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Edwin van der Pol Jan Springer Bastienne Vriesendorp Ruud Weusthuis Gerrit Eggink 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2016,100(24):10307-10319
By-products resulting from thermo-chemical pretreatment of lignocellulose can inhibit fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to lactic acid. Furfural is such a by-product, which is formed during acid pretreatment of lignocellulose. pH-controlled fermentations with 1 L starting volume, containing YP medium and a mixture of lignocellulosic by-products, were inoculated with precultures of Bacillus coagulans DSM2314 to which 1 g/L furfural was added. The addition of furfural to precultures resulted in an increase in l(+)-lactic acid productivity by a factor 2 to 1.39 g/L/h, an increase in lactic acid production from 54 to 71 g and an increase in conversion yields of sugar to lactic acid from 68 to 88 % W/W in subsequent fermentations. The improved performance was not caused by furfural consumption or conversion, indicating that the cells acquired a higher tolerance towards this by-product. The improvement coincided with a significant elongation of B. coagulans cells. Via RNA-Seq analysis, an upregulation of pathways involved in the synthesis of cell wall components such as bacillosamine, peptidoglycan and spermidine was observed in elongated cells. Furthermore, the gene SigB and genes promoted by SigB, such as NhaX and YsnF, were upregulated in the presence of furfural. These genes are involved in stress responses in bacilli. 相似文献
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Chanchal Kumar Jitendra Wagh G. Archana G. Naresh Kumar 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2016,32(12):194
Enterobacter asburiae PSI3 solubilizes mineral phosphates in the presence of glucose by the secretion of gluconic acid generated by the action of a periplasmic pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase. In order to achieve mineral phosphate solubilization phenotype in the presence of sucrose, plasmids pCNK4 and pCNK5 containing genes encoding the invertase enzyme of Zymomonas mobilis (invB) and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (suc2) under constitutive promoters were constructed with malE signal sequence (in case of invB alone as the suc2 is secreted natively). When introduced into E. asburiae PSI3, E. a. (pCNK4) and E. a. (pCNK5) transformants secreted 21.65 ± 0.94 and 22 ± 1.3 mM gluconic acid, respectively, in the presence of 75 mM sucrose and they also solubilized 180 ± 4.3 and 438 ± 7.3 µM P from the rock phosphate. In the presence of a mixture of 50 mM sucrose and 25 mM glucose, E. a. (pCNK5) secreted 34 ± 2.3 mM gluconic acid and released 479 ± 8.1 µM P. Moreover, in the presence of a mixture of eight sugars (10 mM each) in the medium, E. a. (pCNK5) released 414 ± 5.3 µM P in the buffered medium. Thus, this study demonstrates incorporation of periplasmic invertase imparted P solubilization ability to E. asburiae PSI3 in the presence of sucrose and mixture of sugars. 相似文献
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Herein, we synthesized (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC), a pharmaceutical intermediate for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, from benzaldehyde and pyruvate using a recombinant pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from Zymomonas mobilis. A whole cell reaction consisting of 30 mM benzaldehyde, 60 mM pyruvate, and a mutant PDC enzyme (PDC W329M; 1.6 mg DCW/mL) produced 12.4 mM (R)-PAC and less than 0.3 mM benzyl alchohol in 15 h at 20°C, outperforming the crude enzyme extract reaction (1.2 mM (R)-PAC) and minimizing formation of benzyl alchohol, the major by-product of S. cerevisiae whole cell reaction. These observations suggested that recombinant E. coli whole cell reactions are more efficient than crude enzyme extract or yeast-based reactions. We also demonstrated that the E. coli whole cell reaction performed effectively without expensive thiamin diphosphate cofactor. Finally, whole cell reaction (8 mg DCW/mL) was carried out with 200 mM benzaldehyde, 400 mM pyruvate in 10 mL of 500 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), and 72 mM (R)-PAC was produced with 36% conversion for 15 h. © KSBB 相似文献
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Jun Tang Qingquan Liu Haiyan Yuan Yongxia Zhang Weilin Wang Suzhen Huang 《Genes & genomics.》2018,40(8):893-903
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Background and aims
Low nitrogen negatively affects soil fertility and plant productivity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and Epichloë gansuensis endophytes are two factors that are associated with tolerance of Achnatherum inebrians to abiotic stress. However, the possibility that E. gansuensis interacts with G6PDH in enhancing low nitrogen tolerance of host grasses has not been examined.Methods
A. inebrians plants with (E+) and without E. gansuensis (E?) were subjected to different nitrogen concentration treatments (0.1, 1, and 7.5 mM). After 90 days, physiological studies were carried out to investigate the participation of G6PDH in the adaption of host plants to low nitrogen availability.Results
Low nitrogen retarded the growth of A. inebrians. E+ plants had higher total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b contents, net photosynthesis rate, G6PDH activity, and GSH content, while having lower plasma membrane (PM) NADPH oxidase activity, NADPH/NADP+ ratios, and MDA and H2O2 than in E? A. inebrians plants under low nitrogen concentration.Conclusions
The presence of E. gansuensis played a key role in maintaining the growth of the A. inebrians plants under low nitrogen concentration by regulating G6PDH activity and the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and improving net photosynthesis rate.8.
