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1.
Summary The uptake of Fe by roots and apical leaves of the submersed aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata Royle was studied using 59FeEDTA. 59FeEDTA was absorbed by both roots and apical leaves, and translocated to the other parts of the plant. Approximately 3% of the total 59FeEDTA absorbed by the roots over a period of 60 h was translocated to the leaves. Downward translocation of 59FeEDTA from the apical portion of the plant to the lower leaves was approximately 21% of the amount absorbed.Published as Journal Series No 333 of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
2.
A study has been made on the effect of primary leaves on iron (Fe) distribution in the shoot. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings were precultured in nutrient solution with 8×10-5
M FeEDTA for 4 days, and then grown further with either 8×10-5
M FeEDTA (+Fe) or without Fe supply (-Fe) for another 5 days. Thereafter, both +Fe and -Fe plants were treated in three different ways: undisturbed; one primary leaf removed; or one primary leaf shaded, starting two hours before supply 59FeEDTA to the roots. The +Fe plants were supplied with 8×10-5
M
59FeEDTA, and the -Fe plants with only 1×10-6
M
59FeEDTA. After 1 to 8 hour uptake periods, plants were harvested and 59Fe in different organs was determined. Removal or shading of one primary leaf did not affect 59Fe uptake by roots and 59Fe translocation to the shoot in +Fe plants. In the -Fe plants, however, removal of one primary leaf decreased 59Fe uptake by roots, whereas shading of one primary leaf had no effect on 59Fe uptake but slightly enhanced 59Fe translocation from roots to the shoot. The quantity of 59Fe in primary leaves was positively correlated with quantity of 59Fe in the stem in the -Fepplants, but not in the +Fe plants. In both, the +Fe and -Fe plants, the quantity of 59Fe in the shoot apex was positively correlated with 59Fe in primary leaves. The results suggest that irrespective of the Fe nutritional status of plants, the source of Fe for the shoot apex is Fe retranslocated from primary leaves. 相似文献
3.
Chlorosis induced with a supraoptimum dose of phosphorus in nutrient solution (69 mg P l-1) was reverted by spraying of leaves of chlorotio maize plants (Zea mays L.) with FeEDTA. Biomass formation, chlorophyll and iron content were decreased in the above-ground parts of plants grown
under chlorosis-inducing conditions. Spraying always decreased content of inorganic phosphorus (Pi/Fe ratio was significantly changed), increased chlorophyll content in old plants and stimulated dry mass formation at supraoptimum
phosphorus doses. FeEDTA application improved phosphate utilization (portion of phosphate in organic bonds was increased).
This may be the basis of chlorosis-reverting effect of FeEDTA. 相似文献
4.
The interplay between cytokinins and light during senescence in detached Arabidopsis leaves
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Helena Janečková Alexandra Husičková Ursula Ferretti Maroš Prčina Eva Pilařová Lenka Plačková Pavel Pospíšil Karel Doležal Martina Špundová 《Plant, cell & environment》2018,41(8):1870-1885
Light and cytokinins are known to be the key players in the regulation of plant senescence. In detached leaves, the retarding effect of light on senescence is well described; however, it is not clear to what extent is this effect connected with changes in endogenous cytokinin levels. We have performed a detailed analysis of changes in endogenous content of 29 cytokinin forms in detached leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (wild‐type and 3 cytokinin receptor double mutants). Leaves were kept under different light conditions, and changes in cytokinin content were correlated with changes in chlorophyll content, efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry, and lipid peroxidation. In leaves kept in darkness, we have observed decreased content of the most abundant cytokinin free bases and ribosides, but the content of cis‐zeatin increased, which indicates the role of this cytokinin in the maintenance of basal leaf viability. Our findings underscore the importance of light conditions on the content of specific cytokinins, especially N6‐(Δ2‐isopentenyl)adenine. On the basis of our results, we present a scheme summarizing the contribution of the main active forms of cytokinins, cytokinin receptors, and light to senescence regulation. We conclude that light can compensate the disrupted cytokinin signalling in detached leaves. 相似文献
5.
