Critical Notes on the Genus Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) of Xinjiang,China

More than thirty species and varieties of Fritillaria have been reported from Xinjiang,incluing many new taxa recently published． A revision of these was made based on mainly herbarium material and literature．As a result,seven species were recognized,including newly recorded F. stenanthera(Regel)Regel,and nine species and twenty-one varieties were reduced to synonyms．     

关于瓦布贝母的分类等级研究

基于营养体和花部形态,将瓦布贝母（F．wabuensis）降为暗紫贝母的一个变种：F.unibracteata var.wabuensis。     

Hybridization and karyotype variability of three endemic Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) in Argolis Peninsula (Greece)

Abstract

The Argolis Peninsula covers the north-eastern part of Peloponnisos and is surrounded by the Gulf of Argosaronic. The area hosts three species of the genus Fritillaria: F. graeca, F. rhodocanakis and F. spetsiotica. Fritillaria graeca is a Greek endemic taxon and its distribution includes Peloponnisos, C & E Sterea Ellas, C Evia and in proximity to Sterea Ellas, Salamis and Kea islands, while the stenoendemic F. rhodocanakis and F. spetsiotica are mainly found on Idra and Spetses islands respectively. The last two taxa are included in the Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece, while F. rhodocanakis is also included in the IUCN Red List. Hybridization among them is a common phenomenon in the areas where they coexist, leading to an array of morphologically and karyologically intermediate forms. The current study presents the taxa’s karyomorphometric analysis for the first time and reveals hybrids’ cytological variety, including differences in marker chromosomes, polyploidy and the number of B-chromosomes.     

Cytological study of Tibetia (Fabaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains region, China

The Hengduan Mountains comprise one of the world's most important hot spots of biodiversity. Tibetia (Ali) H.P. Tsui (Fabaceae), which has four or five species in two sections, is one of the genera endemic to the region. This paper describes for the first time the karyotype of three of those species. The chromosome counts of all three are 2n = 16. The karyotypes of the species examined contain chromosomes of variable karyotypic symmetry with centromeres at median and submedian positions that correlate with the morphological characteristics of the species. Karyotypic variation at the diploid level appears to be the predominant feature of chromosome evolution in the genus and may provide a clue to the study of evolutionary patterns of plants in this region. Received: June 12, 2001 / Accepted: September 12, 2001     

Two new species of Panorpa (Mecoptera,Panorpidae) from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan,China

Two new species of the genus Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 are described from the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan, China. Panorpa diqingensis sp. n. can be distinguished from its congeners by vertex dark brown, and occiput yellow; pleura dark brown; gonocoxites bearing a cluster of stout black setae on inner apex; parameres S-shaped in male genitalia. Panorpa dispergens sp. n. can be readily differentiated from other Panorpa species by apical band with a hyaline spot in wings; gonocoxites with a cluster of stout dark brown setae and 3–5 long setae on inner apex; female medigynium with a pair of basal plates. The number of Panorpa species in Yunnan is raised to six. A key to Yunnan species of Panorpa is presented.     

横断山区被子植物染色体研究概况

横断山区作为全球生物多样性热点地区之一 ,染色体数目的研究对探讨植物区系起源和进化有重要的意义。本文对横断山区被子植物染色体数目报道方面的情况进行收集和整理并进行统计分析 ,结果发现共有 42科 1 4 3属 51 8种被子植物有染色体数目报道。     

Elevational patterns of functional diversity and trait of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) in Hengduan Mountains,China

Elevational patterns of trait occurrence and functional diversity provide an important perspective for understanding biodiversity. However, previous studies have mostly examined functional diversity at the community scale. Here, we examined large-scale patterns of trait occurrence and functional diversity in Delphinium along an elevational gradient from 1000 to 5700 m in the Hengduan Mountains, SW China. Elevational distribution and trait data of 102 Delphinium species were compiled to evaluate the patterns of interspecific traits, species richness, and functional diversity. We found that the distribution of species richness showed a unimodal curve that peaked between 3500 and 4000 m; functional diversity and traits showed different patterns along an elevational gradient. The functional diversity increased at a lower rate along an elevation gradient, whereas species richness continued to increase. Species with large ranges and non-endemic species were most affected by geometric constraints. Richness of species endemic to the Hengduan Mountains peaked at higher elevations, likely due to increased speciation and restricted dispersion under alpine conditions. We conclude that the middle elevation region is not only the functionally richest but also the most functionally stable region for Delphinium, which could be insurance against environmental change. Extreme conditions and strong environmental filters in an alpine environment may cause the convergence of species traits, which could relate to reducing nutrient trait investment and increasing reproductive trait investment. We conclude that large-scale studies are consistent with previous studies at the community scale. This may indicate that the relationship between functional diversity and species richness across different scales is the same.     

A Revision of the Genus Androsace L. in China (Cont.)

