不同海拔高度川滇高山栎群体遗传多样性的变化

采集海拔２２００～３８００ｍ川滇高山栎（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓａｑｕｉｆｏｌｉｏｉｄｅｓＲｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．）８个群体的样品,应用同工酶电泳的方法研究其遗传变异水平,并发现遗传变异水平随着海拔高度变化呈以下趋势：海拔２４００～３３００ｍ川滇高山栎的遗传变异水平较高,而海拔３８００ｍ及２２００ｍ群体的遗传变异水平均有降低的趋势。另外,还发现人为干扰、日照多少对遗传变异水平均有影响。     

Vivipary in Polygonum viviparum: an adaptation to cold climate?

Populations of Polygonurn viviparurn were investigated in the Swiss Alps at 14 sites, ranging from 450 m to 2530 m above sea level. The average length of stems and the mean number of reproductive organs (flowers + bulbils) decreased significantly with increasing altitude. On average, the ratio of flowers to bulbils per inflorescence also declined so that at high altitudes, bulbil production was more pronounced. Increased allocation to vegetative reproduction is discussed as an adaptation to cold climate. It is suggested that enhanced vegetative reproduction might be controlled by incornplete floral induction in high altitudes. In addition variability within and between populations was investigated by isozyme electrophoresis and the examination of bulbil colours. A considerable amount of variability was found in alpine populations. The demonstrated genetic variability showed that in P. viviparum it is likely that minor sexual reproduction is maintained even under alpine conditions. This is reflected in different enzyme phenotypes and different bulbil colours.     

祁连山青海云杉物候表型的空间分异及其内在机制

量化种群水平植物物候空间分异的遗传表达与表型可塑性, 对于合理预测气候变化对植物动态的影响具有重要实践意义。该研究以祁连山广泛分布的优势常绿针叶树种——青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)为研究对象, 通过对排露沟流域5个海拔带20个样地的156株样树进行连续两年的物候过程监测, 研究了物候表型的空间分异规律, 结合同质园移植实验, 解析了物候空间分异的遗传分化成分, 并借助岭回归和Lasso回归分析, 探讨了环境因子对非遗传分化部分(即表型可塑性)的调控作用。研究发现: 青海云杉表观物候期均随海拔升高而呈现推迟的趋势(每100 m 0.57-1.36 d), 这种空间分异体现了一定程度的种源效应(即遗传分化现象), 其所占比例平均为20.8%, 且年际之间基本维持在相对稳定的水平; 同时, 研究发现同质园内来自高海拔的种群的春季物候期要明显早于低海拔种群, 这可能与高海拔种源的芽分化需要较低的季前热量积累阈值有关; 物候格局与环境因子关系的分析结果显示, 除海拔影响外, 季前热量积累、季前降水量、冻害发生频率对于解释物候动态起到了关键的指示作用。     

承德光秃山不同海拔油松居群遗传多样性

为了解光秃山不同海拔下天然油松居群之间的遗传差异及探求遗传多样性与土壤因子的关联,为油松种源筛选和管理提供参考,本研究运用ISSR技术,对位于河北承德辽河源光秃山4个不同海拔油松天然居群共118个植株个体的遗传多样性进行分析。13个引物共扩增出177条清晰的条带,种群多态位点百分比(PPL)为60.2775%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)为0.2171,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3222;不同种群遗传变异水平随海拔差异呈规律性变化,表现为沿海拔升高而呈低-高-低的分布规律,其中1354～1274 m范围的遗传多样性水平最高;在物种水平上油松具有较高的遗传多样性(PPL=98.33%,h=0.38142,I=0.5550),种群间的遗传分化系数Gst=0.6562。利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异的等级剖分结果表明,种群间有显著的遗传分化,约2/5的遗传变异存在种群间,种群内占3/5。Pearson相关分析表明,油松居群内遗传多样性与海拔、土壤养分(有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量)之间存在显著或一定的相关关系。Mantel检验结果显示,油松居群遗传距离与海拔差距、土壤养分因子的分异存在一定相关性。以上结果表明不同海拔区域的生态因子、低基因流等对油松居群间的遗传分化影响较大。     