We tested the possible cytokinin effect on the functioning of the active transport system involved in the assimilate loading into the phloem as a cause for the cytokinin sink and retention effect. This effect is manifested in the deceleration of substance export from and the stimulation of substance import to the sites of local phytohormone application to the mature detached leaf from untreated leaf areas. To affect the membrane mechanisms of the substance transport, we used leaf treatment with the phytotoxin fusicoccin, an enhancer of plasmalemmal H+-ATPase and a potential stimulator of assimilates export, and with the phytohormone ABA affecting transport, metabolism, and plant growth. However, fusicoccin did not enhance 14C-sucrose export from the leaf blade and did not interfere with the cytokinin-induced export deceleration. ABA reduced substantially 14C export from the leaf but eliminated the cytokinin effect on this process. Similar results were obtained for broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves with apoplastic phloem loading, involving H+-ATPase activity, and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) leaves with symplastic phloem loading, that is, occurring without sucrose transmembrane translocation and without H+-ATPase involvement. The conclusion is that the cytokinin-induced development of sink zones in source leaves is not related to the membrane mechanisms of the substance transport in the mesophyll–phloem system. The data obtained support the idea that the cause for the cytokinin sink and retention effect is the enhancement of elongation growth and total activation of metabolism in the mesophyll cells of the detached leaf. 相似文献
6.
W. Jordi A. Schapendonk E. Davelaar G. M. Stoopen C. S. Pot R. De Visser J. A. Van Rhijn S. Gan & R. M. Amasino 《Plant, cell & environment》2000,23(3):279-289
We studied the impact of delayed leaf senescence on the functioning of plants growing under conditions of nitrogen remobilization. Interactions between cytokinin metabolism, Rubisco and protein levels, photosynthesis and plant nitrogen partitioning were studied in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants showing delayed leaf senescence through a novel type of enhanced cytokinin syn‐thesis, i.e. targeted to senescing leaves and negatively auto‐regulated (PSAG12–IPT), thus preventing developmental abnormalities. Plants were grown with growth‐limiting nitrogen supply. Compared to the wild‐type, endogenous levels of free zeatin (Z)‐ and Z riboside (ZR)‐type cytokinins were increased up to 15‐fold (total ZR up to 100‐fold) in senescing leaves, and twofold in younger leaves of PSAG12–IPT. In these plants, the senescence‐associated declines in N, protein and Rubisco levels and photosynthesis rates were delayed. Senescing leaves accumulated more (15N‐labelled) N than younger leaves, associated with reduced shoot N accumulation (–60%) and a partially inverted canopy N profile in PSAG12–IPT plants. While root N accumulation was not affected, N translocation to non‐senescing leaves was progressively reduced. We discuss potential consequences of these modified sink–source relations, associated with delayed leaf senescence, for plant productivity and the efficiency of utilization of light and minerals. 相似文献
7.
Wolfgang Schmidt 《Plant and Soil》1994,165(2):207-212
Roots of Plantago lanceolata L. showed an iron stress-induced increase in the rates of electron transport to the extracytoplasmatic acceptors FeEDTA and ferricyanide. No significant changes in the reduction of hexachloroiridate were observed with respect to the iron-nutritional status of the plants. The reduction activity of iron-deficient roots was inhibited by the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHM) and the amino acid analog p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA). In both cases, the reduction of FeEDTA and ferricyanide was affected to a different extent, providing evidence for enzyme heterogeneity. Resupply of FeEDTA to iron-deficient plants resulted in a qualitatively similar pattern of decrease in FeEDTA and ferricyanide reduction rates, although a longer time period was required for the decrease of the redox activity by iron resupply compared to the effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis.Inhibitors of the plasma membrane (PM)-bound H+-ATPase decreased the FeEDTA reduction activity of iron-deficient plants. In contrast, the reduction of ferricyanide and hexachloroiridate was not inhibited. Oxidation of ferrocyanide occurs in both iron-deficient and iron-sufficient plants at comparable rates. The reaction was decreased by the H+-ATPase inhibitor orthovanadate.The results are interpreted in terms of a simultaneous action of distinct redox systems in iron-deficient roots. The role of proton extrusion in the regulation of iron stress-induced electron transport is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Impact of nitrogen form on iron uptake and distribution in maize seedlings