紫斑牡丹及其一新亚种

本文回顾了有关紫斑牡丹的调查和分类历史。它曾被混同于 P．suffruticosa,P．papaveracea 及P．suffruticosa var．papaveracea。它以叶2至3回羽状复叶,小叶17～33,花瓣白色,基部有大紫斑, 花丝黄色,花盘和柱头淡黄色区别于近缘种。种下分化为两个异域的亚种;秦岭北坡的紫斑牡丹小叶全 部或大部分分裂,是一个新亚种,P．rockii subsp．taibaishanica,而P.rockii subsp．linyanshanii T.Hong et G．L.ostii则是P．rockii subsp．rockii的多余名。     

Taxonomical history and revision of Paeonia sect. Moutan (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical history of the woody group(peonies) in the genus Paeonia is reviewed in the present paper. The group is endemic to China, but Paeonia suffruticosa is commonly cultivated throughout the north temperate region and has long been known as “the King of Flowers” in China. However, the taxonomy of the group had been neglected before the 1990' s. Since 1990, a number of new species and subspecies have been published. With the support from the National Geographic Society, the senior author of the present paper and his coworkers have made expeditions to all parts of the distribution area of the group, visited all the type localities and sampled a total of 64 populations. Based on the character analysis and examination of the type specimens or photos, each taxon is reviewed with its name checked nomenclaturally, and finally the taxonomy of the whole group is revised. As a result, eight species, three of which each contains two subspecies, are recognized. They are Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan D. Y. Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie, P. jishanensis T. Hong et W. Z. Zhao, P. qiui Y. L. Pei et D. Y. Hong, P. ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang, P. rockii (S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener )T. Hong et J. J. Li subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica D. Y. Hong, P. decomposita Hand.-Mazz. Subsp. decomposita and subsp. rotundiloba D. Y. Hong, P. delavayi Franeh. and P. ludlowii (Stern et Taylor)D. Y. Hong. P. baokangensis Z. L. Dai et T. Hong and P. yananensis T. Hong et M. R. Li are considered as hybrids between P. rockii and P. qiui and between P. rockii and P. jishanensis respectively. In addition, the reduction of a number of names recently published to synonyms is explained.     

芍药属牡丹组分类新注

自我们近年发表一系列牡丹组分类文章以来, 国内外基本上赞同我们8个种的分类系统,但对一些问题仍有不同见解。本文进一步申述牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 是一个独立的种而不是人工杂种, 以及银屏牡丹P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan是牡丹P. suffruticosa的野生类型而不是逸生的P. ostii的理由。上述论点也得到了分子树的支持。P. jishanensis T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao是一个合法名称, 而P. spontanea (Rehder) T. Hong &; W. Z. Zhao则确实是一个多余名。太白山紫斑牡丹的学名应是P. rockii ssp. atava (Brühl) D. Y. Hong &; K. Y. Pan, 因此P. moutan Sims ssp. atava Brühl不应是可疑的分类群。本文还对Halda的6个组合和两个杂交种名作了处理。结果, 本文包括了5个新异名和一个新组合。     

A revision of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical concept of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex i.e. Sect. Moutan Subsect. Vaginatae, has changed greatly since 1990. Six species and four subspecies have been described as new and two subspecies raised to specific level. Five species and two subspecies are recognized in the present revision, viz. P. suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan, P. jishanensis, P. qiui, P. ostii, P. rockii subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica. P. yananensis, P. ridleyi, P. spontanea, P. moutan subsp. atava, P. suffruticosa subsp. atava, P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii and P. ostii var. lishizhenii are treated as synonyms. P. papaveracea and P. baokangensis are proposed to be interspecific hybrids. A key to the recognized species and subspecies is provided. Biological features of the species are described and their distributions are mapped. The relationships between species are inferred and the origins of commonly cultivated tree peonies ( P. suffruticosa and P. ostii ) are discussed.     

