蜻蜓目昆虫资源价值

从内禀价值、生态价值、经济价值和社会价值四个层次,总结和探讨了蜻蜓目昆虫资源价值.蜻蜓目昆虫是古老而进化成功的昆虫,遗传资源丰富,是生态系统中不可或缺的消费者,也是优良的生态环境指示生物,适用于对水陆环境的评价;作为食用昆虫优质原料、中医动物药原材料、天敌昆虫生防资源和未来科技仿生对象,可为人类创造较好的经济价值;还与...     

北京地区的蜻蜓

蜻蜓是昆虫纲中比较原始的有翅种类,自上个世纪20年代就有关于北京蜻蜓的文献记载．北京地区已知的蜻蜓目昆虫隶属于两个亚目9科50余种。这些种类在北京地区的山地溪流、平原水域栖息。蜻蜓目昆虫在生活史中跨水陆两栖,它们的分布和数量与水质有密切关系．可以为本地区的水质监测提供资料。     

昆虫的生态服务功能

昆虫作为生物多样性最丰富的物种,在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等方面发挥着重要作用。昆虫生态服务功能是指昆虫类群在生态系统过程中发挥的功能作用,以及为人类提供的各种收益,包括有形收益的产品和无形收益的服务。它主要包括昆虫的供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4种服务类型,体现在直接使用价值、间接使用价值、条件价值和存在价值4个方面。基于昆虫类群在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等维持生态系统功能、满足人类需求做出重大的贡献,本文阐述了昆虫生态服务功能概念、类型,讨论了昆虫生态服务功能价值的评估方法,提出了未来发展的方向。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅰ)

报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区蜻蜓目、蜚蠊目、螳螂目、等翅目、竹节虫目、直翅目和革翅目等7目昆虫名录,计有53科169属253种,其中蜻蜓目1种、竹节虫目8种、直翅目1种为本研究发现的新种。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅰ)

报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区蜻蜓目、蜚蠊目、螳螂目、等翅目、竹节虫目、直翅目和革翅目等7目昆虫名录,计有53科169属253种,其中蜻蜓目1种、竹节虫目8种、直翅目1种为本研究发现的新种。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅰ)

报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区蜻蜓目、蜚蠊目、螳螂目、等翅目、竹节虫目、直翅目和革翅目等7目昆虫名录,计有53科169属253种,其中蜻蜓目1种、竹节虫目8种、直翅目1种为本研究发现的新种。     

中国农业生态系统昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值评估

所有开花植物中大约有80%的物种需要动物作为授粉媒介。系统介绍了中国重要栽培作物花的结构和类型,授粉过程、媒介和方式,作物对昆虫授粉的依赖程度,昆虫授粉功能与服务的概念,以及昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值量的评估方法;同时评估了我国各省农业生态系统中昆虫对重要作物的授粉功能量与服务价值量。结果表明:粮食作物、水果作物、蔬菜作物和经济作物不同程度的依赖昆虫授粉。根据2015年主要农作物产量、作物产品价格、昆虫授粉依赖程度等数据,计算得出昆虫对我国22类主要农作物的授粉功能量为1.8亿吨农产品产量和授粉服务价值为8860.5亿元(占当年GDP的1.3%),具有巨大的经济价值。2015年昆虫对主要栽培作物的授粉功能量和服务价值排在前五名的都是山东、河南、河北、陕西和新疆,年授粉服务价值均大于500亿元,反映出这5个省的主要农作物对昆虫授粉依赖程度较高。昆虫对作物的授粉功能量评价有助于了解昆虫对作物生物量或产量的生物学和生态学效应以及作物对昆虫授粉的需求。昆虫对作物的授粉服务价值评估有助于掌握昆虫授粉为人类所带来的经济效应或经济价值,并帮助决策维持或增强授粉昆虫多样性和种群数量的人力、物力和财力投入。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录（I）

报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区晴蜓目、蜚蠊目、螳螂目、等翅目、竹节虫目、支翅目和革翅目等7目昆虫名录,计有53科169属253种,其中蜻蜓目1种、竹节虫目8种、直翅目1种为本研究发现的新种。     

分子遗传标记技术在蜻蜓目昆虫研究中的应用

分子生物学技术应用于昆虫系统学研究在近些年发展相当迅速。目前已出现了几十种分子遗传标记。该文简述了酯酶同工酶电泳、核酸序列分析以及AFLP、RAPD、核酸探针等分子生物学技术在蜻蜓目昆虫研究中的应用情况。     

