苔草属复序苔草亚属十四种植物叶片的解剖学研究

选择中国复序苔草亚属6组4亚组的代表植物14种,进行了叶片解剖学研究,观察了其横切面 和表皮特征,证明上述特征在各类群之间存在差异,具有一定的系统学意义。这14种植物叶片的横切 面和表皮都具有一些原始的性状,表明复序苔草亚属中的植物可能在苔草属中是较原始的。在所观察 的植物中,Sect．Polystachyae植物叶片解剖学特征比较一致,说明此组的建立比较合理;而Sect．Indicae 组已有明显分化,尤其是Carex scaposa C．B．Clarke和C．densifimbriata Tang et S．Y．Liang 与其它植物明显不同,而且其外部形态特征在复序苔草亚属中也比较独特,因此赞成将它们及其近缘类群做为一个组而非亚组。     

苔草属复序苔草亚属植物果皮的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜 ,观察了 15种苔草属复序苔草亚属植物果皮的微形态特征。结果表明 ,复序苔草亚属植物果皮的微形态性状多种多样 ,可以为系统学研究提供较丰富的信息 ;并且在所观察的种类中 ,果皮的微形态特征在种内很稳定 ,种间存在不同程度的差异 ,某些近缘种也可表现出一定的相似性。因此 ,上述特征可以做为探讨种之间的分类及亲缘关系的参考。     

Leaf and twig anatomy of Eriope, a xeromorphic genus of Labiatae

The leaf and twig anatomy of 25 species of the genus Eriope were studied. The twig anatomy is very uniform apart from the level of formation of early layers of cork. Leaf anatomy shows considerable variation between the species, and this is correlated to some extent with the extreme habit range from trees to woody herbs. Characters of the lamina that show variation are: trichome type and frequency, cuticular markings, leaf dorsiventral or isobilateral, presence of adaxial stomata, presence of a hypodermis, number of layers of adaxial palisade mesophyll cells, occurrence of large bundles of phloem fibres at main veins, type of areolation and marginal venation. Petiole vasculature is simple and generally with either four distinct vascular bundles or two vascular arcs. The most xeromorphic species are usually woody herbs or sub-shrubs, and tend to have thick, isobilateral leaves with large bundles of phloem fibres and few hairs, or strongly dorsiventral leaves with a hypodermis and stomata in deep abaxial hair-lined depressions. The correlation of xeromorphic characters with environmental conditions is discussed. Leaf anatomy is of limited value in elucidating relationships within the genus.     

泽米科植物羽片脉序和解剖学及其系统学意义

研究了苏铁目泽米科Zamiaceae 2亚科的所有4族(Stevenson系统, 1992)共10种代表植物的羽片脉序及解剖学特征,结果显示泽米科羽片脉序为二歧分叉的平行脉,无中脉。小刺双子铁Dioon spinulosum、大头非洲铁Encephalartos friderici-guilielmii和摩尔大泽米Macrozamia moorei等的平行脉末端以不同的形式互相连接,而鳞木铁Lepidozamia peroffskyana、粗壮角果铁Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta、竹叶角果铁C. hildae、佛州泽米Zamia　floridana、柔叶泽米Z. debilis、鳞秕泽米Z. furfuracea和短尖泽米Z. muricata等的平行脉末端不连接而直达叶缘,其中鳞木铁、粗壮角果铁和竹叶角果铁的脉达叶缘后逐渐消失。羽片的横切面结构通常由表皮、下皮厚壁细胞和叶肉组成,表皮层包括上、下表皮各一层,叶肉可能同时分化出近上表面的栅栏组织和近下表面的栅栏组织,或仅有近上表面的栅栏组织分化,或无栅栏组织分化而完全为海绵组织。然而,泽米科没有典型的海绵组织和传输组织分化。小刺双子铁、大头非洲铁、鳞叶木铁和摩尔大泽米的羽片具有粘液道而无工字厚壁组织,在小刺双子铁中粘液道与维管束对生,在另3种中则与维管束轮生;但粗壮角果铁、竹叶角果铁、佛州泽米、柔叶泽米、鳞秕泽米和短尖泽米的羽片则具有工字厚壁组织而没有粘液道,其中粗壮角果铁和竹叶角果铁的羽片工字厚壁组织仅与上表皮相连,而佛州泽米、柔叶泽米、鳞秕泽米和短尖泽米的羽片工字厚壁组织与上、下表皮都相连。羽片脉序和解剖学特征支持Stevenson将泽米铁科分为两亚科的观点。     

