柑桔果实中柠檬苦素类化合物的研究现状与展望

柠檬苦素类似物（ｌｉｍｏｎｏｉｄ）是三萜类的植物次生代谢产物,主要存在于芸香科和楝科植物中。柠檬苦素（ｌｉｍｏｎｉｎ）及其类似物存在于柑桔属（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓ）的多种植物中。至今已从柑桔属植物中分离出３６种柠檬苦素类似物及１７种柠檬苦素类似物配糖体。柑桔中苦味原因之一为柠檬苦素类似物。作为其代表具有强烈苦味的柠檬苦素和诺米林如果在柑桔果汁中含量超过６ｍｇ／Ｌ,那么这种柑桔用于饮食业已不适合［１］。近年来,笔者对柑桔果实中的柠檬苦素类似物的生理变化及生物合成作过系统研究［１～９］,并提出将柠檬苦素类似…     

Limonoids from the genus Trichilia and biological activities: review

Phytochemistry Reviews - Limonoids, present in the families Meliaceae and Rutaceae, provide the bitter principles in citrus and are derived from limonin (first isolated tetranortriterpenoid). These...     

柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性研究进展

柑橘作为受人喜爱的第一大果品,其主要次生代谢产物类柠檬苦素具有抗癌、降低胆固醇、镇静、催眠、抗焦虑、抑菌、抗病毒等多种生物活性。近年来,柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性已成为国际研究热点并广受社会关注。该文从清除自由基、激发谷胱甘肽转移酶、降低致癌物质致癌活性以及抑制肿瘤细胞增殖等四个方面综述了柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌国际最新研究进展,并对柑橘类柠檬苦素抗癌活性及其构效关系进行了讨论。     

Citrus limonoid by-products as insect control agents

Limonoids are a group of chemically related bitter tetranortriterpene derivatives found predominantly in Rutaceae and Meliaceae plants (Ourison et al., 1964). Interest in the Rutaceae limonoids has centered around limonoid removal from consumable citrus products. For example, bitterness in citrus juices (as well as in other citrus products) due to limonoids has become an increasingly serious economic problem (Wilson & Crutchfield, 1968; Sinclair, 1972). Interest in the Meliaceae limonoids, on the other hand, has centered on their efficacy as pest control and/or antitumor agents (Kubo & Klocke, 1981, 1982; Nakanishi, 1977, 1980). For example, azadirachtin, isolated from several Meliaceae trees, has proven to be a potent natural product against a myriad of insect and nematode pests (Warthen, 1979). In fact, we have isolated azadirachtin from the fresh fruit of Azadirachta indica as a potent insect ecdysis inhibitor against four agricultural pest insects with artificial diet feeding assay (Kubo & Klocke, in litt).     

Simultaneous extraction of bioactive limonoid aglycones and glucoside from Citrus aurantium L. using hydrotropy

Citrus limonoids were demonstrated to possess potential biological activities in reducing the risk of certain diseases. Limonoids are present in citrus fruits in the form of aglycones and glucosides. At present, limonoid aglycones and limonoid glucosides are extracted in multiple steps using different solvents. In order to understand their potential bioactivity, it may be beneficial to isolate and purify these compounds using environment friendly methods. A new method of extraction and purification of limonoids was established using a hydrotrope polystyrene adsorbent resin. Extraction of aglycones and glucosides was achieved in a single step, using an aqueous solution of sodium cumene sulphonate (Na-CuS). Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seed powder was extracted with 2 M Na-CuS solution at 45 degrees C for 6 h. The filtered extract was diluted with water and loaded on an SP 700 adsorbent column. The column was washed with distilled water to remove the hydrotrope and then eluted using water and methanol in different compositions to obtain three compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside (DNAG), deacetyl nomilin (DAN) and limonin (LIM).     

楝科植物柠檬素类化合物杀虫活性研究的新进展(英文)

植物中的次生代谢物是植物性杀虫剂的活性有效成分。关于来自楝科植物的柠檬素类化合物杀虫活性的研究近年来又有了新进展。这些化合物对许多种重要害虫具有驱避、拒食、毒杀、抑制生长发育等活性。来自楝属、印楝局的植物在杀虫活性、有活性种类数量方面高于其它属,米仔兰属、鹧鸪花属和香椿属的植物也有较高的杀虫活性。柠檬素类化合物的杀虫作用机制在本文中也做了综述。     

Mulavanins A-E: Limonoids from Munronia delavayi

Limonoids, mulavanins A-E (1-5), along with four known compounds, were isolated from whole plants of Munronia delavayi. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Two of the compounds showed modest antifungal activity.     

RECENT STUDIES ON INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF LIMONOIDS FROM MELIACEOUS PLANTS

Abstract This is a review of recent studies on insecticidal activities of limonoids from Meliaceous plants which possess ingredients causing repellence, antifeeding. poisoning and growth inhibition against many important agricultural insects. Limonoids from the genera Melia and Azadirachta of family Meliaceae show admirable effectiveness in bioactiviry. Some species of genera Aglaia, Trichilia and Tmna contain very effective limonoids against insects as well. In this review the insecticidal mode of action of these limonoids is discussed.     

