水稻杂种一代与亲本幼苗基因表达差异的分析

杂种优势是一种普遍存在的生物学现象,其形成的原因十分复杂。本世纪初,Bruce和Shull相继提出的杂种优势形成的显性互补假设和超亲优势假设至今仍作为一种理论模型而缺乏实验证实。水稻杂种优势的利用自70年代三系配套技术建立得到了广泛的应用,但水稻杂种优势形成的遗传学基础目前还知之甚少。在水稻杂种优势形成机理研究中,分别从生理生化代谢、同工酶分析、DNA限制性片段多态性和DNA含量差异进行了分析,但杂种优势形成的分子机理仍未得到阐明。杂种优势的形成是与异质化相关的过程,它涉及到两个遗传背景不同的体系的相互作用。因此,在相互作用过程中,亲本基因的表达与调控就决定了杂种一代的基因表达类型和特性。因此,我们从分析基因表达与调控入手,运用mRNA差异展示技术分析了玉米杂种一代与亲本基因表达的差异,揭示了不少有意义的现象。本研究以水稻籼型杂交组合(汕优63:珍汕97A×明恢63)为材料,探讨水稻杂种一代与亲本基因表达的差异,揭示了杂种优势形成过程中的一些重要现象。     

红莲优6号杂交水稻与亲本三系不同发育时期幼苗叶片基因表达差异分析

运用DDRT-PCR对红莲型杂交稻组合红莲优6号及其亲本、保持系（粤泰A、粤泰B、9311）的一叶期、三叶期叶片基因表达状况进行分析。结果表明：杂种与亲本之间在同一发育时期基因表达既有质量上又有数量上的差异,但差异表达基因所占比较较小;而对于同一材料,一叶期、三叶期的叶片cDNA扩增带型相似,没有发现基因质上的差异表达,说明一叶期与三叶期幼苗叶片基因表达差异很小。实验也证明DDRT-PCR技术结合银染方法是一种简单快速分析差异表达基因的有效方法。     

Access and Identification of Intergeneric Hybrid Between Brassica juncea×Crambe abyssinica

An intergeneric hybrid between Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. x Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fries was obtained for the first time through routine method combined with embryo rescue. The inductivity of hybrids was 2.1%. In many respects the Fl hybrid resembled either its maternal or paternal parent br both. Consequenfiy, retarded growth, wrinkled leaves and rudimentary anthers in Fl plant were observed. Fl pollen varied in size and 10% ~ 15% were of the paternal pollen type,i.e. ,4-colpate. Fl pollen viability was low and 12% ~ 25% of pollens was viable, with a mean of 18.5%. The chromosome number of Fl somatic cell was 63 which was intermediate between the two parents. Most of pollen mother cells had 63 chromosomes. Analysis of isozymes further confirmed that the F1 hybrid combined the paternal characteristic bands.     

Development of stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines involved in the production of hybrid rice

Stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines, involved in hybrid rice, were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. Two pSB111 super-binary vectors containing modified cry1Ab/cry1Ac genes driven by maize ubiquitin promoter, and herbicide resistance gene bar driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were, used in this study. Embryogenic calli after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. Southern blot analyses of primary transformants revealed the stable integration of bar, cry1Ab and cry1Ac coding sequences into the genomes of three parental lines with a predominant single copy integration and without any rearrangement of T-DNA. T1 progeny plants disclosed a monogenic pattern (3:1) of transgene segregation as confirmed by molecular analyses. Furthermore, the co-segregation of bar and cry genes in T1 progenies suggested that the transgenes are integrated at a single site in the rice genome. In different primary transformants with alien inbuilt resistance, the levels of cry proteins varied between 0.03 and 0.13% of total soluble proteins. These transgenic lines expressing insecticidal proteins afforded substantial resistance against stem borers. This is the first report of its kind dealing with the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry genes into the elite parental lines involved in the development of hybrid rice.     