Observations on the distribution of some chironomids (Diptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the Killarney area,Ireland

The Killarney region, south-west Ireland, has a mild oceanic climate, yet elements of the flora and fauna in the area appear to have disjunct distributions. Eleven chironomid and two trichopteran taxa, which are considered cold stenothermous and generally occur outside Ireland at high altitudes or northern latitudes, are found in waters around 25 metres above sea level in Killarney. These are believed to be glacial relict elements which have survived in the region to live with a fauna depauperate in comparison to western Europe.     

Determinants of erythropoietin release in response to short-term hypobaric hypoxia.

We measured blood erythropoietin (EPO) concentration, arterial O(2) saturation (Sa(O(2))), and urine PO(2) in 48 subjects (32 men and 16 women) at sea level and after 6 and 24 h at simulated altitudes of 1,780, 2,085, 2,454, and 2,800 m. Renal blood flow (Doppler) and Hb were determined at sea level and after 6 h at each altitude (n = 24) to calculate renal O(2) delivery. EPO increased significantly after 6 h at all altitudes and continued to increase after 24 h at 2,454 and 2,800 m, although not at 1,780 or 2,085 m. The increase in EPO varied markedly among individuals, ranging from -41 to 400% after 24 h at 2,800 m. Similar to EPO, urine PO(2) decreased after 6 h at all altitudes and returned to baseline by 24 h at the two lowest altitudes but remained decreased at the two highest altitudes. Urine PO(2) was closely related to EPO via a curvilinear relationship (r(2) = 0.99), although also with prominent individual variability. Renal blood flow remained unchanged at all altitudes. Sa(O(2)) decreased slightly after 6 h at the lowest altitudes but decreased more prominently at the highest altitudes. There were only modest, albeit statistically significant, relationships between EPO and Sa(O(2)) (r = 0.41, P < 0.05) and no significant relationship with renal O(2) delivery. These data suggest that 1) the altitude-induced increase in EPO is "dose" dependent: altitudes > or =2,100-2,500 m appear to be a threshold for stimulating sustained EPO release in most subjects; 2) short-term acclimatization may restore renal tissue oxygenation and restrain the rise in EPO at the lowest altitudes; and 3) there is marked individual variability in the erythropoietic response to altitude that is only partially explained by "upstream" physiological factors such as those reflecting O(2) delivery to EPO-producing tissues.     

不同海拔火绒草光合特性的研究

对生长于青藏高原东北部3个不同海拔地区（2300、2700和3800m）的火绒草叶片的光合特性进行了比较研究。结果发现,随着海拔的升高,叶绿素含量有降低的趋势,而叶绿素a／b比值及类胡萝卜素相对含量呈上升趋势。与海拔2300m处的相比,生长于海拔3800m处的火绒草的净光合速率、表观量子效率和光补偿点较低,但光饱和点较高。研究表明,火绒草在光合特性上的变化是对逆境的一种适应．是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

Genetic structure of Native Andean populations from Argentina inhabiting different altitudes

On the basis of erythrocyte and serum protein polymorphisms, we investigated the level of genetic differentiation among 3 Argentinian native populations sharing ethnic and morphological characteristics but inhabiting different altitudes in the Andes. Of the 15 loci studied, 8 are monomorphic. Phenotype distribution of the polymorphic systems are in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for malic enzyme (MOD), where a silent allele was found. The 2 highland populations exhibit a close genetic similarity, probably as a result of intense gene flow. The lowland population shows reduced genetic diversity, which suggests the influence of stochastic phenomena such as the founder effect.     

