中国研究与利用捕食螨概况

本文对我国1975年以来的捕食螨应用研究作一综述,内容包括:本地植绥螨的应用,目前生产上应用较多的是尼氏钝绥螨、东方钝绥螨、德氏钝绥螨和拟长毛钝绥螨4种;自国外引进的植绥螨,已利用或建群的有智利小植绥螨、西方盲走螨和伪钝绥螨3种;除上述植绥螨外,本文另介绍了国内初步研究的6个科10个种的捕食螨;此外,本文简述了与利用有关的一些生物学特性,如食性、捕食作用、个体发育、繁殖力、分布及扩散能力等;最后介绍应用效果与本文结语。     

中国东北地区植绥螨科新种和新纪录——Ⅱ.钝绥螨属(蜱螨目)

1984年6—8月间,作者在我国东北地区采集了一批植绥螨标本,经鉴定钝绥螨属18种,其中我国已有记录的10种,它们是:东方钝绥螨Amblyseius orientalis Ehara,栎钝绥螨A.querci Liang et Ke,真桑钝绥螨A.makuwa Ehara,草钝绥螨A.herbicolus (Chant),拟长刺钝绥螨A.pseudolongispinosus Xin,大黑钝绥螨A.oguroi Ehara拉氏钝绥螨A.rademacheri Dosse,津川钝绥螨A.tsugawai Ehara,武夷钝绥螨A.wuyiensis Wu et Li和樱桃钝绥螨A.prunii Liang et Ke本文描述了5个新种,1种雄性首次纪录,2种为我国新纪录,文中测量长度单位为μm,模式标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。     

钝绥螨属2新种和东方盲走螨雄螨及若螨描述(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股:植绥螨科)

记述钝绥螨属 2新种 :拟大钝绥螨 Amblyseius submagnus sp.nov.和似巨钝绥螨 Amblyseiusgrandisimilissp.nov.,同时描述东方盲走螨 Typhlodromusorientalis Wu,1 981雄螨和若螨。模式标本存于全国鼠疫布氏菌病防治基地 ,吉林省白城市。     

吉林省钝绥螨属二新种（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）

记述钝绥螨属2新种：拟海南钝绥螨Amblyseius subhainanensis,sp.nov和白城钝绥螨Amblyseius baichengensis,sp.nov。模式标本存于吉林省白城市全国鼠疫布氏菌病防治基地。     

朱砂叶螨利它素对拟长毛钝绥螨定位反应的影响

以朱砂叶螨Ｔｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｎｎｂａｒｉｎｕｓ（Ｂｏｉｓｄｕｖａｌ）的自然群体,通过嗅觉仪对拟毛钝绥螨ＡｍｂｌｙｓｅｉｕｓｐｓｅｕｄｏｌｏｎｇｉｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｓＸｉｎ;ＬｉａｎｇｅｔＫｅ的搜索定位能力进行测试,发现拟长毛钝绥螨的雌成螨对叶螨的自然群体和雌成螨有最强的定位反应,对从自然群体分离出来的卵,若螨,丝网和排泄物对明显的反应,而对幼螨,雄螨及去螨叶片则无反应,同时表明叶螨的雌成螨是利     

拟长毛钝绥螨与硃砂叶螨相互作用的实验研究——干扰作用和搜寻效率

在猎物卵不同密度下,拟长毛钝绥螨(Amblyseius pseudolongispinosus)随其种群密度的增加(不超过10头/叶片),个体之间不存在干扰作用;捕食螨的搜寻活动和产卵分布对猎物分布的变动有一定的时滞性;聚集行为往往是由于某些生境中猎物被消耗殆尽后引起的,这与捕食螨在猎物卵不同密度下的扩散作用和干扰作用较弱有关。     

植绥螨科3新种和似巨钝绥螨特征补充(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目)

记述植绥螨科Phytoseiidae3新种:永安钝绥螨Amblyseius yonganensis sp.nov.,仿盾钝绥螨Ambly-seius imitopeltatus sp.nov.和尤溪盲走螨Typhlodromus youxiensis sp.nov.,并补充似巨钝绥螨Amblyseius grandisimilis Ma,2004特征。     

胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的生物防治效果

以生命表参数及天敌在室内和田间的应用效果来评价胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的控制效果.结果表明:胡瓜钝绥螨取食苹果全爪螨,能够完成发育历期并产卵,在(25±1)℃条件下一个世代仅需9.54d;其雌螨产卵期(24.85d)和寿命(38.52d)都比猎物的产卵期(15.93d)和寿命(34.79d)长,雌螨的平均产卵量仅为苹果全爪螨的56.1%;苹果全爪螨净增殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)分别比胡瓜钝绥螨高103.9%和13.2%.室内释放情况下,无论益害比是1:30还是1:150,释放20d后防治效果均可达95%以上;在苹果示范园释放胡瓜钝绥螨,60d后防治效果达91.73%,比化防园高23.77%.表明胡瓜钝绥螨具有优良天敌的重要特征,在每叶苹果全爪螨低于2头时,果园释放胡瓜钝绥螨能有效控制苹果全爪螨的种群增长.     

土耳其斯坦叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引反应

土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov ＆ Nikolski）对胡瓜钝绥螨（Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans）的吸引测试表明,胡瓜钝绥螨对不同螨态的土耳其斯坦叶螨的刺激均能产生显著的吸引反应。胡瓜钝绥螨能捕食土耳其斯坦叶螨的卵,但对土耳其斯坦叶螨的“卵＋丝网＋粪便＋取食斑”没有明显的反应,土耳其斯坦叶螨的若螨I和幼螨是胡瓜钝绥螨最喜欢的猎物。土耳其斯坦叶螨主要通过活动螨对胡瓜钝绥螨产生吸引反应,这种吸引反应能明显提高胡瓜钝绥螨在田间搜索土耳其斯坦叶螨的能力。     

截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用

室内测定表明,截形叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,均达到极显著水平,而胡瓜钝绥螨对截形叶螨的排泄物没有明显的反应。截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨具有自动搜索截形叶螨的能力,表明胡瓜钝绥螨可以用于截形叶螨的生物防治。     

Susceptibility and detoxifying enzyme activity in two spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) after selection with three insecticides

Changes in the susceptibility and detoxifying enzyme activity were measured in laboratory strains of Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), and twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, that were repeatedly exposed to three insecticides. Three strains of each mite species were exposed to one of two pyrethroids, bifenthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, or an organophosphate, dimethoate, for 10 selection cycles at the LC60 for each insecticide. A reference or nonselected strain of each mite species was not exposed to insecticides. After 10 cycles of exposure, susceptibility to the corresponding insecticides, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and dimethoate, decreased 4.5-, 5.9-, and 289.2-fold, respectively, relative to the reference strain in the respective O. pratensis strains, and 14.8-, 5.7-, and 104.7-fold, respectively, relative to the reference strain in the respective T. urticae strains. In the bifenthrin-exposed O. pratensis strain, there was a 88.9-fold cross-resistance to dimethoate. In the dimethoate-exposed T. urticae strain, there was a 15.9-fold cross-resistance to bifenthrin. These results suggest that there may be cross-resistance between dimethoate and bifenthrin. The reduced susceptibility to dimethoate remained stable for three months in the absence of selection pressure in both mites. The decrease in susceptibility in the O. pratensis strains exposed to bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and dimethoate was associated with a 4.7-, 3.0-, and 3.6-fold increase in general esterase activity, respectively. The decrease in susceptibility in the T. urticae strains exposed to bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was associated with a 1.3- and 1.1-fold increase in general esterase activity, respectively. The mean general esterase activity was significantly higher in the pyrethroid-exposed O. pratensis and T. urticae strains than in the nonselected strain. There was no significant increase in esterase activity in the dimethoate-exposed T. urticae strain. The decrease in susceptibility to insecticides was also associated with reduced glutathione S-transferase 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene conjugation activity, but this did not appear to be related to changes in insecticide susceptibility. These results suggest that in these mites, the general esterases may play a role in conferring resistance to pyrethroids. However, some other untested mechanism, such as target site insensitivity, must be involved in conferring dimethoate resistance.     