in solution culture 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Comparative studies on the effect of nitrogen (N) form on iron (Fe) uptake and distribution in maize (Zea mays L. cv Yellow 417) were carried out through three related experiments with different pretreatments. Experiment 1: plants were precultured in nutrient solution with 1.0×10–4 M FeEDTA for 6 d and then exposed to NO3–N or NH4–N solution with 1.0×10–4 M FeEDTA or without for 7 d. Experiment 2: plants were precultured with 59FeEDTA for 6 d and were then transferred to the solution with different N forms, and 0 and 1.0×10–4 M FeEDTA for 8 d. Experiment 3: half of roots were supplied with 59FeEDTA for 5 d and then cut off, with further culturing in treatment concentrations for 7 d. In comparison to the NH4-fed plants, young leaves of the NO3-fed plants showed severe chlorosis under Fe deficiency. Nitrate supply caused Fe accumulation in roots, while NH4–N supply resulted in a higher Fe concentration in young leaves and a lower Fe concentration in roots. HCl-extractable (active) Fe was a good indicator reflecting Fe nutrition status in maize plants. Compared with NO3-fed plants, a higher proportion of 59Fe was observed in young leaves of the Fe-deficient plants fed with NH4–N. Ammonium supply greatly improved 59Fe retranslocation from primary leaves and stem to young leaves. Under Fe deficiency, about 25% of Fe in primary leaves of the NH4-fed plants was mobilized and retranslocated to young leaves. Exogenous Fe supply decreased the efficiency of such 59Fe retranslocation. The results suggest that Fe can be remobilized from old to young tissues in maize plants but the remobilization depends on the form of N supply as well as supply of exogenous Fe. 相似文献
9.
A. CHAMEL 《Physiologia plantarum》1972,26(1):170-174
The uptake and translocation of 59Fe applied to leaves of Zea mays L. is studied with special reference to the effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). 59Fe is deposited on corn leaves as droplets of solution of ferrous sulfate or ferric nitrate (1 mM. The uptake of 59Fe is affected by the associated anion; the penetration is more important with the nitrate than with the sulfate. The translocation of 59Fe from the treated part during 24 hours is very low in all the experiments. The exsorption of 59Fe taken up, from the site of application in different solutions (FeSO4, 7H2O; EDTA Na) concerns only a low percentage of 59Fe present in the treated part. DMSO (0.5 and 1 %) increases the uptake but not the translocation of 59Fe applied as sulfate; it seems to have no effect when iron is applied as nitrate. The increase during 24 hours reaches between 32 % and 53 % in seven experiments with sulfate. The effect also appears in an experiment conducted during four weeks, with several applications of ferrous sulfate during this time. This effect of DMSO is discussed: it is mainly explained by the great hygroscopicity of this solvent, therefore the effect would in part depend on the solubility of salts in concentrated DMSO and of the climatic conditions: relative humidity and temperature of the air. 相似文献
10.
N. V. Kudryakova V. V. Kusnetsov V. Y. Shtratnikova Olga N. Kulaeva 《Plant Growth Regulation》2008,56(1):21-30
ARR5-gene expression was studied in the course of natural leaf senescence and detached leaf senescence in the dark using Arabidopsis thaliana plants transformed with
the P
ARR5
-GUS gene construct. GUS-activity was measured as a marker of ARR5-gene expression. Chlorophyll and total protein amounts were also estimated to evaluate leaf senescence. Natural leaf senescence
was accompanied by the progressive decline in the GUS-activity in leaves of the 2nd and 3rd nodes studied, and this shift
of GUS-activity was more pronounced than the loss of chlorophyll content. The ability of the ARR5-gene promoter to respond to cytokinin was not eliminated during natural leaf senescence, as was demonstrated by a cytokinin-induced
increase in GUS activity in leaves after their detachment and incubation on benzyladenine
(BA, 5 × 10−6 M) in the dark. Leaf senescence in the dark was associated with the further decrease in the GUS-activity. The ARR5-gene promoter response
to cytokinin was enhanced with the increase of the age of plants, taken as a source of leaves for cytokinin treatments. Hence,
although the expression of the ARR5 gene reduces during natural and dark/detached leaf senescence, the ARR5-gene sensitivity to cytokinin was maintained in both cases and even increased with the leaf age. This data suggest that the
ARR5 gene, which belongs to the type-A negative regulators of plant response to cytokinin, could be a feedback regulator able
to prevent retardation by cytokinin of leaf senescence when it is important for plant life. Growth regulators either reduced
ARR5 gene response to cytokinin during senescence of mature detached leaves
in the dark (SA, meJA, ABA, SP) or increased it (IAA), thus modifying the resulting rate of its expression. 相似文献
11.