Genetic Variability of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus on Ash Leaf Rachises in Leaf Litter of Forest Stands in Poland

Two hundred and thirty cultures of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus were obtained from ascospores created in apothecia on the previous years' ash leaf rachises in the stand floor. Fruiting bodies of the pathogen were collected in four regions of Poland differing by geographical location, the altitude above sea level and climatic conditions. Isolates were identified based on the sequences of ribosomal DNA (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) and the calmodulin gene. Only the presence of H. pseudoalbidus was identified in the decaying ash stands in Poland; morphologically similar, saprotrophic species of H. albidus was absent. Intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variability of isolates was determined based on 84 RAMS markers obtained using four primers. Genetic variability of the fungus populations, measured by the Dice coefficient of genetic similarity and the Shannon coefficient of genetic diversity, decreased along with a decrease in the location of isolate collection area above sea level. A significant dependency was shown between intrapopulation genetic variability of isolates and altitude of regions above sea level. The Mantel test excluded existence of dependence between geographical and genetic distance among populations (r = ?0.038, P = 0.55). A significant correlation was found between the genetic distances of individuals within populations and locations above sea level. Based on PCA and geographical location of populations, it was shown that populations create four distinct groups. amova showed that a majority of total genetic variability (65.80%) constitutes intrapopulation variability. Variability between populations was high (28.7%), and individual regions had a smallest influence (5.5%) on the level of total variability.     

Patterns of spatial and temporal variation of macrofauna under boulders in a sheltered boulder field

Abstract Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of animals and plants must be quantified before models to explain distributions can be developed. These patterns also provide essential data for measuring potential effects of environmental disturbances. Studies in many different habitats have shown that most organisms, particularly invertebrates, have highly variable and interactive patterns of abundance, with much variability at the smallest temporal and spatial scales. Intertidal boulder fields in New South Wales, Australia, support a diverse fauna, many species of which are relatively rare. These habitats are commonly found near rock‐platforms and in sheltered estuaries and are subjected to many human disturbances. Although there have been a few studies on the fauna in boulder fields, none has documented variability of the assemblage using multivariate and univariate techniques and most studies have not incorporated different spatial and temporal scales. This study quantifies spatial variation at three scales (metres, tens of metres alongshore and tens of metres upshore) and temporal variation at two scales (3 months and 2 years) of the assemblage of molluscs and echinoderms in a sheltered boulder field subjected to little natural or human disturbance. Multivariate analyses revealed that each site contained a distinct assemblage, mainly due to the relative abundances of a few species. Most species, those generally only found under boulders and common, widespread species, had considerable spatial variability in abundances, with more than 90% measured at the smallest scale, that is metre to metre within a site. Changes in abundances over 3 months or 2 years varied among species and sites in unpredictable ways. These data show that sampling designs to measure impacts on these fauna will need to be complex and must incorporate a number of spatial and temporal scales if they are to be able to detect impact against such a variable background.     

Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata: Vespidae) along an altitudinal gradient of Atlantic Forest in Itatiaia National Park,Brazil

Surveying the diversity of stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) provides an important information base to assist in biodiversity conservation and the management of forest reserves, as wasps depend on and maintain the population balance of several other groups of insects. In accordance, this paper presents an altitudinal survey of wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Vespidae) in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil, which is a protected area covered by Atlantic Forest in a mountainous landscape, with altitudes ranging between 540 and 2791 metres above sea level. Six altitudinal zones were sampled with entomological net, and the abundance and diversity of the species were indicated by zones. Field sampling took 288 h of discontinuous activity, which was randomly conducted from December 2012 to December 2013. A total of 398 individuals belonging to 29 species and two subfamilies (Eumeninae and Polistinae) were sampled. Eight species are new records for the state of Rio de Janeiro. We found a monotonic decrease in wasp diversity in relation to altitude, and the number of captured individuals differed significantly between the low and high altitudes.     

Somatic characteristics and reproduction of common vole, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus arvalis</Emphasis> (Microtus arvalis

Reproduction potential and biometry of somatic characteristics of the common vole Microtus arvalis were evaluated and discussed. The results were processed on the basis of an extensive material (2,171 individuals) from the whole territory of Slovakia (315 sites situated at altitudes from 100 to 1500 m above sea level). Among the somatic characteristics studied, the highest variability was found in body length and the smallest in hind foot length. Highly significant differences were also found between the foot length of adult males and females. Populations of M. arvalis at low altitudes were less numerous than at higher altitudes. Altitudinal differences in average embryo numbers in female uteri as well as differences in follicle length in males during the reproductive season were also observed.     