Susceptibility of populations of Banks grass mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) suspected of developing bifenthrin resistance from three maize fields

Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), from three Texas maize fields were assayed for bifenthrin resistance following poor field control in 1995. Laboratory bioassays showed the field mites to be 3- to 23-fold more tolerant to bifenthrin than the susceptible laboratory culture. Comparison of LC₅₀ values to assays with bifenthrin from 1985 to 1993 indicated no statistically significant changes in mite resistance. However, high LC₉₀ values in 1995 suggest possible resistance development. The percentages of resistant mites from the three fields in 1995 were calculated to be 4.7%, 17.9%, and 30.9%. The Banks grass mite population exhibiting the highest level of tolerance to bifenthrin was further assayed to evaluate tolerance levels to other insecticides alone and in combination with synergists and insecticides. A high level of tolerance existed in the 1995 ‘bifenthrin–selected’ Banks grass mite strain to bifenthrin, dimeothate, and amitraz. The combination of bifenthrin or dimethoate with a synergist indicated changes in the ability of the more resistant 1995 mites to detoxify insecticides. The activity of a dimethoate + bifenthrin mixture and a three way mixture of dimethoate, bifenthrin, and piperonyl butoxide caused 5- and 38-fold increase in toxicity against the more resistant Banks grass mite. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of resistance stability and fitness costs in dimethoate-selected strain of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Dimethoate belongs to organophosphate (OP) group of insecticides, used worldwide against several economic insect pests. This study was done to evaluate the fitness costs and stability of dimethoate resistance in a previously selected strain of dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), a serious sucking pest of cotton. Previously, dimethoate selected (Dimeth-SEL) strain was developed after selecting O. hyalinipennis for six generations in the laboratory. The selected strain expressed resistance ratios (RRs) of 157.76-, and 14.13-fold to dimethoate when compared with Lab Pop, and Unsel Pop, respectively. Data on fitness traits of selected strain reveal that the relative fitness (Rf) of Dimeth-SEL was 0.77 along with significant decrease in nymphal survival, hatchability, net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m), and biotic potential (Bp). The Rf evaluated for Cross₁ and Cross₂ was 1.02 and 0.91, respectively. For resistance stability, Dimeth-SEL (G₆) was left unexposed to dimethoate for five generations (G₇-G₁₁) and the bioassay results at G₁₁ showed that removal of selected strain from selection pressure resulted in a significant decline in dimethoate resistance. It can be inferred from these results that resistance to dimethoate was developed in O. hyallinipennis at the expense of very high energetic costs and that these costs might also contributed in lowering the resistance levels towards susceptibility after stopping the selection for several generations. These results have practical implications in managing the dimethoate resistance against O. hyallinipennis by implementing the insecticide rotation strategy and also by delaying the dimethoate spray in the field for some generations.     

Acaricidal and stimulatory effects of insecticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton

Possible stimulatory or acaricidal effects of thiodicarb, dimethoate and endosulfan on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were tested in a glasshouse. Population development of T . urticae was monitored, with the expectation that any stimulatory or acaricidal effects would be reflected in different population growth relative to untreated plants. Acaricidal activity of the three insecticides was also investigated using a standard bioassay technique. Population growth on thiodicarb- or dimethoate-treated plants was no different to that on untreated plants but was slower on plants treated with endosulfan. Bioassays showed that endosulfan was moderately acaricidal, that T . urticae was highly resistant to dimethoate and that thiodicarb was of very low acaricidal activity. No evidence of stimulatory effects of dimethoate or thiodicarb was found. The data suggest that stimulation is an unlikely explanation for outbreaks of T . urticae in cotton and that endosulfan sprayed for control of Helicoverpa spp. may delay the development of mite outbreaks.     

Genetic improvement of Amblyseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae): laboratory selection for resistance to azinphosmethyl and dimethoate

Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) was selected in the laboratory for resistance to azinphosmethyl and dimethoate by subjecting adult females to increasing concentrations of dried residues of dimethoate and azinphosmethyl on detached bean leaves. The first eight selections were done with dimethoate. Slide-dip bioassays indicated selection with dimethoate increased dimethoate resistance 1.8-fold and azinphosmethyl resistance 2.6-fold. These resistances appeared to be quite stable: a 1.2 to 1.3-fold decrease in resistance ratios was observed in a subculture after 10 months without selections. No decrease was observed after 9 months without selections in a pooled colony that consisted of both resistant and susceptible mites. The dimethoate-selected colony was subsequently selected eight times with azinphosmethyl. About 15 % of the mites survived the last selection round with 2,500 ppm, which is 2.5 times the highest recommended field rate in Finnish apple orchards. At the end of the selection program, based on slide-dip bioassays, the total increase in resistance to dimethoate was about two-fold and to azinphosmethyl about 5.4-fold compared to the unselected base colony from which the selected colony was derived. The LC₅₀ value for azinphosmethyl was 14 times higher in the selected colony (451.3 ppm a.i.) compared to the most susceptible colony tested. A similar level of resistance to both pesticides was achieved after six azinphosmethyl selections on a mixed colony that was initiated by pooling mites from five field-collected colonies and the dimethoate-selected lines. Year-to-year variation in azinphosmethyl LC₅₀ values of the unselected base colony was high, with values varying from 83.8 to 348.7 ppm a.i., demonstrating the need to test a reference strain in each bioassay. Results of the azinphosmethyl selections and the subsequent slide-dip bioassays suggest that the resistant strain could tolerate field rates of azinphosmethyl (300–950 ppm a.i.) used in Finnish apple orchards.     

Performance of a pyrethroid-resistant strain of the predator mite Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under different insecticide regimes

An organophosphate pyrethroid-resistant strain of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten imported from New Zealand was reared on potted apple trees in an outdoor insectary. From 1988 to 1995, the population was selected one to three times per year with a dilute solution (1.7 ppm) of the pyrethroid cypermethrin. Petri dish bioassays with cypermethrin in 1995 indicated that the insectary-reared T. pyri had an LC50 of 81 ppm versus 0.006 ppm for native T. pyri taken from a research orchard. The bioassays suggested that recommended orchard rates of cypermethrin would cause heavy mortality in native populations of T. pyri but only moderate losses in the imported New Zealand strain. Bioassays in 1996 with the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate indicated both New Zealand and native T. pyri were susceptible and that recommended orchard rates of dimethoate likely would cause high mortality of T. pyri in apple orchards. These findings from bioassays were supported by data from orchard trials. In June and July 1993, insectary-reared New Zealand T. pyri were placed on five apple trees in each of eight 38-tree plots in the research orchard. In late August 1994, New Zealand T. pyri from orchard trees that had been sprayed twice by airblast sprayer with the full recommended rate of 50 g (AI)/ha (83 ppm) cypermethrin were placed on the other 33 trees in each of six plots. In the summers of 1994-1996, plots were treated with one of the following insecticide regimes: (1) conventional integrated pest management (IPM) (registered neurotoxic insecticides considered harmless or slightly toxic to T. pyri); (2) advanced IPM (use of newer, more selective insecticides); (3) pyrethroid (at least one full-rate application of cypermethrin); (4) dimethoate; and (5) dimethoate plus pyrethroid. Densities of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were highest in all plots treated with dimethoate and in pyrethroid plots not yet inoculated with New Zealand T. pyri. Densities of apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), and of the stigmaeid predator Zetzellia mali (Ewing) were highest in plots treated with dimethoate and were nearly absent in the IPM plots. Densities of T. pyri were high enough for effective biocontrol in the IPM plots and in the pyrethroid plots 1-2 yr after release of the New Zealand strain, provided pyrethroid was applied just before the resistant strain was released in the orchard. A recurring theme of this study was the generally negative association between densities of phytophagous mites and those of T. pyri, suggesting the ability of this predator to suppress their prey. In contrast, the positive association between phytophagous mites and Z. mali suggests the inability of this predator to regulate their prey at least under the conditions of this study.     

Glutathione S-transferase and insecticide resistance in laboratory strains and field populations of Musca domestica

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity of 10 house fly laboratory strains and 21 field populations are described with two substrates, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), commonly associated with resistance. Three laboratory strains selected by tetrachlorvinphos, lindane (gamma-HCH) and dimethoate, respectively, had significantly elevated CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities. The multiresistant field population 791a had significantly elevated CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities. Many strains recorded several individuals with high CDNB- and/or DCNB-GST activity and to evaluate these differences, phenotypes were defined by cluster analysis. A phenotype, GST-R, indicating high CDNB- and DCNB-GST activities, was found in 23 of 31 laboratory strains or field populations. GST-R was likely to be involved in gamma-HCH resistance in strain 17e, tetrachlorvinphos resistance in strain 39m2b, and dimethoate resistance in strain 49r2b. The frequency of GST-R in selected laboratory strains and field population correlated with the frequency of house flies surviving the organophosphate azamethiphos either topically applied or by ingestion. There was no significant correlation between GST activity and the toxicity of the organophosphate dimethoate or the pyrethroids bioresmethrin and pyrethrin.     