Iris pseudacorus L. (yellow flag) is a wide-use wetland plant for constructed wetlands for removing metals from wastewater. This study aims to understand effects of root iron plaque on sequestration and translocation of Cr and Ni in yellow flag seedlings using a hydroponic experiment. Yellow flag seedlings (4-week-old seedlings with 4–6 leaves) with or without iron plaque induction (at 50 mg Fe2+ L?1 for 72 hours) were spiked for 6 days in the Hoagland solution with Cr or Ni at 0.5, 5, and 50 mg L?1, equivalent to 1, 10, 100 times of thresholds of surface water quality, respectively. Results indicated that root iron plaque significantly reduced translocation of Cr and Ni to root but increased from root to shoot. Root iron plaque formation counteracted Cr toxicity to yellow flag seedlings while the control showed Cr toxicity to root at 5 mg L?1and to shoot at 50 mg L?1 with significant biomass loss. Neither Ni exposures caused significant biomass loss nor root iron plaque formation significantly changed Ni distribution among plant parts. Our study suggests that root iron plaque effects on metal sequestration and translocation in yellow flag seedlings were metal-dependent. 相似文献
12.
A cytokinin biosynthetic gene encoding isopentenyl transferase (ipt) was cloned with its native promoter from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and introduced into tobacco plants. Indolebutyric acid was applied in rooting medium and morphologically normal transgenic
tobacco plants were regenerated. Genetic analysis of self-fertilized progeny showed that a single copy of intact ipt gene had been integrated, and T2 progeny had become homozygous for the transgene. Stable inheritance of the intact ipt gene in T2 progeny was verified by Southern hybridization. Northern blot hybridization revealed that the expression of this ipt gene was confined in leaves and stems but undetectable in roots of the transgenic plants. Endogenous cytokinin levels in
the leaves and stems of the transgenic tobaccos were two to threefold higher than that of control, but in roots, both the
transgenic and control tobaccos had similar cytokinin levels. The elevated cytokinin levels in the transgenic tobacco leaves
resulted in delayed leaf senescence in terms of chlorophyll content without affecting the net photosynthetic rate. The root
growth and morphology of the plant were not affected in the transgenic tobacco. 相似文献
13.
So Hyun Kwon Soo Chul Chang Jae-Heung Ko Jong Tae Song Jeong Hoe Kim 《Journal of Plant Biology》2011,54(2):119-125
14.
Qualitative changes of cytokinins in leaves of different ages from Populus x robusta (Schneid.) have been determined, together with seasonal changes in cytokinin activity in mature leaves and xylem sap. Chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 has shown that total cytokinin activity and diversity are at a maximum in expanding leaves. As leaves age, the amount and number of cytokinins decrease, with yellow senescent leaves having only one detectable cytokinin, thought to be a glucoside. Seasonal changes were followed by chromatography of the extracts on paper in butan-2-ol: 25 % NH4OH (4:1). Maximum cytokinin levels, due to Fraction Z (Rf 0.5–0.8), in leaves and xylem sap were found in mid-summer. Prior and subsequent to cessation of shoot elongation growth, fraction Z decreased and fraction N (Rf 0–0.2) increased to predominate in senescent leaves. Removal of the apex resulted in an increase of fraction N in leaves from decapitated plants when compared to similar leaves from intact plants. It is suggested that, once apical sink activity has ceased, cytokinins in the xylem sap are diverted into leaves and converted to a cytokinin glucoside, possibly a storage form of the hormone. 相似文献
15.