Preliminary Report of RAPD Analysis in Paeonia suffruticosa Subsp. spontanea and Paeonia rockii

Ten different oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence were used in Capillary and Air Thermocycler to amplify genomic total DNA of Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii isolated from several local populations in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Under the strictly standardized amplification condition for all the primers, these primers yielded clear and reproducible bands corresponding to amplified products and separable by agarose gel electrophoresis. Among a total of 71 bands amplified, 16(22. 5%) were polymorphic in a single individual of P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea, while among a total of 76 bands 21(27.6%)were polymophic in a single individual of P. rockii. On an average,the pairwise marker difference between band profiles of conspecific individuals (different populations) was 7.9 for P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and 8.7 for P. rockii respectively. The average marker difference between P. suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and P. rockii was 10.3. Obviously, greater number of plants and primers will be required to detect satisfactorily level of genetic diversity. These preliminary results showed that intraspecific genetic diversity was low for the two endangered species. RAPD as a molecular marker was useful and feasible for detecting the genetic variation within species of wild moutans. And it was also potential for studying evolution and relationships between species.     

矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹RAPD分析初报

用10个任意序列的寡核苷酸片段作为引物,将采自陕西、山西、甘肃等地矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹基因组DNA,在毛细管气浴式PCR热循环仪上随机扩增。在对所有引物扩增条件严格标准化的条件下,这些引物可产生清楚的、可重复的与扩增产物相应的琼脂糖凝胶电泳区带。这10个有效扩增的引物在矮牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出71条带,其中多态的带16条(22．5％),在紫斑牡丹平均每一个体中扩增出76条带,其中多态的带2l条(27．6％)。对每两个个体,每条多态带进行成对比较,累加后求分子标记差异的平均值。在矮牡丹3个居群间的平均差异是7．9,在紫斑牡丹4个居群间的平均差异是8．7,在矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹2个种间的平均差异是10.3。显然,若用来扩增的植物个体数目和引物数目增加,将会得到更满意的结果。初步结果表明濒危植物矮牡丹与紫斑牡丹种内低水平的DNA多态性。RAPD技术用于检测野生牡丹居群内与居群间的遗传变异是有用的与可行的;用于研究种间的进化和亲缘关系也有潜力。     

甘肃紫斑牡丹品种与中原牡丹品种银带和Giemsa C带的研究

分别对甘肃紫斑牡丹品种和中原牡丹品种进行了核型,Ａｇｇｋｐｈｔ Ｇｉｅｎｓａ Ｃ带的研究。发现紫斑牡丹品种核型组成为２ ＝１０＝８ｍ＋２ｓｔ;中原牡丹品种核型组成为２ｎ＝１０＝６ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ带带型显示,供试品种均能显示染色体端带,但天染色体端带的数目及分布位置上具品种特异性。     

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组的系统演化探讨

芍药属牡丹组革质花盘亚组全部原产中国,它们对中国、日本、美国和欧洲的栽培牡丹品种影响甚大。作者在对本亚组9种牡丹(含3个亚种)形态学比较分析的基础上,结合花粉、染色体、蛋白质和DNA水平上的研究证据,提出了本亚组的系统演化的可能途径为:(1)卵叶牡丹→银屏牡丹→矮牡丹→圆裂四川牡丹→四川牡丹,(2)卵叶牡丹→凤丹→紫斑牡丹→太白山紫斑牡丹。另外作者对肉质花盘亚组的系统演化地位也进行了讨论。     

应用RAPD技术对甘肃栽培牡丹品种的分类鉴定研究

应用RAPD技术对甘肃栽培紫斑牡丹品种的分类进行了初步研究,筛选出10个随机引物在16个品种中共扩增出120个位点,其中114个位点呈多态性,4个位点具品种专一性。根据RAPD结果计算各品种间的遗传距离为0．212 8～0．744 4,所研究的16个品种中,除‘北国风光’外‘理想’与其它品种的遗传距离均很大,而皇冠型的‘春红争艳’与蔷薇型的‘怀念’两品种间的遗传距离最小。同一品种不同个体间与不同品种间在遗传距离上无明显差异,暗示在甘肃栽培牡丹品种中可能存在同物异名和同名异物。聚类分析表明,‘理想’和‘北国风光’与其它品种分别构成了遗传差异很大的两类,楼子类与千层类的品种在聚类时虽未完全分开,但楼子类大部分品种间表现出了更高的遗传相似性,且遗传距离与各种色系间没有明显的相关性。结果表明,RAPD技术能够克服传统上根据形态学性状对品种进行分类的缺点,可用于牡丹栽培品种的鉴定。     

