishes in the northern South China Sea, was employed to conduct the 40-day tank experiment by using dummy ultrasonic transmitters. The experiment consisted of 3 treatment groups, i.e., drilling on dorsal fin-spine (DD) group, drilling on anal fin-spine (DA) group, and control (C) group, with each group having 3 replicates and 30 fish per replicate. The feasibilities of DD and DA for the external attachment of ultrasonic transmitters were tested and evaluated using parameters: the specific growth rate, survival rate, and tag retention rate of each group. And the tagging procedures for the external attachment of hard fin-spines fish were also proposed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the specific growth rate of fish between groups. Both the survival rates of DD group (96.67%) and DA group (94.44%) were less (but not significant) than C group (97.78%), while the tag retention rate of DA group (100%) was higher (but not significant) than DD group (98.89%). These results demonstrate that drilling on dorsal or anal fin-spines is feasible as an external attachment method of ultrasonic transmitters on Sparidae fishes. In addition, considering the friction between the tagged transmitters and rocks at the bottom of natural waters, which possibly affect the fish behaviors such as swimming, feeding, etc., or lead to tag loss, so drilling on the dorsal fin-spine is preferred for rocky-bottom Sparidae fishes like A. latus as small as 14 cm body length.     

The effects of surgically-implanted dummy radio transmitters on the behaviour of wild Atlantic salmon smolts

The social behaviour of Atlantic salmon smolts was evaluated during their migration period under controlled conditions in an experimental stream tank. Agonistic behaviour, dominance, distance to nearest neighbour, and distance from substrate were examined pre- and post-surgical implantation of dummy radio transmitters (2.4–4.3% body weight). Smolts were able to quickly equilibrate after transmitter insertion. Social ranking changed in nine of the eleven trials with four fish, and in only one of the five trials with pairs. No significant differences were found (p>0.05) in any of the behavioural parameters measured. Overall, the only effect on smolts surgically implanted with radio transmitters was a large shift in dominance. The presence of an antenna also elicited aggressive attacks from other individuals.