Novel gene expression patterns in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development

SUMMARY Cross-species hybrids between eggs of the direct-developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma , and sperm from its congeneric indirect-developing species, Heliocidaris tuberculata, show restoration of features of the paternal feeding pluteus larva, including the gut, and pluteus spicular skeleton. Unlike other reported sea urchin cross-species hybrids, Heliocidaris hybrids express genes derived from both maternal and paternal species at high levels. Ectodermal cell types, which differ radically between the two parental species, are of intermediate form in the hybrids. Gene expression patterns in hybrid embryo tissues represent a number of combinations of parental gene expression patterns: genes that are not expressed in one paternal species, but are expressed in hybrids as in the expressing parent; genes that show additive expression patterns plus novel sites of expression; a gene that is misexpressed in the hybrids; and genes expressed identically in both parents and in hybrids. The results indicate that both conserved and novel gene regulatory interactions are present. Only one gene, CyIII actin , has lost cell-type-specific regulation in the hybrids. Hybrids thus reveal that disparate parental genomes, each with its own genic regulatory system, can produce in combination a novel gene expression entity with a unique ontogeny. This outcome may derive from conserved gene regulatory regions in downstream genes of both parental species responding in conserved ways to higher-level regulators that determine modular gene expression territories.     

Altered levels of histone deacetylase OsHDT1 affect differential gene expression patterns in hybrid rice

Hybrids between different inbred varieties display novel patterns of gene expression resulted from parental variation in allelic nucleotide sequences. To study the function of chromatin regulators in hybrid gene expression, the histone deacetylase gene OsHDT1 whose expression displayed a circadian rhythm was over-expressed or inactivated by RNAi in an elite rice parent. Increased OsHDT1 expression did not affect plant growth in the parent but led to early flowering in the hybrid. Nonadditive up-regulation of key flowering time genes was found to be related to flowering time of the hybrid. Over-expression of OsHDT1 repressed the nonadditive expression of the key flowering repressors in the hybrid (i.e. OsGI and Hd1) inducing early flowering. Analysis of histone acetylation suggested that OsHDT1 over-expression might promote deacetylation on OsGI and Hd1 chromatin during the peak expression phase. High throughput differential gene expression analysis revealed that altered OsHDT1 levels affected nonadditive expression of many genes in the hybrid. These data demonstrate that nonadditive gene expression was involved in flowering time control in the hybrid rice and that OsHDT1 level was important for nonadditive or differential expression of many genes including the flowering time genes, suggesting that OsHDT1 may be involved in epigenetic control of parental genome interaction for differential gene expression.     

Cloning and Analysis of a cDNA Encoding psbL and psbJ Gene in Rice Chloroplast Genome

A 505 bp cDNA was cloned from the leaves of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Shanyou 63 combination. DNA sequence analysis showed that it is a part of rice chloroplast genome. Its homology comparison with those known in GenBank found that it encodes 38 amino acid peptide deduced from psbL gene and 40 amino acid peptide deduced from psbJ gene in rice chloroplast PSⅡ. Northern hybridization showed that the cDNA was differentially displayed in hybrid F1 and its parental lines.     

水稻叶绿体基因组中一个编码psbL 和psbJ基因cDNA的克隆与分析

A 505 bp cDNA was cloned from the leaves of rice (Oryza sativaL.) Shanyou 63 combination. DNA sequence analysis showed that it is a part of rice chloroplast genome. Its homology comparison with those known in GenBank found that it encodes 38 amino acid peptide deduced from psbL gene and 40 amino acid peptide deduced from psbJ gene in rice chloroplast PSⅡ. Northern hybridization showed that the cDNA was differentially displayed in hybrid F1 and its parental lines.     