Utilization of Citrus by-products

Proceeds from the production oi by-products may spell the difference between profit and loss in the citrus canning industry. The three primary by-products of citrus are dried citrus pulp, molasses, and citrus peel oil. The most important utilization of citrus wastes is as stock feed, which consumes large quantities of dried pulp and citrus molasses. Citrus seed oil, alcohol, pectin, bland syrup, and feed yeast have been produced to a lesser extent.     

柑桔果汁中苦味物质的去除方法

类柠檬苦素和柚皮苷是柑桔果汁中的主要苦味成分,会明显的降低柑桔果汁的品质。本文综述了柑桔果汁的苦味机理,苦味物质的去除方法。     

薇苷菊提取物对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用及有效组分分析

使用甲醇、乙酸乙酯、乙醚提取薇苷菊 Mikania micrantha H.B.K.地上部植株并测试 3种提取物对桔全爪螨 Panonychuscitri Mc Gregor产卵的驱避作用 ,结果发现这些提取物处理后 1d都有显著的产卵驱避效果 ,其中极性最强的甲醇提取物效果最好 ,处理后 1d的产卵驱避率为 74 .2 2 %。用乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水依次对薇苷菊甲醇提取物进行萃取 ,生测结果表明只有极性最强的水萃取物具有显著的产卵驱避效果。进一步研究发现薇苷菊甲醇提取物经柱层析分离得到的 6个组分中有 3个对桔全爪螨有显著的产卵驱避作用 ,但效果都不及提取物 ,说明薇苷菊对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用是各组分共同作用的结果。用GC- MS对最有效组分的分析表明 :2 ,2′-亚甲基双 (6 -叔丁基 - 4 -甲基 )苯酚是含量最大的成分 ,占 70 .2 4 % ,β-谷甾醇和岩藻甾醇也是有效成分 ,但含量较低 ,分别占 12 .0 3%和 5 .6 1%     

我国柑桔主要病毒类病害及其无毒化技术研究进展(综述)

本文简述柑桔黄龙病、衰退病、裂皮病及碎叶病病原性质及对生产的危害,概述柑桔无毒化技术的研究进展。     

Mission and Modern Citrus Species Diversity of Baja California Peninsula Oases

The spring-fed mission oases of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, hold several species, varieties and unique hybrids of heritage citrus, which may represent valuable genetic resources. Citrus species first arrived to the peninsula with the Jesuit missionaries (1697-1768), and new varieties were introduced during the colonial and rancho periods following the mission era. These heritage trees are grown in field and house gardens as ornamental, fruit and shade trees. Commercial citrus varieties introduced from the United States have become a strong source of economic revenue for peninsula agriculturalists. A few of the peninsula oases support commercial citrus groves, though these are primarily found in the broader valleys of the peninsula where groundwater is tapped for irrigation. The isolated environments of the mission oases and surrounding ranches have facilitated propagation of unique citrus types, and these have stabilized through integration into the cultural practices of the region. We identify and document citrus of the peninsula oases to serve as a baseline for those interested in the cultural ecology of citrus and citrus genetic resources.     

柑桔木虱及其防治

柑砧术虱是柑桔新梢期重要害虫,刺吸为害。福建福州在柑桔上一年发生8代,在月桔、九里香上一年约发生10代左右,世代重叠,以成虫在柑桔叶背群集越冬,无完全滞育。4—5月气温22．3℃世代历期42．5天．6-7月27．2℃为24．4天．8月28．1℃为23．2天。10-12月19.6℃为52．9天。成虫寿命长,约历1个月半,越冬代长达半年。田间种群消长与柑桔芽梢抽发期相对应．一年中虫口数量出现3个高峰期,第一峰期3-4月为柑桔春梢主要抽发期,第二峰期5-6月为夏梢主要抽发期,第三峰期8～9月为秋梢主要抽发期,其中以秋梢期虫口数量最大．秋芽受害最重,次为春梢期。本还对柑桔术虱天敌进行调查,并对柑桔术虱卵、若虫和成虫进行药剂防治试验。     

中国柑橘菌物病原名录

我国是世界上最大的柑橘生产国,柑橘产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位.菌物病害是制约我国柑橘产业效益的重要因素.在过去一百余年里,我国植物病理学家和菌物学家描述和记载了大量柑橘上的病原菌物.然而随着分子系统学在菌物分类鉴定中的广泛应用,以及菌物命名法规的变化,一些菌物的分类地位和拉丁学名发生了较大的变化.为了方便使用者了...     

