马尾松林恢复为常绿阔叶林的研究

我国东部地区的自然植被破坏后 ,水土流失严重 ,山地土壤很快变得非常瘠薄。过去人们认为马尾松 (Ｐｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ)是唯一可以在这种生境条件下很好生长的林木 ,于是广泛种植马尾松林 ,使大面积荒山得到绿化 ,并且解决了村民的烧材问题。目前我国东部低山丘陵区大部分为马尾松林覆盖 ,除少量为自然林及演替阶段群落外 ,绝大部分为人工林 ,马尾松人工林分布面积占全国人工林面积的14% [1] 。近年来马尾松病虫害 ,特别是松材线虫的爆发流行 ,严重威胁着它的生存。在日本 ,由于松材线虫的危害 ,松林的面积大幅度减少 ,几乎完全…     

云南松林与常绿阔叶林中枯落叶分解研究

采用分解袋的方法,研究了云南松、滇青冈和元江栲枯叶在针、阔叶林两种生境下的分解及养分动态变化规律。结果表明,滇青冈和元栲枯叶分解速率高于云南松针叶。在阔叶林下这些枯叶的分解系数（０．５５－０．６１ａ＾－１）要比在云南松林下的（０．５０－０．５３ａ＾－１）高。在分解过程中３种枯叶的Ｎ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ元素含量表现出分解前期富积,后期释放的特征,Ｐ、Ｃａ元素在阔叶林地的分解中也有富积过程。而Ｍｇ、Ｋ元     

常绿阔叶林演替过程中马尾松消退的原因

通过对浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段的群落生态学调查,确认马尾松（ＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｏｎｉａｎａＬａｍｂ．）属于常绿阔叶林演替过程中的消退种。为了揭示马尾松在群落演替过程中的消退原因,对各演替阶段群落中的生态因子,特别是光照强度的实地测定,得知马尾松群落内光照强度过低,常使马尾松更新苗处于光补偿点之下,难以正常生长。成树在演替过程中的衰退则是由于其它常绿阔叶树种,如木荷（ＳｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａＧａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍｐ．）、栲树（ＣａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆａｒｇｅｓｉＦｒａｎｃｈ．）等耐荫树种的抑制而使其物质合成能力逐渐减弱,物质分解能力逐渐加强,以致在常绿阔叶林演替的过程中逐渐消失。     

Nutrient Dynamics in the Litter-Fall and Forest Floor of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest and Pinus yunnanensis Forest in Central Yunnan

The quantity of litter-fall and the standing crop of H sublayer in the forest floor of evergreen broad-leaved forest were higher than that of Pinus yunnanensis forest. The quantity of the forest floor changed with the quantity of litter-fall, and thera was a dynamic equilibrium between the litter-fall and forest floor. The content of nutrient elements of the forest floor was higher than that of litter-fall in both types. The order of nutrient element content in the forest floor differed from that in litter-fall. In the evergreen broad-leaved forest, the order was N > Ca > Si>K>Mg>Al>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu,and in Pinus yunnanensis forest it was Ca>N>Si>K>Al>Mg >Fe>P>Mn>Zn>Cu. But the order of nutrient element content in the forest floor had changed: in evergreen broad-leaved forest it was Si > N > Al > Ca > Fe > K>Mg>P>Mn>Zn>Cu, the Pinus yunnanensis forest it was Si > AI>N>Ca>Fe>K>M>P>Mn>Zn>Cu. With increase in the intensity of litter decomposition Ash, Si and Al had obviously increased, N, Fe, P and K had also increased in varying degrees, but there was some reduction in Ca, Zn and Mg. The ratio of carbon and nitrogen in litter decreased' with increase in litter decomposition.     