Water stress applied to the plant shoot through enhanced evaporative demands reduced cytokinin activity in extracts of xylem exudate and leaves. This reduction resembled the changes in cytokinin activity caused by water stress applied to the root. Cytokinin activity in detached wilting leaves decreased rapidly. Recovery took place after several hours in a humid chamber. Experiments with 14C-kinetin indicated that the mechanism of the inactivation and its reversal involve a chemical transformation of the cytokinin molecule. 相似文献
16.
Alena Gaudinová Petre I. Dobrev Blanka Šolcová Ondřej Novák Miroslav Strnad David Friedecký Václav Motyka 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2005,24(3):188-200
Cytokinin metabolism in plants is very complex. More than 20 cytokinins bearing isoprenoid and aromatic side chains were identified
by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Gotik) leaves, indicating diverse metabolic conversions of primary products of cytokinin biosynthesis. To determine
the potential involvement of two enzymes metabolizing cytokinins, cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX, EC 1.5.99.12) and
zeatin reductase (ZRED, EC 1.3.1.69), in the control of endogenous cytokinin levels, their in vitro activities were investigated in relation to the uptake and metabolism of [2−3H]trans-zeatin ([2−3H]Z) in shoot explants of pea. Trans-zeatin 9-riboside, trans-zeatin 9-riboside-5′-monophosphate and cytokinin degradation products adenine and adenosine were detected as predominant
[2−3H]Z metabolites during 2, 5, 8, and 24 h incubation. Increasing formation of adenine and adenosine indicated extensive degradation
of [2−3H]Z by CKX. High CKX activity was confirmed in protein preparations from pea leaves, stems, and roots by in vitro assays. Inhibition of CKX by dithiothreitol (15 mM) in the enzyme assays revealed relatively high activity of ZRED catalyzing
conversion of Z to dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and evidently competing for the same substrate cytokinin (Z) in protein preparations
from pea leaves, but not from pea roots and stems. The conversion of Z to DHZ by pea leaf enzyme was NADPH dependent and was
significantly inhibited or completely suppressed in vitro by diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA; 10 mM). Relations of CKX and ZRED in the control of cytokinin levels in pea leaves
with respect to their potential role in establishment and maintenance of cytokinin homeostasis in plants are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Cucumber, as a strategy I plant, and Maize as a strategy II plant, were cultivated in hydroponic culture in the presence of a ferrated siderophore mixture (1 M) from a culture of Penicillium chrysogenumisolated from soil. The siderophore mixture significantly improved the iron status of these plants as measured by chlorophyll concentration to the same degree as a 100-fold higher FeEDTA supply. Analysis of the siderophore mixture from P. chrysogenum by HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry revealed that besides the trihydroxamates, coprogen and ferricrocin, large amounts of dimerum acid and fusarinines were present which represent precursor siderophores or breakdown products of coprogen. In order to prove the iron donor properties of dimerum acid and fusarinines for plants, purified coprogen was hydrolyzed with ammonia and the hydrolysis products consisting of dimerum acid and fusarinine were used for iron uptake by cucumber and maize. In short term experiments radioactive iron uptake and translocation rates were determined using ferrioxamine B, coprogen and hydrolysis products of coprogen. While the trihydroxamates revealed negligible or intermediate iron uptake rates by both plant species, the fungal siderophore mixture and the ammoniacal hydrolysis products of coprogen showed high iron uptake, suggesting that dimerum acid and fusarinines are very efficient iron sources for plants. Iron reduction assays using cucumber roots or ascorbic acid also showed that iron bound to hydrolysis products of coprogen was more easily reduced compared to iron bound to trihydroxamates. Ligand exchange studies with epi-hydroxymugineic acid and EDTA showed that iron was easily exchanged between coprogen hydrolysis products and phytosiderophores or EDTA. The results indicate that coprogen hydrolysis products are an excellent source for Fe nutrition of plants. 相似文献
18.