A revision of the Chinese species of Androsace updates our knowledge of the genus by providing a brief historical survey, character analysis, discussion on generic relationships and geographical distribution, and a key to species currently recognized. For the sake of completeness, the key is supplemented by an enumeration, and a record of the known distribution of each species. Furthermore, some specimen citations and additional notes on species previously very incompletly known are also included. Seven new species and two infraspecific taxa are described.     

甘肃贝母性状变异式样的分析及分类处理

通过实地调查和查阅标本,对甘肃贝母（Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim.)17个居群（包括2个暗紫贝母居群）性状的变异式样及变异规律进行了统计分析和研究。结果表明,各居群在性状上变异显著,并呈现连续变化的规律,其变化与地理分布和生境密切相关。本研究还对甘肃贝母分类群的分类地位予以讨论,认为陇南贝母（F.gansuensis)、无斑贝母（F.przewalskii form.emacula)、异色贝母（F.przewalskii var.discolor)及漳县贝母（F.przewalskii cv.Zhangxian)应归入甘肃贝母,格纹贝母（F.przewalskii var.tessellata)仍作为甘肃贝母的一个新变种。     

The Existence of Isosteroidal Alkaloids in Fritillaria L.(Liliaceae) and Its Taxonomical Significance

The plant chemotaxonomical marker of Fritillaria L. is discussed in this paper according to the information on chemical components. Plenty of evidence shows that 5α-cevanine isosteroidal alkaloids are the characteristic constituents of this genus. In the light of the biogensis of this kind of alkaloids, the C-13 and C- 17 of the molecular structures may be rational positions uniting a nitrogenous group in their biosyntheses which make two kinds of 5α-cevanine isosteroidal alkaloids, the dihydrogen of C- 13 and C- 17 being at the state of trans-configuration (e. g. verticine, verticinone) and at the state of cisconfiguration (e.g. delavine, chuanbeinone and songbeinine). Meanwhile, this paper reports the existence and content of some 5α-cevanine isosteroidal alkaloids in main Chinese fritillarias. This result reveals that there may be a relationship between the formation of characteristic constituents on one hand and other morphological characters and distribution of the plants concerned on the other,which encourages further investigation.     

Chromosome counts and karyotypes in Chaetoseris and Stenoseris (Asteraceae-Cichorieae) from the Hengduan Mountains of SW China

Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are two morphologically close genera from the tribe Cichorieae of the sunflower family and they are endemic in alpine eastern Himalayas to the Hengduan Mountains of SW China.Mitotic chromosome numbers and karyotypes are reported for 12 populations representing eight species of Chaetoseris and two species of Stenoseris from the Hengduan Mountains region.Eight species are new and the other two provide confirmation of previous reference.All Chaetoseris and Stenoseris taxa are diploidy with 2n ＝ 16 and their basic number is tentatively suggested as x ＝ 8.Karyotypes of Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are similar to each other with 2A and 2B for the former and 2A for the latter.Cytological data of chromosomal numbers and karyotypes support a close relationship of the two genera.Currently no polyploids are found for these two genera and it seems that polyploidization has played a minor role in their evolutionary speciation in the Hengduan Mountains region.     

The role of sexual and clonal reproduction in maintaining population in Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. (Liliaceae)

Fritillaria camtschatcensis can reproduce by means of both sexual reproduction and clonal multiplication. Despite prolific seed production, no seedlings have been found for several years in natural populations on Mt Hakusan. The purposes of this paper are to clarify: (i) whether population size is maintained mainly by clonal multiplication; and (ii) if this is the case, to what extent occasional seedling establishment affects population growth rate and population structure. Two permanent quadrats were placed in subalpine meadows in 1992 on Mt Hakusan. Plant size, location and reproductive states for all ramets in the quadrats were recorded every year. Projection matrices were created based on field census, and computer simulation experiments were performed. Fritillaria camtschatcensis had two types of flower, male flower and cosexual flower, and they were changeable. This is the first report on sex lability in Fritillaria. Clonal growth was more closely correlated with life-history stages, especially with sexual states than with plant size. The population growth rate, , was 1.006 for the Mizuyajiri population and 1.047 for the Nanryu population, respectively. Seedlings were found in 1996 for the first time. These facts indicate that populations of F. camtschatcensis on Mt Hakusan can usually be maintained by clonal multiplication. However, it is not yet certain whether seeds germinate every year or whether a flush of seedling emergence occurs once in every few years in natural populations. Computer simulation revealed that: (i) there was a critical germination rate above which population growth rate suddenly increased; and (ii) occasional seedling establishment could provide almost the same contribution to population growth rate as that of annual seedling establishment. These results suggest that population size can be maintained mainly by clonal multiplication, and the role of sexual reproduction lies beyond maintaining the population size in F. camtschatcensis.     