关于上海境内中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带北界的一点意见

在1980年出版的“中国植被”一书中,我国亚热带东部地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带北界的东端,在上海境内是沿着长江中的崇明和横沙两岛之间通过的。即是说,除崇明岛外,上海是划入了中亚热带的植被地带之内。这条界线与1960年出版的“中国植被区划(初稿)”中所示的东端界线差距较大。1982年刘昉勋等对江苏境内中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的北界问题,提出了新的商榷意见,认为“中国植被”中所划的这条界线在江苏境内位置偏北,不应包括整个太湖以及无锡和苏州两地,而应是跨过太湖,经过光福镇,包括吴县南部和吴江县地区,把中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的北界向南推移了。这一划分对上海境内的问题颇有启发。上海位于长江三角洲的前缘,是由长江挟带的泥沙在江海相互作用下冲淤而成的冲     

马尾松红锥混交林现状分析与评价

本文根据广西六万林场马尾松、红锥混交林的调查结果,分析了松、锥混交林各树种的胸径、树高和材积的生长现状;土壤的理化特性;松锥混交林营造技术措施。并对该场松锥混交林存在的问题,初步探讨了松锥混交林合理的种间关系和营林的主要技术措施。     

A Study on some Symptoms of the Declining and Mortal Pinus massoniana Lamb. Forest on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing

In 1982, some trees in a 1800 ha forest of masson pine on Nanshan Mountain. Chongqing,were found to be dying, since then, half of the trees have died off and the whole forest isin danger. On damaged trees, the needle became spotted blotch, dieback and even yellow at all, its internal tissue had been destroyed and early defoliated; the root system was undeveloped,and had few rootlets; the branch decreased and died; the growth of stem in height and diameter were weakened. It is showed that the plant has been growing unhealthily. It was alsoknown by the stem analysis that shows the phenomenon of growth weakening since 1967. The result of preliminary study suggests that the declining and dying of masson pineforest in Nanshan Mountain maybe related to environmental pollution.     

模拟降水分配季节变化对南亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物的影响

为探讨降水季节分配的变化对南亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物的影响,在广东省鹤山国家野外生态观测站模拟干季更干(DD)和延长干季(ED)的野外降水控制实验,对森林生态系统中凋落物变化进行了分析研究。结果表明,该试验林年凋落物总量为9.24 t hm–2,在不同时期均以叶凋落物为主,约占50.7%~69.3%。DD处理显著减少了干季(10–3月)叶凋落物量(P0.01)。虽然DD处理下全年总凋落物量比对照降低了10.3%,但差异不显著。ED处理也减少了春季(4–5月)的叶和花果及总凋落物量,全年总凋落物量则比对照增加了11.3%,但ED处理对春季和全年凋落物量的影响均差异不显著。两种干旱处理对凋落物叶质量总体上影响不明显,但DD处理显著减小了火力楠(Michelia macclurei)凋落叶的木质素含量。因此,降水格局的变化可能会影响南亚热带森林土壤的碳汇能力。     

鼎湖山人为干扰下马尾松林水文生态功能

在鼎湖山马尾松林中,林外降水量年平均为2209．0mm,其中83．8％－84．5％的降水休中在春夏两季,而秋冬两季仅占15．5％－16．2％。林外降水到达冠重新分配,穿透雨占了82．7％,林冠截留17．2％,茎汉0．15％。林外降水进入该生态系统后,34％以径流形式流出,其余的通过蒸散形式返回大气层。林冠截留率随林外降水量的增加而减少,但随着降水的增大,其降幅逐渐减小。茎流率的变化与林冠截留率相似,单株茎流量与胸径和枝下高的大小呈显著的直线关系（P＜0．01）,但与林冠大小关系不明显,径流仅发生在每年的4－10月份,年平均径流率为0．34。     

Characteristic Analysis of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest on the North Slope of Huangshan Mountain

he evergreen broad-leaved forest is widely distributed on the north slope of Mt. Huangshan. Through extensive investigation and analysis of the characteristics,the following conclusions can be achieved. The floristic composition consists of 81 families, 150 genera and 204 species, in which the subtropical elements are of high percentage. The physiognomy of the communities was analyzed on the basis of life forms of plants and their leaf characteristics. In the community structure,there is a distinct stratification and a complex synusiae. For horizonal structure,the pattern of dominant populations follows contagious distribution. Species diversity indexes are about 1. 159–3. 680. Ecological dominance indexes are about 0. 140–0. 481 Community evenness indexes are about 0. 507–0. 920. There are eight formations and twelve associations. Castanopsis sclerophylla formation,C, eyrei formation ,Cyclobalanopsis glauca formation and C. gracilis formation are stable phytocoenosium types. C. rnyrsinaefolia formation: and Lithocarpus henryi formation are unstable phytocoenosium types. They will be replaced by C. glauca formaton.     