中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算

昆虫是生物多样性最丰富的物种类群,其在维持生态系统功能,维系并保持着自然界的生态平衡,满足人类需求中的具有重要作用。讨论了昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法,基于2007年统计数据,计算了我国农牧业生产中昆虫传粉功能、天敌昆虫控害功能和分解作用的服务价值。结果表明,昆虫在我国农业生产中传粉服务价值为6790.30×108元,占其当年农作物生产总经济价值的54.05%;天敌昆虫的控害服务价值为2621.00×108元,占其当年重要作物总经济价值的9.09%;分解昆虫(甲虫)对牧场牛羊排泄物的分解作用的价值远超过90.84×108元。由此估计出了我国2007年农业昆虫生态调节服务总价值超过9502.14×108元,相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的3.7%。显示昆虫所产生的生态调节服务价值,与我国森林或草地生态系统的直接和间接服务价值处于同一数量级,同样具有巨大的经济价值。为保护与利用昆虫生物多样性,发挥其生态服务功能奠定了基础。     

Edible insects in China: Utilization and prospects

The use of edible insects has a long history in China, where they have been consumed for more than 2000 years. In general, the level of acceptance is high for the consumption of insects in China. Many studies on edible insects have been conducted in the last 20 years, and the scope of the research includes the culture of entomophagy and the identification, nutritional value, farming and breeding of edible insects, in addition to food production and safety. Currently, 324 species of insects from 11 orders are documented that are either edible or associated with entomophagy in China, which include the common edible species, some less commonly consumed species and some medicinal insects. However, only approximately 10 to 20 types of insects are regularly consumed. The nutritional values for 174 species are available in China, including edible, feed and medicinal species. Although the nutritional values vary among species, all the insects examined contain protein, fat, vitamins and minerals at levels that meet human nutritional requirements. Edible insects were, and continue to be, consumed by different ethnic groups in many parts of China. People directly consume insects or food products made from insects. The processing of products from insect protein powder, oil and chitin, and the development of healthcare foods has been studied in China. People also consume insects indirectly by eating livestock that were fed insects, which may be a more acceptable pathway to use insects in human diets. Although limited, the data on the food safety of insects indicate that insects are safe for food or feed. Incidences of allergic reactions after consuming silkworm pupae, cicadas and crickets have been reported in China. Insect farming is a unique breeding industry in rural China and is a source of income for local people. Insects are reared and bred for human food, medicine and animal feed using two approaches in China: the insects are either fully domesticated and reared completely in captivity or are partially raised in captivity, and the insect habitat is manipulated to increase production. Depending on the type of relationship the insect has with humans, plants and the environment, different farming strategies are used. The social and scientific communities must work together to promote the use of insects as food and feed.     

Feasting on insects

Insects are an important natural resource, both for self-sufficiency and as commercial food products in many parts of the world. The use of edible insects reflects regional preferences and socio-cultural significance, which can be described in terms of regional differences. This study describes some edible insects in three regions: Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, and focuses on systems of traditional practices as the socio-cultural implications of people's preferences regarding edible insects. The case studies presented here describe such insect-related customs as the continuation of the traditional practice of insect eating in Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. These case studies describe the uniqueness or special characteristics of the custom, and the significance of its existence in the social sphere. Edible insects are regarded as cultural resources reflecting a rich biodiversity. They represent an alternative source of natural food resources in remote or mountainous areas. People who eat insects have established a broad variety of methods for collecting and cooking the rich diversity of edible insect species that are available. However, increases in demand could lead to competition and overexploitation, resulting in the future decline of these resources. In areas affected by overdevelopment, insect habitats are also likely to decline. It is necessary to raise people's awareness of the importance of the use of insects for food in order to ensure that insects are used in a sustainable manner, and to promote their proper use and conservation.     

Consumer value‐based edible insect market segmentation [edible insect market segmentation]

Edible insect food products have been launched and in the market since 2011. Since then the number of companies that produce edible insect food product has increased greatly. However, the guidance of how these firms should effectively target which consumer market is unclear. The goal of this study is to provide information about the US consumer market that could potentially increase edible insect food product sales. This study uses consumer value as a segmenting axle and provides the cluster analysis results. From this analysis, academics and industry practitioners can have better insights about edible insect food product consumer profiles.     

Insecticidal activity of Bacillus laterosporus

Strains of Bacillus laterosporus demonstrated pathogenic activity for second-instar larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, but failed to demonstrate detectable pathogenicity against larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Of 29 strains of the bacterium screened, 16 displayed pathogenicity for mosquito larvae. One of the most pathogenic strains, NRS 590, also demonstrated pathogenic activity for larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and for larvae of the black fly, Simulium vittatum. The pathogenicity for Culex larvae was associated with the cell mass rather than with the culture supernatant. A suspension of ultraviolet irradiation-killed cells demonstrated no loss in pathogenic activity, an indication that the pathogenicity is toxin mediated. The toxic substance produced by NRS 590 was found to be resistant to heating at 96°C for 10 min. The toxin was not associated with the heat-resistant, bacterial endospore or with the associated paraspore since a suspension consisting primarily of spores was not toxic to mosquito larvae. Toxic activity in stationary phase cells of NRS 590 was associated with the cell's particulate fraction rather than with the soluble fraction.     