Host plant-induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Adult female twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, reared on lima bean plants were moved to cucumber, maize, or new lima bean plants (the latter being a control) and evaluated after 24 h or 7 d for changes in susceptibility to three pesticides and in levels of related detoxification enzymes. The largest and most consistent changes were observed in mites feeding on cucumber. Susceptibility of mites on cucumber to the synthetic pyrethroids bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was greater than that of mites reared on lima bean and maize after only 24 h on the plants, and remained higher after 7 d. Mites on cucumber also were more susceptible to the organophosphate dimethoate than were mites on lima bean, but only after 7 d on the host. Susceptibility was inversely related to activities of both general esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in mites on cucumber; general esterase and GST activities were 60 and 25% lower, respectively, than activities of twospotted spider mite on lima bean after 7 d of feeding. Mites on maize were slightly but significantly more susceptible than those on lima bean to bifenthrin, but not to lambda-cyhalothrin, after 7 d and to dimethoate after 24 h but not after 7 d. General esterase and GST activities in twospotted spider mite fed on maize for 24 h were 20 and 16% higher, respectively, than activities in twospotted spider mite on lima bean, but general esterase activity was 30% lower than lima bean-fed mites and GST was not different after 7 d. Thus, plant-induced changes in general esterase activity, perhaps in combination with GST activity, in twospotted spider mite appear to be inversely related to, and possibly responsible for, changes in susceptibility of twospotted spider mite to several pesticides, particularly the synthetic pyrethroids. General esterases appear to play less of a role in the detoxification of the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate.     

Fitness costs associated with low-level dimethoate resistance in Phytoseiulus macropilis

Phytoseiulus macropilis Banks (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an effective predator of tetranychid mites, but there are no data on its response to pesticides. We investigated the resistance of the predatory mite P. macropilis to the acaricides abamectin and dimethoate, and we examined the fitness costs associated with resistance. Two populations were tested: one from conventional cultivation and another from an area not commercially exploited. After the application of acaricides to the predator, we determined the lethal effects of the acaricides, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r _i ), the predation on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its ability to locate prey in an olfactometer. P. macropilis exhibited resistance to dimethoate only. The low level of resistance (9.4x) of the predator did not affect their ability to locate prey. However, the dimethoate resistant population was not as effective in contatining prey population when in lower density and exhibited a more pronounced decrease of r _i in the presence of this acaricide, due to the reduced oviposition of the predator, a likely consequence of the different genetic background of this population.     

Predation of the mite Hypoaspis aculeifer on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria and the influence of sex, size, starvation, and poisoning

Short-range predator–prey interactions among small soil-dwelling arthropods are poorly understood. In this study, we measured the behavioural interactions between the predacious mite Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini (Gamasida: Laelapidae) and its collembolan prey Folsomia fimetaria L. (Collembola: Isotomidae) and the influence of sex, size, starvation, and poisoning with the organophosphate dimethoate. Pairs of mite and springtail were placed in 18-mm diameter test arenas with a plaster of Paris substrate and their behaviour were measured by a computerized vision system, which automatically detected the locomotory activity of the two animals, their encounters, and the precise time of capture and killing. Data suggest that neither the mite nor the springtail possesses near-field sensory detection of the opponent. A Cox regression model showed that mite sex, size ratio between the predator and prey, average mite velocity, and encounter rate had a significant influence on the mite-capture efficiency (springtail survival). Female H. aculeifer demonstrated higher capture efficiency than males by catching and killing their prey after fewer encounters. Surprisingly, starvation had only a moderate effect on the mite locomotory behaviour and no influence on the capture efficiency as such. Also, springtail survival was independent of its moulting stage. Sublethal poisoning with dimethoate, on the other hand, dramatically increased the mite's capture rate, probably by impeding the evasive response of the springtail.