中国野生牡丹研究 二：芍药属牡丹组新分类群

本文发表一个新亚种和一个新等级。新亚种林氏牡丹和紫斑牡丹同属一个种系,花瓣基部均具紫斑,花丝,花盘及柱头均为白色;但林氏牡丹的小叶多为披针形或窄卵形,全缘,而紫斑牡丹的小叶多为卵形或卵圆形,常１－３深裂。     

银屏牡丹——花王牡丹的野生近亲

ＴｒｅｅｐｅｏｎｙｈａｓｂｅｎｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓｏｆｙｅａｒｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ,ａｎｄｎｏｗｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ．Ｉｔｉｓｃａｌｅｄａｓ“Ｋｉｎｇｏ...     

Yinpingmudan,the Wild Relative of the King of Flowers,Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews

Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. spontanea (Rehder) S. G. Haw et L. A. Lauener ( ＝P. spontanea ＝ P. jishanensis) has been considered as the wild form of widely cultivated P. suffruticosa. However, the subspecies differs from the cultivated one in shape, division and indumentum of leaves and reproductive biology. As a result of extensive field work, a form with two individuals in Yinping Shan, Caohu, Anhui, and Songxian, Henan, are found to be extremely similar to P. suffruticosa, but apparently different from P. jishanensis. The form is considered to be the wild one of P. suffruticosa and described as new: P. suffruticosa subsp, yinpingmudan Hong, K. Y. Pan et Z. W. Xie.     

甘蔗野生种滇蔗茅种质创新利用研究 Ⅰ. 甘蔗与滇蔗茅远缘杂交F1群体构建与SSR分子标记鉴定

利用光周期调控技术诱导甘蔗热带种路打士开花,并与滇蔗茅云南95-19进行远缘杂交,培育实生苗76株,大田移栽成活62株,成活率81.6%;选用4对引物对获得的62份杂交后代进行SSR分子标记鉴定,结果表明,62份杂交后代全部为真杂种,所选SSR引物对滇蔗茅后代群体具有较高的鉴定效率。该杂交组合后代杂种真实率为100%,是目前数量最大的滇蔗茅F1群体。     

牡丹胚培养快速成苗技术研究

以‘凤丹’及紫斑牡丹种胚为外植体,通过研究激素、光照条件、培养基成分及活性炭（AC）等对离体胚培养的影响,建立了牡丹胚培养直接成苗的高效、快捷的方法。主要结果：在改良MS（钙加倍）+0.2 g·L^-1AC+0.5 mg·L^-1BA+0.5 mg·L^-1GA中离体胚10 d胚根萌动,20 d长出真叶,25 d根系发达,40 d移栽,3个月后幼苗长势良好。实验得出适宜‘凤丹’的培养基：改良MS（钙加倍、大量元素加倍）+0.6 g·L^-1AC+1.0 mg·L^-1GA,紫斑牡丹：改良MS（钙加倍、大量元素加倍）+0.6 g·L^-1AC+0.5 mg·L^-1GA;其中‘凤丹’的成苗率63.88%,成活率66.34%,紫斑成苗率93.75%,成活率在品种间有差异,最佳可达100%。     

Taxonomic notes on the genus Illicium Linn.

Taxonomic notes of the genus Illicium Linn. are presented based mainly on herbarium studies involving more than 10 thousand speciemens from 120 herbaria worldwide, Three new combinations are made, viz, I. fargesii Finet & Gagnep. Subsp. szechuanensis (Cheng) Q. Lin, I. parvifolium Merr. Subsp. oligandrum (Merr. & Chun)Q. Lin and I. micranhum Dunn subsp. tsangii (A. C. Smith)Q. Lin, and thirteen species, six subspecies, three varieties and two forms are reduced to synonyms. Thirty-four species, three subspecies and one variety are recognized inthis genus.     