Rui Wang Die Hu Xuncheng Zong Jinping li Lei Ding Minchen Wu Jianfang li 《Biotechnology letters》2017,39(12):1917-1923
Objectives
To prepare (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol ((R)-PED) with high enantiomeric excess (ee p) and yield from racemic styrene oxide (rac-SO) at high concentration by bi-enzymatic catalysis.Results
The bi-enzymatic catalysis was designed for enantioconvergent hydrolysis of rac-SO by a pair of novel epoxide hydrolases (EHs), a Vigna radiata EH3 (VrEH3) and a variant (AuEH2A250I) of Aspergillus usamii EH2. The simultaneous addition mode of VrEH3 and AuEH2A250I, exhibiting the highest average turnover frequency (aTOF) of 0.12 g h?1 g?1, was selected, by which rac-SO (10 mM) was converted into (R)-PED with 92.6% ee p and 96.3% yield. Under the optimized reaction conditions: dry weight ratio 14:1 of VrEH3-expressing E. coli/vreh3 to AuEH2A250I-expressing E. coli/Aueh2 A250I and reaction at 20 °C, rac-SO (10 mM) was completely hydrolyzed in 2.3 h, affording (R)-PED with 98% ee p. At the weight ratio 0.8:1 of rac-SO to two mixed dry cells, (R)-PED with 97.4% ee p and 98.7% yield was produced from 200 mM (24 mg/ml) rac-SO in 10.5 h.Conclusions
Enantioconvergent hydrolysis of rac-SO at high concentration catalyzed by both VrEH3 and AuEH2A250I is an effective method for preparing (R)-PED with high ee p and yield.9.
Aldehyde inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment have been identified as a major class of toxic chemicals that interfere with microbial growth and subsequent fermentation for advanced biofuel production. Development of robust next-generation biocatalyst is a key for a low-cost biofuel production industry. Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis is a naturally occurring C-5 sugar utilization yeast; however, little is known about the genetic background underlying its potential tolerance to biomass conversion inhibitors. We investigated and identified five uncharacterized putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase genes (SsAADs) from this yeast as a new source of resistance against biomass fermentation inhibitor 2-furaldehyde (furfural) by gene expression, gene cloning, and direct enzyme assay analysis using partially purified proteins. All five proteins from S. stipitis showed furfural reduction using cofactor NADH. An optimum active temperature was observed at 40 °C for SsAad1p; 30 °C for SsAad3p, SsAad4p, and SsAad5p; and 20 °C for SsAad2p. SsAad2p, SsAad3p, and SsAad4p showed tolerance to a wide range of pH from 4.5 to 8, but SsAad1p and SsAad5p were sensitive to pH changes beyond 7. Genes SsAAD2, SsAAD3, and SsAAD4 displayed significantly enhanced higher levels of expression in response to the challenge of furfural. Their encoding proteins also showed higher levels of specific activity toward furfural and were suggested as core functional enzymes contributing aldehyde resistance in S. stipitis. 相似文献
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Objective
To investigate the effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and P25RC clinical strain (derived from an obturated root canal with apical periodontitis) on osteoclast differentiation within an osteoblast/osteoclast co-culture system.Results
Heat-killed E. faecalis significantly increased the proportion of multinucleated osteoclastic cells (MNCs) within the co-culture system. The IL-6 level was significantly increased upon exposure to heat-killed E. faecalis. Gene expression levels of NFATc1 and cathepsin K were significantly up-regulated compared to the untreated control. EphrinB2 and EphB4 expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels were also significantly upregulated compared to the untreated control.Conclusions
Heat-killed E. faecalis can induce osteoclast differentiation within the osteoblast/osteoclast co-culture system in vitro, possibly through ephrinB2-EphB4 bidirectional signaling.12.