Nonadditive expression and parent-of-origin effects identified by microarray and allele-specific expression profiling of maize endosperm

Plant endosperm cells have a nuclear ratio of two maternal genomes to one paternal genome. This 2 to 1 dosage relationship provides a unique system for studying the additivity of gene expression levels in reciprocal hybrids. A combination of microarray profiling and allele-specific expression analysis was performed using RNA isolated from endosperm tissues of maize (Zea mays) inbred lines B73 and Mo17 and their reciprocal hybrids at two developmental stages, 13 and 19 d after pollination. The majority of genes exhibited additive expression in reciprocal hybrids based on microarray analyses. However, a substantial number of genes exhibited nonadditive expression patterns, including maternal like, paternal like, high parent like, low parent like, and expression patterns outside the range of the parental inbreds. The frequency of hybrid expression patterns outside of the parental range in maize endosperm tissue is much higher than that observed for vegetative tissues. For a set of 90 genes, allele-specific expression assays were employed to monitor allelic bias and regulatory variation. Eight of these genes exhibited evidence for maternally or paternally biased expression at multiple stages of endosperm development and are potential examples of differential imprinting. Our data indicate that parental effects on gene expression are much stronger in endosperm than in vegetative tissues.     

红莲型杂交稻(红莲2号)及其骨干亲本的RAPD分析与鉴定

利用RAPD技术,从248个随机寡核苷酸引物（10－mer）中筛出18个引物对红莲型杂交稻组合红莲2号及其亲本（T－07A、T－07B、YD6－05）,另6个红莲型胞质不育系的骨干恢复和汕优63及其亲本共14份水稻材料进行分析。共检测到173个多态性标记。聚类分析结果表明：不育系与保持系间因核背景相似,遗传差异很小;杂种（F1）的基因型更倾向于恢复系;恢复系与保持系间遗传距离的相对较大,但各恢复系之间的遗传距离较小。利用这些标记能有效地地区交组合中不育系,保持系、恢复系和杂种（F1）。     

鲤鲫人工多倍体谱系中同工酶和蛋白的基因表达

通过对红鲤、红鲫、镜鲤、鲤鲫杂种二倍体一代,二代,鲤鲫杂种三倍体,鲤鲫复合三倍体,鲤鲫杂种四倍体一代,二代的同工酶及蛋白电泳谱型和扫描数据分析表明,在鲤鲫人工多倍体谱系中,亲代的等位基因在杂交子代中共有四种表达模式;（1）两亲本基因在子代中共同表达,即共显表达;（2）父本的基因表达受到部分或完全的抑制,即母本的基因优先得到表达;（3）母本的基因表达受到抑制,父本的基因得到表达;（4）双亲本的基因表达均受到一定程度的抑制或都不表达。其中第一种表达模式是主要的模式。根据以上基因在杂交子代中的表达特点,可用同工酶和蛋白电泳图谱将鲤鲫人工多倍体谱系的各种生物型逐一加以区分。     

中籼杂交水稻亲本多态性的AFLP分析

对15个籼型杂交水稻亲本进行AFLP分析,结果表明：亲本间遗传距离小,在0.0589-0.3305之间,平均为0.2033。15个亲本按类平均法可聚为两类,Ⅰ类为不育系,Ⅱ类为恢复系。其中Ⅱ类又分为两个亚类,Ⅱ－1不含明恢63血缘、Ⅱ－2全部含明恢63血缘。Ⅰ/Ⅱ－1与Ⅰ/Ⅱ－2间的遗传距离无明显差异,揭示恢复系的遗传基础较一致,这可能是当前的品种不能超过籼优63的重要原因之一。要提高水稻的杂种优势,需丰富亲本的遗传基础,扩大其遗传差异。     

Seasonal expression of Bt proteins in transgenic rice lines and the resistance against Asiatic rice borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker)