Features of the population and genetic structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains and Polesie

Genetic differences between a lowland, island, and sparse population (2 ha) of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from Polesie and two populations at different altitudes in the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains (in the range 1000–1500 m above sea level) are identified on the basis of an analysis of the variability of 20 allozyme loci. Despite the different sizes of the samples, different altitude location, and geographic remoteness, these populations are characterized by very low genetic differentiation (D _N = 0.002–0.005). Recombination variability analysis demonstrated that, in terms of the structure of double-locus genotypes, the Polesie population possesses lesser affinity than do the individual Carpathian populations with respect to each other.     

Population structure of Drosophila subobscura: Non-random microdispersion of inversion polymorphism on a mountain slope

On a forested mountain slope in the Swiss Alps gene arrangements of D. subobscura were sampled from altitudes between 600 and 1 900 m above sea level during the years 1977 and 1979. In both years the standard arrangement of chromosome I increased in frequency with altitude. Judging from the pattern of gene arrangement frequencies the population was spatially structured on a fine scale within altitude and on a coarser scale between altitudes. There were temporal changes between years. In spite of the fact that D. subobscura is at its ecological margin at the timberline no evidence of reduced variability was found there.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) located on Changbai Mountain using ISSR and RAPD markers

Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) is a perennial alpine shrub endemic to Changbai Mountain in China. We used ISSR and RAPD markers to describe the diversity and genetic structure within and among four natural populations located at different altitudes. DNA from 66 individuals was amplified with ten ISSR markers and seven RAPD markers. High genetic diversity was observed by these two techniques at the species level. The genetic diversity of populations increased with altitudinal gradients from low to high. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST 0.3652 in ISSR and 0.2511 in RAPD) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity was distributed within populations (61.96% in ISSR and 70.23% in RAPD). The estimate of gene flow based on G_ST was 0.8690 in ISSR and 1.4910 in RAPD. The UPGMA clustering results using ISSR and RAPD showed that all individuals from the same altitude were gathered together, and the two populations (TYD2a and YHLa) from middle altitudes always clustered together. Compared with populations from different altitudes, similar genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation were obtained from populations at the same altitudes, as revealed by ISSR markers. In addition to the reproductive strategy of R. aureum, these data highlight that local environmental conditions may play an important role in shaping the diversity and genetic structure of this species.     

Regime shifts and heterogeneous trends in malaria time series from Western Kenya Highlands

Large malaria epidemics in the East African highlands during the mid and late 1990s kindled a stream of research on the role that global warming might have on malaria transmission. Most of the inferences using temporal information have been derived from a malaria incidence time series from Kericho. Here, we report a detailed analysis of 5 monthly time series, between 15 and 41 years long, from West Kenya encompassing an altitudinal gradient along Lake Victoria basin. We found decreasing, but heterogeneous, malaria trends since the late 1980s at low altitudes (<1600 m), and the early 2000s at high altitudes (>1600 m). Regime shifts were present in 3 of the series and were synchronous in the 2 time series from high altitudes. At low altitude, regime shifts were associated with a shift from increasing to decreasing malaria transmission, as well as a decrease in variability. At higher altitudes, regime shifts reflected an increase in malaria transmission variability. The heterogeneity in malaria trends probably reflects the multitude of factors that can drive malaria transmission and highlights the need for both spatially and temporally fine-grained data to make sound inferences about the impacts of climate change and control/elimination interventions on malaria transmission.     