Objectives
To characterize a novel feruloyl esterase from Escherichia coli BL21 DE3.Results
The gene encoding BioH was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The protein was purified and its catalytic activity was assessed. BioH exhibited feruloyl esterase activity toward a broad range of substrates, and the corresponding kinetic constants for the methyl ferulate, ethyl ferulate, and methyl p-coumarate substrates were: K m values of 0.48, 6.3, and 1.9 mM, respectively, and k cat /K m values of 9.3, 3.8, and 3.8 mM?1 s?1, respectively.Conclusions
Feruloyl esterase from E. coli was expressed for the first time. BioH was confirmed to be a feruloyl esterase.13.
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Zhiyong Xu Mingxue Zheng Li Zhang Xuesong Zhang Yan Zhang Xiaozhen Cui Xin Gong Rou Xi Rui Bai 《BMC veterinary research》2017,13(1):399
Background
Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is a species of Eimeria that causes haemorrhagic caecal coccidiosis, resulting in major economic losses in the global poultry industry. After E. tenella infection, the amount of ATP and Bax in host cells showed highly significant changes. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of ATP and Bax on the apoptosis of E. tenella host cells.Results
The ATP-treated group and the V5-treated group had higher E. tenella infection rates than the untreated group at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after infection with E. tenella. The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with the control group, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening in the untreated group was highly significantly increased (P?<?0.01) at 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Moreover, results from Hoechst-Annexin V-PI staining and flow cytometry showed that the rates of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrosis in the untreated group were significantly lower (P?<?0.05) or highly significantly lower (P?<?0.01) than those of the control group at 4 h, while the rates of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrosis in the untreated group were higher at varying degrees than those in the control group at 24–120 h (P?<?0.05 or P?<?0.01). After treatment with ATP and Bax inhibitors, the rates of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrosis, in addition to the MPTP opening in both the ATP-treated and V5-treated groups, were significantly lower (P?<?0.05) or highly significantly lower (P?<?0.01) than those in the untreated group.Conclusions
ATP and Bax play important roles in regulating the apoptosis of E. tenella host cells.15.
Na Du Shumin Liu Min Niu Yong Duan Shuangmeng Zhang Jing Yao Jian Mao Ran Chen Yan Du 《Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials》2017,16(1):58
Background
In recent years, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases 1 (bla NDM-1) has been reported with increasing frequency and become prevalent. The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological dissemination of the bla NDM-1 gene in Enterobacter cloacae isolates at a teaching hospital in Yunnan, China.Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK 2 system and E test gradient strips. The presence of integrons and insertion sequence common region 1 were examined by PCR and sequencing. Clonal relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. Conjugation experiments and Southern blot hybridization were performed to determine the transferability of plasmids.Results
Ten E. cloacae isolates and their Escherichia coli transconjugants were exhibited similar resistant patterns to carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. 8 (80%) of E. cloacae isolates carried class 1 integron and 1 (12.5%) carried class 2 integron. Integron variable regions harbored the genes which encoded resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (dfrA17, dfrA12, dfrA15) and Streptozotocin (sat2). Six E. cloacae isolates belonged to ST74 and exhibited highly similar PFGE patterns. Each isolate shared an identical plasmid with ~33.3 kb size that carried the bla NDM-1 gene, except T3 strain, of which the bla NDM-1 gene was located on a ~50 kb plasmid.Conclusions
Our findings suggested that plasmid was able to contribute to the dissemination of bla NDM-1. Hence, more attention should be devoted to monitor the dissemination of the bla NDM-1 gene due to its horizontal transfer via plasmid. In addition, nosocomial surveillance system should actively monitor the potential endemic clone of ST74 to prevent their further spread.16.
NtRING1, putative RING-finger E3 ligase protein,is a positive regulator of the early stages of elicitin-induced HR in tobacco 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ahmed Ghannam Alban Jacques Patrice de Ruffray Serge Kauffmann 《Plant cell reports》2016,35(2):415-428
Key message
NtRING1 is a RING-finger protein with a putative E3 ligase activity. NtRING1 regulates HR establishment against different pathogens. Loss-/gain-of-function of NtRING1 altered early stages of HR phenotype establishment.Abstract
Plant defence responses against pathogens often involve the restriction of pathogens by inducing a hypersensitive response (HR). cDNA clones DD11-39, DD38-11 and DD34-26 were previously obtained from a differential screen aimed at characterising tobacco genes with an elicitin-induced HR-specific pattern of expression. Our precedent observations suggested that DD11-39, DD38-11 and DD34-26 might play roles in the HR establishment. Only for DD11-39 a full-length cDNA sequence was obtained and the corresponding protein encoded for a type-HC RING-finger/putative E3 ligase protein which we termed NtRING1. The expression of NtRING1 was upregulated upon HR induction by elicitin, Ralstonia solanacearum, or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco. Silencing of NtRING1 remarkably delayed the establishment of elicitin-induced HR in tobacco as well as the expression of different early induction genes in tissues undergoing HR. Accordingly, transient overexpression of NtRING1 accelerated the HR launching upon elicitin treatment. Taking together, our data suggests that NtRING1 plays a functional role in the early establishment of HR.17.