Laboratory bioassays and field surveys were carried out to compare the resistance of three transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines including Bt-DL expressing a single gene cry1Ab, Bt-KF6 expressing stacked genes cry1Ac and CpTI genes and Bt-SY63 expressing a fusion gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac, respectively, to an important rice pest Chilo suppressalis (Walker). In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were conducted to monitor the Bt protein expressions in rice leaves and stems at different rice growth stages. Results showed that all the transgenic rice lines exhibited significantly high resistance to the pest compared with their corresponding nontransformed isolines. Among the transgenic rice lines, Bt-SY63 and Bt-KF6 had higher resistance to C. suppressalis at early growth stage, but lower resistance at late stages, while the pest resistance of Bt-DL was relatively stable throughout the growing season. The results were consistent with ELISA results showing that Bt protein levels in Bt-SY63 or Bt-KF6 leaves decreased in late growth stages, but were relatively stable in Bt-DL at all growth stages. This demonstrates that the resistance to a pest by Bt plants is positively correlated with Cry protein expression levels in plant tissues. Compared with Bt-SY63 and Bt-KF6, the Bt protein expression levels were significantly lower in Bt-DL, while its resistance to C. suppressalis was the highest. This may suggest that C. suppressalis is more susceptible to Cry1Ab than to Cry1Ac. The data from the current study are valuable for decision-making for commercial use of Bt rice lines and development of appropriate pest control and resistance management strategies for the transgenic rice lines.     

Genomic imprinting,disrupted placental expression,and speciation

The importance of regulatory incompatibilities to the early stages of speciation remains unclear. Hybrid mammals often show extreme parent‐of‐origin growth effects that are thought to be a consequence of disrupted genetic imprinting (parent‐specific epigenetic gene silencing) during early development. Here, we test the long‐standing hypothesis that abnormal hybrid growth reflects disrupted gene expression due to loss of imprinting (LOI) in hybrid placentas, resulting in dosage imbalances between paternal growth factors and maternal growth repressors. We analyzed placental gene expression in reciprocal dwarf hamster hybrids that show extreme parent‐of‐origin growth effects relative to their parental species. In massively enlarged hybrid placentas, we observed both extensive transgressive expression of growth‐related genes and biallelic expression of many genes that were paternally silenced in normal sized hybrids. However, the apparent widespread disruption of paternal silencing was coupled with reduced gene expression levels overall. These patterns are contrary to the predictions of the LOI model and indicate that hybrid misexpression of dosage‐sensitive genes is caused by other regulatory mechanisms in this system. Collectively, our results support a central role for disrupted gene expression and imprinting in the evolution of mammalian hybrid inviability, but call into question the generality of the widely invoked LOI model.     

A new approach for obtaining rapid uniformity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) via a 3x x 2x cross

A triploid (2n = 3x = 36) rice plant was obtained by screening a twin seedling population in which each seed germinated to two or three sprouts that were then crossed with diploid plants. One diploid plant was chosen among the various F(1) progenies and developed into an F (2) population via self-pollination. Compared with the control variety Shanyou 63, this F (2) population had a stable agronomical performance in field trials, as confirmed by the F-test. The stability of the F (2) population was further substantiated by molecular analysis with simple sequence repeat markers. Specifically, of 160 markers assayed, 37 (covering all 12 chromosomes) were polymorphic between the parental lines. Testing the F (1) hybrid individually with these markers showed that each PCR product had only a single band instead of two bands from each parent. The bands were identical to either maternal (23 markers) or paternal (eight markers) bands or distinct from both parents (six markers). The amplified bands of all 60 randomly selected F (2) plants were uniform and identical to those of the F (1) hybrid. These results suggest that the F (1) plant is a non-segregating hybrid and that a stable F (2) population was obtained. This novel system provides an efficient means for shortening the cycle of hybrid rice seed production.     

水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达cDNA片段S 600的分离克隆

采用cDNA-AFLP技术分离克隆了水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达基因片段．S600,Northern杂交结果表明：在分蘖期和始穗期,S600在杂种和父本中表达丰度均较高,而在母本中表达丰度相对较低。S600在分蘖期和始穗期表达量不同,暗示了该基因的表达还受到发育时期的调节。同源搜索结果表明S600片段是水稻SBPase的部分编码序列。为了获得完整编码序列,以S600序列检索梗稻日本晴cDNA数据库,获得了两个高度同源(99％)且功能未知的全长cDNA克隆(AK062089和AK065773)。序列分析表明它们均包含一个相同的1179bp的开放阅读框,编码392个氨基酸组成的水稻SBPase前体,其中包含有与底物结合、氧化还原调节有关的保守氨基酸残基。检索发现该基因在水稻日本晴基因组中只有单个座位。