国产广义大丁草属的订正及地理分布

依据最新广义大丁草属的概念对中国产这一属群的植物进行了订正,亦即中国有大丁草属Leibnitzia Cass,火石花属Gerbera Cass.和兔耳一支箭属Piloselloides(Less.)C.Jeffrey ex Cufod。并对一些名称进行了认真的查考和相应的分类学处理,讨论了相应的地理替代与地质历史的关系。经整理,中国大丁草属含4种,火石花属可能含6种,兔耳一支箭属含1种。以横断山为核心的中国西南部也许是该属群的一个多样化中心和分化中心。     

Chromosome polymorphism in triploid populations of Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh (Liliaceae) in California

A cytological survey of populations of Fritillaria lanceolata in central California reveals thc existence of karyo-ecotypes. Triploids occupy exposed coastal habitats in contrast to the inland woodland habitats characteristic of the diploids. Allocyclic chromosome banding was observed in diploid and triploid individuals from five distinct populations and complete, banded karyotypes were analyzed and assigned. In contrast to diploids, the triploids exhibited extensive chromosome polymorphism in gross morphology and banding as well as significant interclonal karyotype variability. Evidence was obtained from the banding patterns that triploids have arisen repeatedly by the functioning of unreduced gametes in the diploids.     

横断山区两种菊科植物的核型研究

对横断山区两种菊科植物圆齿狗娃花和细叶亚菊进行了染色体数目报道和核型研究,其中圆齿狗娃花为首次报道,2n=18=2x=18m(2SAT);而细叶亚菊的为新的染色体数目,2n=72=8x=56m+16sm,与之前报道的36不同。研究结果发现菊科植物这两个属在横断山及其它地区同时存在二倍体与多倍体。     

横断山区高等真菌物种多样性研究进展

中国西南横断山地区地形复杂、山陡谷深、生境多样,是真菌栖息、繁衍和分化的理想地区。国内外真菌学家们对该区的真菌早就给予过关注和研究,曾报道了该区真菌4000余种,约占我国已知真菌总种数的40%。然而,总的说来,人们对该区真菌物种多样性的了解还知之甚少。近十余年来,我们对该地区的真菌中的高等真菌部分进行了十余次野外考察和采集,共获得标本7000余份、分子材料4200余份、真菌及其生境照片1万余张,这是研究和认识该区真菌多样性不可或缺的第一手科学资料。通过对该区有关标本的研究,正式发表了2新属及50余新种;但还有大量新物种和一些新属有待进一步研究和描述。加强真菌多样性的研究,不仅具有重要的科学意义,同时为经济发展服务也具有重要的现实意义。     

Allozyme variation and population differentiation of the Aconitum delavayi complex (Ranunculaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains of China

The Aconitum delavayi complex is a group of four climbing species with trisect-leaves occurring in the Hengduan Mountains. The species of this complex are highly localized on very narrow regions with quite small population sizes. Because of rapid environmental changes recently in the Hengduan Mountains, this complex shows complicated morphological variability, which makes it difficult to delimit species. In the present study, 10 enzyme systems coding for 14 putative loci were employed to detect the interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation of the complex. In addition to low genetic diversity within all eight populations surveyed, the results indicate that A. episcopale is a distinct species because of high genetic identities among its three populations. Very low genetic divergence among populations of A. stapfianum and A. delavayi suggests that the two species should be treated as a single one.     

横断山区高山绣线菊的谱系地理学研究

横断山区作为青藏高原东南部主要的一个冰期避难所,第四纪冰期气候的变化对该地区的植物地理分布和居群遗传结构都产生了重要的影响。为了揭示该地区物种分布的分子系统地理学结构,选取在该地区广泛分布的一种高山灌木-高山绣线菊的叶绿体trnL-trnF序列进行研究。采集了15个居群182个个体进行测序,共发现7个单倍型。总的遗传多样性较高(HT=0.809),但居群内遗传多样性较低(HS=0.236)。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明分布区内高山绣线菊的遗传变异主要存在于居群间(84.48%),且居群间的遗传分化很高(GST=0.708,FST=0.84476,NST=0.863),有着显著的谱系地理学结构(NST>GST,P<0.01)和较低的居群间平均基因流(Nm=0.09)。单倍型的系统进化树和进化分支网络分析得到了相似的拓扑结构,7种单倍型都按照地理分布聚为三支:横断山区西部、横断山区东部以及两者的交接地带。本研究推测该物种在横断山区存在多个冰期避难所,而没有表现出大规模的种群集体扩张和迁移的现象。青藏高原隆升、第四纪气候的反复波动以及横断山区特殊的地理环境使得原来连续的居群片段化,并发生范围扩张,从而塑造了高山绣线菊的现代生物地理分布格局。     

中国秋海棠属等翅组植物订正

根据海南秋海棠 (BegoniahainanensisChunetF .Chun)、多花秋海棠 (B sinofloribundaL .J.Dorr)及一新种———长柄秋海棠 (B sublongipesY .M .Shui)的特征比较 ,订正了中国秋海棠属等翅组 [Sect Petermannia (Klotzsch)A .DC .],使该组在中国增至 3个种。