Ashokraj Shanmugam Arif Hasan Khan Robin Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan Harshavardhanan Vijayakumar Sathishkumar Natarajan Hoy-Taek Kim Jong-In Park Ill-Sup Nou 《Journal of Plant Biology》2017,60(5):472-484
The Minichromosome maintenance protein [MCM (2-7)] complex is associated with helicase activity for replication fork formation during DNA replication. We identified and characterized each 12 putative MCM genes from Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. MCM genes were classified into nine groups according to their evolutionary relationships. A high number of syntenic regions were present on chromosomes C03 and A03 in B. oleracea and B. rapa, respectively, compared to the other chromosomes. Expression analysis showed that most of the MCM(2-7) helicase-subunit genes and their coregulating MCM genes were upregulated during hydroxyurea (HU) induced stress in B. oleracea. In B. rapa, MCM(2-7) helicase genes BrMCM2_2, BrMCM7_1, BrMCM7_2 and their co-regulating genes were upregulated during replication stress. During cold stress, BoMCM6 in B. oleracea and BrMCM5 in B. rapa were remarkably upregulated. During salt stress, BoMCM6_2, BoMCM7_1, BoMCM8, BoMCM9, and BoMCM10 were markedly upregulated in B. oleracea. Hence, our study identified the candidate MCM family genes those possess abiotic stress-responsive behavior and DNA replication stress tolerance. As the first genome-wide analysis of MCM genes in B. oleracea and B. rapa, this work provides a foundation to develop stress responsive plants. Further functional and molecular studies on MCM genes will be helpful to enhance stress tolerance in plants. 相似文献
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Meng-Shiou?Lee You-Cheng?Hseu Guan-Hua?Lai Wen-Te?Chang Hsi-Jien?Chen Chi-Hung?Huang Meng-Shiunn?Lee Min-Ying?Wang Jung-Yie?Kao Bang-Jau?You Wen-?Hsin?Lin Yi-Yang?Lien
Background
Chicken anemia virus (CAV), the causative agent chicken anemia, is the only member of the genus Gyrovirus of the Circoviridae family. CAV is an immune suppressive virus and causes anemia, lymph organ atrophy and immunodeficiency. The production and biochemical characterization of VP1 protein and its use in a subunit vaccine or as part of a diagnostic kit would be useful to CAV infection prevention.Results
Significantly increased expression of the recombinant full-length VP1 capsid protein from chicken anemia virus was demonstrated using an E. coli expression system. The VP1 gene was cloned into various different expression vectors and then these were expressed in a number of different E. coli strains. The expression of CAV VP1 in E. coli was significantly increased when VP1 was fused with GST protein rather than a His-tag. By optimizing the various rare amino acid codons within the N-terminus of the VP1 protein, the expression level of the VP1 protein in E. coli BL21(DE3)-pLysS was further increased significantly. The highest protein expression level obtained was 17.5 g/L per liter of bacterial culture after induction with 0.1 mM IPTG for 2 h. After purification by GST affinity chromatography, the purified full-length VP1 protein produced in this way was demonstrated to have good antigenicity and was able to be recognized by CAV-positive chicken serum in an ELISA assay.Conclusions
Purified recombinant VP1 protein with the gene's codons optimized in the N-terminal region has potential as chimeric protein that, when expressed in E. coli, may be useful in the future for the development of subunit vaccines and diagnostic tests.19.
Objectives
To find new metabolic engineering strategies to improve the yield of acetone in Escherichia coli.Results
Results of flux balance analysis from a modified Escherichia coli genome-scale metabolic network suggested that the introduction of a non-oxidative glycolysis (NOG) pathway would improve the theoretical acetone yield from 1 to 1.5 mol acetone/mol glucose. By inserting the fxpk gene encoding phosphoketolase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis into the genome, we constructed a NOG pathway in E.coli. The resulting strain produced 47 mM acetone from glucose under aerobic conditions in shake-flasks. The yield of acetone was improved from 0.38 to 0.47 mol acetone/mol glucose which is a significant over the parent strain.Conclusions
Guided by computational analysis of metabolic networks, we introduced a NOG pathway into E. coli and increased the yield of acetone, which demonstrates the importance of modeling analysis for the novel metabolic engineering strategies.20.
Sarah Al-Sheikh Ahmed Jingjuan Zhang Wujun Ma Bernard Dell 《Plant molecular biology》2018,98(4-5):333-347