福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素变化特征

采用野外调查和室内分析的方法对福建红壤区不同侵蚀强度马尾松林地土壤营养元素动态进行研究,以揭示红壤侵蚀区不同侵蚀强度对马尾松林地土壤营养元素的影响.结果表明:除速效磷以外,侵蚀强度显著改变了土壤有机质、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾的含量以及土壤pH.土壤有机质和碱解氮在中度侵蚀马尾松林地含量最高,随着侵蚀强度的增加植被覆盖减少,土壤有机质和碱解氮显著降低.土壤全钾和速效钾含量随着侵蚀强度的增加而显著增加,土壤速效磷随着侵蚀强度的增加没有显著的变化.土壤pH值随着土壤侵蚀强度和土壤深度的增加而显著增加.皮尔逊相关关系分析表明:有机质与碱解氮、全钾和pH显著相关.灰色关联度分析表明:除侵蚀强度对营养元素和pH有显著影响外,坡度对土壤营养元素和pH影响较大;覆盖度对有机质、碱解氮和速效磷影响较大.因此,植被恢复和植被生境的综合治理是红壤侵蚀区生态恢复与重建的有效途径.     

人工马尾松林下套种闽楠影响因素研究

采用完全随机区组设计,研究马尾松林下套种闽楠,不同经营模式与林冠层郁闭度调控对闽楠树高、胸径和单株材积影响。结果表明,三种林下套种的复层林经营模式较采伐迹地上造林均可显 著促进闽楠生长。闽楠人工林在1～12龄阶段树高、胸径和单株材积连年生长量及平均生长量均呈逐年上升的趋势,处在生长速生期。采用林下套种闽楠复层林经营模式,并进行林冠层郁闭度调控,长期保持林冠层郁闭度在0.4～0.5左右,可显著促进闽楠生长,是进行闽楠复层林经营的主要关键技术。     

不同林窗马尾松凋落叶与土壤养分变化研究

以现有42年生的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工纯林,经过采伐形成4种不同大小有效面积的林窗（100、400、900和1 600 m²）为研究对象,以未经采伐的42年生马尾松人工纯林为对照样地,采用凋落叶分解袋法,研究不同大小有效面积林窗对马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P及化学计量比和养分损失率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C、N、P含量及养分损失率除土壤P含量和马尾松凋落叶P养分损失率外,均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松凋落叶C、N、P含量均呈降低趋势,三者均在G3林窗体现出较小值。马尾松凋落叶C、N、P养分损失率、土壤C、N、P养分含量多呈抛物线趋势,且均在G2或G3林窗体现出最大值。（2）不同大小有效面积林窗下的马尾松凋落叶、土壤C/N/P均存在显著差异。随着林窗有效面积G1~G4的增大,马尾松人工林土壤C/N/P基本呈抛物线变化趋势,土壤C/N在G3林窗出现最大值,土壤C/P、N/P均在G2林窗体现出最大值;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P变异系数分别为13.31%、16.51%、17.21%。马尾松凋落叶C/N、C/P均在G3体现出最小值。（3）马尾松凋落叶C、N含量与土壤C、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P含量与它们的相关性较弱;C/N与土壤P、C/N/P及环境因子的相关性较强,C/P、N/P与土壤C/P及环境因子的相关性较强;C、N养分损失率与土壤C、C/N、C/P及环境因子的相关性较强,P养分损失率与土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比和环境因子的相关性较弱。土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比与环境因子的相关性较强。     