叶面肥对柑橘全爪螨生长发育和繁殖及柑橘苗生长的影响(英文)

【目的】柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri在中国是一种重要的柑橘害虫,叶面肥在橘园的应用很普遍。本研究是为了明确柑橘施用尿素和复合氨基酸2种叶面肥对这种害螨生长发育和繁殖及柑橘苗生长的影响。【方法】在室内分别用尿素(0.50%)和复合氨基酸(0.17%)2种叶面肥喷施盆栽沙糖橘Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shatangju苗,以喷施清水为对照,探究叶面施肥对柑橘全爪螨生命表参数［净 增殖率(R₀)、平均代时(T)、内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)和种群趋势指数(I)］及柑橘苗生长参数(叶长、宽和面积, 茎长, 株高, 新梢的长度和数量)和叶片养分(N, P和K)含量的影响。【结果】柑橘全爪螨未成熟螨态的发育历期没有受到叶面肥的影响,但施用0.50%尿素的柑橘苗上第2若螨的存活率(95.40%)显著高于施用清水的对照(78.26%)和喷施0.17%复合氨基酸的处理(75.61%),其雌螨的繁殖力(42.1/♀)也显著高于对照(33.1/♀)。复合氨基酸处理柑橘苗上的雌螨寿命(19.5 d)显著长于尿素处柑橘苗上的雌螨寿命(14.8 d)和对照(14.5 d),复合氨基酸处理柑橘苗上的雄螨寿命(17.6 d)也显著长于对照(13.1 d)。总体上,在尿素处理的柑橘苗上柑橘全爪螨的净增殖率(R₀)(17.88)和种群趋势指数(I)(18.08)值最高,2个参数都显著高于对照(分别为10.08和11.17)。施用2种叶面肥显著促进了柑橘苗叶片生长(叶长、叶宽、叶面积),其N, P和K含量以及氮钾比(N/K)也显著增加。【结论】柑橘苗叶面喷施尿素和复合氨基酸都可促进柑橘苗生长,喷施尿素会导致柑橘全爪螨种群的显著增长,而喷施复合氨基酸没有导致柑橘全爪螨种群显著增长。因此,推荐使用复合氨基酸代替尿素作为柑橘的叶面肥施用。但是,喷施复合氨基酸可显著延长柑橘全爪螨成螨的寿命,所以在使用时还应该加强对其种群的监测。     

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MATE gene family in citrus fruit (Citrus clementina)

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a class of secondary active multidrug transporters. In plants, this family has significantly expanded and is involved in numerous plant physiological processes. Although MATE proteins have been identified in an increasing number of species, the understanding about this family in citrus remains unclear. In this study, a total of 69 MATE transporters were identified in the citrus genome (Citrus clementina) and classified into four groups by phylogenetic analysis. Tandem and segmental duplication events were the main causes of the citrus MATE family expansion. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses were performed during citrus fruit development. The results indicated that CitMATE genes showed specific expression profiles in citrus peels and flesh at different developmental stages. Combined with the variations of flavonoids and citrate levels in citrus fruit, we suggested that CitMATE43 and CitMATE66 may be involved in the transport process of flavonoids and citrate in citrus fruit, respectively. In addition, two flavonoids positive regulators, CitERF32 and CitERF33, both directly bind to and activated the CitMATE43 promoter. Our results provide comprehensive information on citrus MATE genes and valuable understanding for the flavonoids and citrate metabolism in citrus fruit.     

Nematode–citrus plant interactions: host preference,damage rate and molecular characterization of Citrus root nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans

• Citrus plants are host to several plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), which are microscopic organisms. Among PPNs, the citrus root nematode, T. semipenetrans (Cobb 1913) (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae), causes significant damage to citrus plantations worldwide. Understanding citrus nematode populations, precise identification, host preference among citrus species, and damage threshold are crucial to control T. semipenetrans. The minutiae of citrus plant–nematode interactions, nematode density and molecular nematode identification are not well understood. In this study, nematode species and density in citrus orchards, host specialization, molecular and morphological characteristics of nematodes were assessed.
• Molecular and morphological methods, host–nematode interactions, host (citrus species) preference, damage economic threshold (ET), and economic injury level (EIL) were determined using laboratory methods and field sampling. Citrus plantations in different provinces in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were investigated.
• Nematode species were identified molecularly and morphologically. ITS sequences revealed that samples were infected by citrus root nematode T. semipenetrans. The lowest nematode density was in C. reticulata in Mersin (53 2nd stage juveniles (J2s) 100 g⁻¹ soil), while the highest density was from Hatay in C. sinensis (12173 J2s 100 g⁻¹ soil). Highest citrus nematode population density was on roots of C. reticulata, followed by C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. paradisi.
• The citrus nematode is more common than was thought and population fluctuations change according to specific citrus species. Environmental conditions, host and ecological factors, such as temperature, soil pH, and soil nutrients, might influence nematode populations in citrus orchards. Investigating nematode density in diverse soil ecologies and the responses of different resistant/tolerant citrus species and cultivars to nematode populations is essential in future studies.