紫斑牡丹小孢子形成过程的细胞遗传学研究

首次对紫斑牡丹栽培品种的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行了系统研究。细胞学观察发现约３３％的花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常。对该品种花粉进行人工萌发试验 粉萌发率约为６５．４％。统计该品种的结实率发现,其有效结实率仅为２３．５％,认为该紫斑牡丹品种花粉母细胞减数分裂行为异常是形成败育花粉的关键原因,但它仅仅是导致该品种结实７率低的原因之一。     

亚洲西部和欧洲东南部芍药属的一个亚种

根据存于欧洲一些大标本馆的大量标本的观察,分布于希腊爱琴海东部、土耳其南部、塞浦路斯、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、伊拉克北部的Paeonia mascula与欧洲中部至巴尔干半岛的均不相同,可确认为一个独立的亚种。绝大多数个体总有一些小叶全裂,因此小叶及裂片数为(9)12～18(23);小叶宽椭圆形至卵圆形,通常两面无毛或背面疏生柔毛。     

A subspecies of Paeonia mascula (Paeoniaceae) from W. Asia and SE. Europe

The plant from eastern Aegean islands, S. Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria and N. Iraq is recognized as a subspecies of Paeonia mascula based on a large quantity of herbarium specimens from the major herbaria in Europe. The subspecies, Paeonia mascula subsp. orientalis (Thiebaut) D. Y. Hong, is characterized by nearly always having some leaflets segmented and the total number of leaflets and segments ranging from (9) 12 to 18 (23); leaflets and segments broadly elliptical to ovate-rounded and usually glabrous or sparsely villous on the lower surface.     

缺铁胁迫下4种果树砧木中三价铁螯合物还原酶基因的表达

用活力染色法观测 4种果树砧木中FCR基因表达的结果表明 ,小金海棠 (M .xiaojinensis)和香橙 (C .junos)在缺铁胁迫下根吸收区FCR活性明显增强 ,增强幅度显著强于丽江山荆子 (M .rockii)和枳 (P .trifoliata)。用拟南芥的FCR基因 (FRO2 )做探针 ,进行组织印迹的RNANorthern杂交。结果表明 ,在缺铁胁迫下 ,在小金海棠和香橙中均有与FRO2类似基因的强烈表达 ,而在同样胁迫条件下的枳和丽江山荆子中表达却很微弱。这种分子水平上的反应与通常所熟知的生理反应是一致的 ,说明小金海棠和香橙忍耐缺铁环境的生理机制和分子基础类似 ,FCR在它们忍耐缺铁的生化反应中起着非常重要的作用 ,FCR基因在 4种果树砧木中的表达水平高低与它们忍耐缺铁的能力呈现正相关。并且 ,在小金海棠和香橙的根、茎、叶等营养器官的特定组织细胞中 ,均能检出高水平的FCR基因转录产物 ,表明耐缺铁能力强的小金海棠和香橙体内存在高效的铁运输和利用机制     

Variation in 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions in Photobacterium damselae: a mosaic-like structure

Phenotypically, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and P. damselae subsp. damselae are easily distinguished. However, their 16S rRNA gene sequences are identical, and attempts to discriminate these two subspecies by molecular tools are hampered by their high level of DNA-DNA similarity. The 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were sequenced in two strains of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and two strains of P. damselae subsp. damselae to determine the level of molecular diversity in this DNA region. A total of 17 different ITS variants, ranging from 803 to 296 bp were found, some of which were subspecies or strain specific. The largest ITS contained four tRNA genes (tDNAs) coding for tRNA(Glu(UUC)), tRNA(Lys(UUU)), tRNA(Val(UAC)), and tRNA(Ala(GGC)). Five amplicons contained tRNA(Glu(UUC)) combined with two additional tRNA genes, including tRNA(Lys(UUU)), tRNA(Val(UAC)), or tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Five amplicons contained tRNA(Ile(GAU)) and tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Two amplicons contained tRNA(Glu(UUC)) and tRNA(Ala(UGC)). Two different isoacceptor tRNA(Ala) genes (GGC and UGC anticodons) were found. The five smallest amplicons contained no tRNA genes. The tRNA-gene combinations tRNA(Glu(UUC))-tRNA(Val(UAC))-tRNA(Ala(UGC)) and tRNA(Glu(UUC))-tRNA(Ala(UGC)) have not been previously reported in bacterial ITS regions. The number of copies of the ribosomal operon (rrn) in the P. damselae chromosome ranged from at least 9 to 12. For ITS variants coexisting in two strains of different subspecies or in strains of the same subspecies, nucleotide substitution percentages ranged from 0 to 2%. The main source of variation between ITS variants was due to different combinations of DNA sequence blocks, constituting a mosaic-like structure.