林窗大小对马尾松林下3种更新草本植物N、P化学计量研究

林窗大小与植物计量化学的耦合关系是林分管理的基础,马尾松人工林相关研究尚欠缺。本文以宜宾高县来复镇41 a生马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林为研究对象,设置8个梯度不同大小林窗（CK：0 m²、G1：100 m²、G2：225 m²、G3：400 m²、G4：625 m²、G5：900 m²、G6：1 225 m²、G7：1 600 m²）,通过调查,选取自然更新优势草本铁芒萁（Dicranopteris dichotoma）、芒（Miscanthus sinensis）和皱叶狗尾草（Setaria plicata）进行叶片N,P生态化学计量特征探究。结果发现：研究区优势草本叶片平均N含量为15.25 mg·g^-1,P含量为1.19 mg·g^-1,更新植物受限元素主要为N元素;随林窗面积增大,林内光照强度、温度和湿度均显著增加,优势草本叶片N、P含量受林窗大小显著影响,各物种P含量随林窗面积增大呈降低趋势;不同物种N含量随林窗大小改变的变化规律不同,芒萁N含量随林窗面积增大而显著下降,芒和皱叶狗尾草随林窗面积增大N含量显著增加;在叶片N、P化学计量水平上,芒萁的最适林窗面积为100~225 m²,芒和皱叶狗尾草最适林窗面积为1 225~1 600 m²。上述结果说明通过调整林窗来进行近自然改造和森林抚育等措施,能够促进人工林内养分循环,有利于提高马尾松人工林生态系统生产力。     

地被植物对广东常绿阔叶林土壤养分的指示作用

为了解地被植物群落对土壤养分的响应和指示作用,利用指示种分析(ISA)法研究了广东常绿阔叶林地被植物与土壤养分的关系。结果表明,速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)和有机质(OM)的综合作用对地被植物分布有显著影响(P0.05),且以速效磷有机质速效钾速效氮。地被植物的组成与分布在不同AP和OM梯度中均有显著差异(P 0.05),但在不同AK和AN梯度中差异不显著。土壤AN≤270 mg/kg的指示种是广东蛇葡萄(Ampelopsis cantoniensis)和油点草(Tricyrtis macropoda),270～360 mg/kg的指示种是狗骨柴(Tricalysia dubia);AP≤2 mg/kg的指示种是华山姜(Alpinia chinensis);AK≤100mg/kg的指示种是赤楠蒲桃(Syzygiumbuxifolium),AK为100～150mg/kg的指示种是十字苔草(Carexcruciate),AK150 mg/kg的指示种是金钗凤尾蕨(Pterisfauriei);OM 0.8%的指示种是箬竹(Indocalamustessellatus),OM≤0.6%的指示种是华山姜(Alpinia chinensis)和蔓胡颓子(Elaeagnus glabra),OM为0.6%～0.8%的指示种是豆腐柴(Premna microphlla)。利用有效的地被植物调查方式来监测森林的土壤状况为森林经营管理及土壤健康评价带来方便。地被植物指示种对土壤养分的响应不但能为研究地的立地条件提供理论支撑,还能为该物种的人工栽培提供理论依据,这对于生物多样性保育、生境恢复的引种栽培有重要意义。     

Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Several Tree Species in the Lower Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaf Forest

Studies on seed germination and seedling development of Ormosia glaberrima Wu, Ouercus hui Chun, Diospyros morrisiana Hance, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent., Toona sinensis (A. Tuss. ) Roem. and Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. revealed that had rapid germination but Ormosia glaberrirna. Germination began 2--3 days and ceased 2—4 weeks after the initiation of the experiment. Fast-growing sun trees Oroxylum indicurn, T. sinensis, and P. fortunei germinated faster than did the species in the forest. Germination of Oroxylum glaberrirna was delayed because of its hard seed coat, but became rapid when its coat was slit open. Species in the forest and Oroxylurn indicurn and T. sinensis could germinate in both dark and light, tiny seeds of P. fortunei germinated poorly in dark. Water absorption of seeds presented three phases which varied among the species. Morphology of the seedlings might be related to shading-tolerance and growth speed of species.     