AFLP Analysis of Genetic Variation and Structure of Natural Populations of Quercus senescens

The population variation and structure of 115 plants representing 8 populations of Quercus senescens Hand. Mazz. were investigated by amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis.Using TFPGA software,94 polymorphic phenotypic patterns (752%) was obtained using 2 AFLP primer combinations and it was found that genetic variation of different population was negatively correlated with altitudes.Analysis of the genetic structure of populations carried out using analysis of molecular variation (by Arliquin 2000 software),It showed that there was a high significant population differentiation (φst=02956).And neighbour joining dendragram also be constructed based on 2 primer combinations by PAUP software.     

Genetic structure in cultivated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a reflection of landscape structure in Northwest Argentina

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), one of the main crops domesticated in the Andean highlands 1,000 of years ago, played an important role as a protein source. 35 germplasm accessions collected along the Northwest Argentina (NWA) region were studied using 22 microsatellite (SSR) markers. Results showed a great level of genetic diversity, differing from previous reports about the geographical distribution of quinoa variability. All SSR loci analysed were highly polymorphic detecting a total of 354 alleles among all populations, with an average of 16 alleles per locus. Cluster analyses grouped the accessions into four main clusters at the average genetic distance level (0.80), each of which represented a different environment of the NWA region: Puna (UHe?=?0.42, ±0.07 SE), Dry Valleys (UHe?=?0.27, ±0.05 SE), Eastern Humid Valleys (UHe?=?0.16, ±0.04 SE) and a transition area with high altitudes between the last two environments (UHe?=?0.25, ±0.03 SE). An eastward decreasing genetic diversity gradient was found. AMOVA analyses showed a strong genetic structure: a high population subdivision relative to the grouping by region (Fsr?=?0.47) together with a high genetic differentiation among populations (Fst?=?0.58) and a heterozygous defect (Fis?=?0.63) in each of them. The variability structure, a reflection of the structure of the NWA landscapes, is discussed in connection with environmental variables.     

Patterns of Genetic Variation across Altitude in Three Plant Species of Semi-Dry Grasslands

Background

Environmental gradients caused by altitudinal gradients may affect genetic variation within and among plant populations and inbreeding within populations. Populations in the upper range periphery of a species may be important source populations for range shifts to higher altitude in response to climate change. In this study we investigate patterns of population genetic variation at upper peripheral and lower more central altitudes in three common plant species of semi-dry grasslands in montane landscapes.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In Briza media, Trifolium montanum and Ranunculus bulbosus genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic relatedness of individuals within populations and genetic differentiation among populations was characterized using AFLP markers. Populations were sampled in the Swiss Alps at 1800 (upper periphery of the study organisms) and at 1200 m a.s.l. Genetic diversity was not affected by altitude and only in B. media inbreeding was greater at higher altitudes. Genetic differentiation was slightly greater among populations at higher altitudes in B. media and individuals within populations were more related to each other compared to individuals in lower altitude populations. A similar but less strong pattern of differentiation and relatedness was observed in T. montanum, while in R. bulbosus there was no effect of altitude. Estimations of population size and isolation of populations were similar, both at higher and lower altitudes.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results suggest that altitude does not affect genetic diversity in the grassland species under study. Genetic differentiation of populations increased only slightly at higher elevation, probably due to extensive (historic) gene flow among altitudes. Potentially pre-adapted genes might therefore spread easily across altitudes. Our study indicates that populations at the upper periphery are not genetically depauperate or isolated and thus may be important source populations for migration under climate change.     

Obtaining of pure transferrins D, M and R from equine serum and determination of transferrin level in relation to phenotype

By the method of precipitation with Rivanol (2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine lactate) and ammonium sulphate followed by chromatography on DEAE cellulose three genetic variants of transferrin were purified from equine serum: D, M and R. Their molecular mass determined in this study was 80 000, and it was identical for all three variants, which differed slightly in their amino acid composition. The protein level was determined in the serum of 535 two-year-old thoroughbred English horses by the method of rocket immunoelectrophoresis using antibodies obtained against three transferrins. The individual variability of the protein level in horses of the same phenotype was fairly high (variability index 9-15%). No differences were observed in the transferrin level related to sex. It was found that the presence of D, F and H alleles was connected with a higher serum transferrin level, while O and R alleles were connected with a lower level.