Plant Growth Based on Interrelation between Carbon and Nitrogen Translocation from Leaves 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In individual leaves, the photon-saturated photosynthetic activity (P
sat, expressed on a dry mass basis) was closely related to the nitrogen content (Nc) as follows: P
sat = Cf Nc + P
sat0, where Cf and P
sat0 are constants. On a whole plant basis, the relative growth rate (RGR) was closely related to Nc in canopy leaf as follows: RGR = DMf Nc + RGR0, where DMf and RGR0 are constants. However, the coefficients Cf and DMf were markedly different among plant species. To explain these differences, it is suggested that carbon assimilation (or dry matter production) is controlled by both the Nc in a leaf (or leaves) and by the net N translocation from leaves. This is supported by the finding that P
sat is related to the rate of 35S-methionine translocation from leaves. We propose another estimation method for the net N translocation rate (NFR) from leaves: Nc, after full leafing, is expressed as a function of time: Nc = (Nc0 – Ncd) exp(–Nft) + Ncd, where Nf is a coefficient, t is the number of days after leaf emergence, Nc0 is the initial value of Nc, and Ncd is the Nc of the dead leaf. The NFR is then calculated as NFR = Nc/t = –Nf (Nc – Ncd). Thus Nf is the coefficient for the NFR per unit Nc. NFR is a good indicator of net N translocation from leaves because NFR is closely related to the rate of 35S-methionine translocation from leaves. Since P
sat is related to the 14C-photosynthate translocation rate, Cf (or DMf) corresponds to the coefficient of saccharide translocation rate per unit amount of Nc. Cf (or DMf) is closely related to the Nf of individual leaves (or the Nf of canopy leaf). This indicates that C assimilation and C translocation from leaves are related to Nc and N translocation from leaves (net translocation of N). Cf and Nf are negatively correlated with leaf longevity, which is important because a high or low CO2 assimilation rate in leaves is accompanied by a correspondingly high or low N translocation in leaf, and the degree of N translocation in leaves decreases or increases leaf longevity. Thus, since a relatively high P
sat (or RGR) is accompanied by a rapid Nc decrease in leaves, it is difficult to maintain a high P
sat (or RGR) for a sustained time period. 相似文献
19.
Cell–cell signalling promotes ferric iron uptake in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola that contribute to its virulence and growth inside rice
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Cell–cell communication mediated by diffusible signal factor (DSF) plays an important role in virulence of several Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens. In the bacterial pathogen of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, DSF is required for virulence and in planta growth. In order to understand the role of DSF in promoting in planta growth and virulence, we have characterized the DSF deficient mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Mutant analysis by expression analysis, radiolabelled iron uptake studies and growth under low‐iron conditions indicated that DSF positively regulates ferric iron uptake. Further, the DSF deficient mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola exhibited a reduced capacity to use ferric form of iron for growth under low‐iron conditions. Exogenous iron supplementation in the rice leaves rescued the in planta growth deficiency of the DSF deficient mutant. These data suggest that DSF promotes in planta growth of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola by positively regulating functions involved in ferric iron uptake which is important for its virulence. Our results also indicate that requirement of iron uptake strategies to utilize either Fe3+ or Fe2+ form of iron for colonization may vary substantially among closely related members of the Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens. 相似文献
20.
The expression of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX EC: 1.5.99.12) is subject to fine regulation and it provides a rapid
turnover of cytokinins, which serves as a signal for triggering developmental events during plant growth. The activity of
this enzyme is believed to be responsible for the changes in cytokinin pool under adverse environmental conditions. CKX gene-specific
assay to measure the expression in response to different stress treatments in the tissues of Pisum sativum plants was developed. Pea CKX genes were amplified and sequenced using primers designed from the sequences of Medicago truncatula CKX genes. Expression of two P. sativum CKX genes was assessed using relative-quantification in real time two-step RT-PCR, in leaves and roots of drought-, glufosinate-
and atrazine-treated cv. Manuela pea plants. Varied CKX responses support the existence of complicated regulating mechanism
of cytokinin oxidase/ dehydrogenase gene expression. 相似文献