鼎湖山马尾松、荷木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取鼎湖山保护区3个马尾松9Pinus massoniana),荷木（Schima superba)针阔混交林样地,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松,荷木混交林乔木尾生物量（thm^-2)为：174.41-270.11。平均227.36,且均以马尾松的生物量居多（占54.9%-84.4%)。林下层植物生物量和地表现存凋落物量（thm^-2)分别为7.41-28.28和7.06-11.56。平均14.41和9.03。三个混交林生态系统总碳贮量（thm^-2)分别为146.35,215.30和205.79。平均为189.15,其中植被层碳贮量贡献率最大,依次占62.9%,61.9%和69.9%。平均65.0%;土壤层贡献率次之,依次占34.3%,35.5%和28.5%。平均32.8%;而地表现存凋落物层的贡献最小,仅占2.8%,2.6%和1.6%。平均为2.3%。此外,本文还对该生态系统植被碳吸存潜力进行了讨论。     

松果采摘对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统健康的影响

红松 (Ｐｉｎｕｓｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ)是国家宝贵的自然资源 ,在我国仅产于东北三省 ,对我国东北地区的生态环境和经济建设发挥着重要的作用。长期以来 ,由于过度采伐利用 ,造成资源急剧减少 ,红松生存受到严重威胁。森林面积 1 9× 10 5ｈａ的吉林长白山是国家级自然保护区 ,是一个以保护森林和野生动物类型为主的自然保护区 ,是珍贵的“物种基因库” ,是我国最早加入联合国教科文组织“人与生物圈”计划的保护区之一。红松籽是长白山的重要资源。保护区内有阔叶红松林近 6× 10 4 ｈａ ,受经济利益驱动 ,2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,每到松籽丰…     

长白山阔叶红松林夏季温度特征研究

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分 ,而森林生态系统的生产、呼吸等生态过程都受温度的制约。对森林温度特征的研究 ,是揭示森林生态系统功能 ,评估森林对环境综合效益的基础。早在 2 0世纪初 ,德国学者Ｇｅｉｇｅｒ[8] 就作了赤松林气温日变化研究 ,随之 ,后人也作了大量的相关工作 ,对森林温度特征认识逐步深化[1～ 3,5,7] 。长白山阔叶红松林是我国东北东部中温带湿润气候区最重要的森林植被类型 ,是中国东北样带东部最典型的生态系统。它对调节气候 ,稳定生态平衡有着重要作用。此研究通过对长白山阔叶红松林林内空气温度与土壤温度进行…     

Distribution,Accumulation, and Cycling of Several Mineral Elements of the Lower Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest in Heishiding Nature Reserve

The distribution, accumulation, and cycling of N, P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg in terms of their concentration in the biomass was quite different from those in soil in Heishiding Nature Reserve (111°53′ E, 23°27′ N). The concentrations of N, Ca and P were higher in plant, and much lower in soil. The average content of the elements in different organs was in the order as: leaf>branch>bark>root>wood, although this was not true for all the elements. Trunk and leaf had the most and the least accumulation of the elements, respectively, and branch and root were comparable. In the forest, most of the elements (97 %) were concen- trated in the tree layer. The total amount of elements in the ecosystem was 3324.2 kg· ha-1 among which N amounted 1470.5, P 51.0, K 1097.7, Na 22.6, Ca 566.2, and Mg 116.2. Yearly absorption of the elements was 432.2 kg · ha-1 among which N amounted 207.1, P 6.5, K 144.9, Na 6.9, Ca 52.6, and Mg 14. 1; and element absorption among different organs accounted as 35.0 kg · ha-1 · a-1 in wood, 14.8, in bark, 66.1 in branch, 143.2 in leaf, 25.3 in root, and 147.7 in fine root (D<3 mm). Total return of the elements from litterfall, death and fallen trees was 311.8 kg · ha-1 · a-1, among which N accounted for 154.3, P 4.7, K 102.1, Na 6.2, Ca 34.5, and Mg 10.0. Return from different organs was: wood 10.2, bark 4.3, branch 17.0, leaf 123.0, root (not in- cluding fine root) 9.4, and fine root 147.7. Total retention was 120.4 kg · ha-1 · a-1 among which N accounted for 52.8, P 1.8, K 42.8, Na 0. 7, Ca 18. 1, and Mg 4.1; retention in different organs was: wood 24.8, bark 10.5, branch 49.1, leaf 20. 2, and root 15.9. Ca, Mg and P have higher cycling and utilization efficiencies.