昆虫标本馆建设与昆虫系统学的未来

昆虫标本馆是昆虫标本的保藏、研究和科学教育的实体,代表国家或者区域水平,致力于研究昆虫多样性、揭示昆虫进化规律,为国民经济建设持续发展服务。昆虫系统学研究是昆虫标本馆研究人员的主要任务,它的发展与昆虫标本馆的建设唇齿相依。本文阐述了昆虫标本馆的功能与作用,建设昆虫标本馆的重要性和迫切性;展望了昆虫系统学的未来以及昆虫系统学发展的机遇。     

A look into the invisible: ultraviolet-B sensitivity in an insect (Caliothrips phaseoli) revealed through a behavioural action spectrum

Caliothrips phaseoli, a phytophagous insect, detects and responds to solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; λ ≤ 315 nm) under field conditions. A highly specific mechanism must be present in the thrips visual system in order to detect this narrow band of solar radiation, which is at least 30 times less abundant than the UV-A (315–400 nm), to which many insects are sensitive. We constructed an action spectrum of thrips responses to light by studying their behavioural reactions to monochromatic irradiation under confinement conditions. Thrips were maximally sensitive to wavelengths between 290 and 330 nm; human-visible wavelengths (λ ≥ 400 nm) failed to elicit any response. All but six ommatidia of the thrips compound eye were highly fluorescent when exposed to UV-A of wavelengths longer than 330 nm. We hypothesized that the fluorescent compound acts as an internal filter, preventing radiation with λ > 330 nm from reaching the photoreceptor cells. Calculations based on the putative filter transmittance and a visual pigment template of λ_max = 360 nm produced a sensitivity spectrum that was strikingly similar to the action spectrum of UV-induced behavioural response. These results suggest that specific UV-B vision in thrips is achieved by a standard UV-A photoreceptor and a sharp cut-off internal filter that blocks longer UV wavelengths in the majority of the ommatidia.     

Novel visual-cue-based sticky traps for monitoring of emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis (Col., Buprestidae)

We examined various methods of trapping emerald ash borers (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, using solely visual cues based on previous work that has documented the importance of visual cues in EAB mate location. Here, we give the results of two of these methods, coloured sticky cards (yellow or blue), or live ash leaves covered with spray-on adhesive to which dead male EAB visual lures had been pinned. Feral male beetles were captured effectively on the sticky traps made from dead male EAB on ash leaves. These sticky-leaf-traps captured more male EAB when deployed in high-population density areas than low-density areas, but did capture EAB even at lower population densities. More feral males were captured on these traps when they were placed higher in the trees, regardless of the population density of EAB. Very few feral female EAB were captured using the sticky-leaf-traps. This novel method of EAB trapping may allow 'real-time' population detection and monitoring of EAB adults during the active flight period rather than locating larval galleries during the autumn and winter after adult flight and attack. Feral male beetles were also captured using standard yellow- or blue-coloured sticky cards to which male EAB had been affixed with adhesive; however, this type of trap was much less effective overall than using the sticky-leaf-traps. Furthermore, Agrilus cyanescens , a species similar in colour to EAB but smaller in size, showed a strong response to blue-coloured sticky traps to which dead male EAB had been affixed with adhesive, suggesting a general use of visual cues in the mating systems of some of the other Buprestidae as well.     

Vitamin C content in plants is modified by insects and influences susceptibility to herbivory

Analysis of a diverse cross‐sample of plant‐insect interactions suggests that the abundance of vitamin C (L ‐ascorbic acid, ascorbate or AsA) in plants influences their susceptibility to insect feeding. These effects may be mediated by AsAs roles as an essential dietary nutrient, as an antioxidant in the insect midgut, or as a substrate for plant‐derived ascorbate oxidase, which can lead to generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. Ascorbate can also influence the efficacy of plant defenses such as myrosinases and tannins, and alter insects' susceptibility to natural enemies. Conversely, herbivores appear to influence both de novo synthesis and redox cycling of AsA in their host plants, thereby potentially altering the nutritional value of crops and their susceptibility to pests. The recent development of genetically modified crops with enhanced AsA content provides both an impetus and a tool set for further studies on the role of AsA in plant‐insect interactions.     

昆虫激肽的生理功能及机制

昆虫激肽是一类高度保守的小分子神经活性物质,自其从马德拉蟑螂脑中分离得到至今,人们在多种无脊椎动物体内均发现了这一激肽家族成员。它们具有促进昆虫后肠收缩、马氏管扭动、原尿分泌,调节血淋巴量和水盐平衡,使马氏管跨膜电位去极化,抑制昆虫体内消化酶释放、幼虫体重增长等功能。然而,天然的昆虫激肽很容易被蛋白酶所降解,因此须对其进行结构改造及构效关系研究,以开发出更有潜力的假肽和非肽模拟抗酶解昆虫激肽类似物,对今后实现环境友好型害虫防治策略具有重要意义。