国产嵩草属(莎草科)植物秆的解剖学研究

对嵩草属27种(亚种)植物秆的解剖学研究证明,嵩草属植物秆的解剖学性状具有系统学意义.在该属中,秆的横切面外形为三角形、圆三角形、圆形或扁圆形.在横切面上分为2个区域;外部区域包括绿色组织、外韧维管束和气腔,内部区域为薄壁组织或其碎裂形成空腔.秆表皮的横切面观和表面观均与叶的下表皮相似.以上特征与莎草科其它类群植物秆的解剖特征一致,不支持将嵩草属和其近缘属另立为嵩草科.同时,秆的解剖学特征可以做为某些在外部形态上难于区分的种之间的分类依据.     

中国梅花草属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对梅花草属Parnassia 30种植物的叶表皮进行了观察。结果表明:气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮,少数种的上表皮也有分布,均为无规则型。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形;垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、浅波状和波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;一些种的保卫细胞两端有加厚;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒或小孔穴。气孔器类型及下表皮细胞形状的一致性表明梅花草属是一个自然分类群;sect. Saxifragastrum叶表皮特征具有多样性显示该组可能是一个复合群;突隔梅花草P. delavayi属于subsect. Xiphosandra,其气孔下陷,与其细胞学特征相似,支持独立为一组;此外,气孔器的分布、保卫细胞两端加厚、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。     

Leaf anatomy of the Pittosporaceae R. Br.

WILKINSON, H. P., 1992. Leaf anatomy of the Pittosporaceae R. Br. An anatomical study of the leaves of 58 species representing all nine genera has been made. The anatomical characters found to be of most use in distinguishing taxa are: in surface view-cuticular architecture as seen with the SEM, stomatal outline, occasionally stomatal density, presence/absence of hairs, hair type in adult leaves; in transverse section-petiole/midrib outline, midrib number of vascular bundles and number of secretory ducts, adaxial epidermis in 1/2 layers, dimensions of adaxial epidermal cells, thickness of outer wall of adaxial epidermis, occasionally chlorenchyma interrupted/not interrupted above the midrib vascular tissue in Pittosporum species; leaf margin.     

华北地区繁缕属（Stellaria L.）植物叶表皮微形态特征研究

采用光学显微镜,对华北地区分布的繁缕属植物16种2变种,其它4属4种植物的叶表皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明：繁缕属植物叶片的下表皮均存在气孔器,而上表皮仅少数种类缺乏气孔器。气孔器类型比较多样,有不等细胞型、无规则型、无规则四细胞型;表皮细胞主要为不规则型,垂周壁从平直、弓形、浅波状、波状、到深波状;上表皮气孔指数在5.23~31.65之间;下表皮气孔指数在10.02~29.44。叶表皮被毛或无,毛被分为星状毛、腺柔毛、柔毛、绢毛。该研究说明叶表皮的微形态特征在种间差异明显,可以为分种及属间亲缘关系的探讨提供依据,但是对组的划分存在一定的局限性。     

菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态

在光学显微镜下观察了菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态,观察了叶上下表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、气孔器类型和分布特征。结果表明：这些植物的叶上下表皮细胞多数为不规则形,少数为多边形;垂周壁式样多数为浅波形或深波形,少数为平直形。一些种类气孔器仅分布在下表皮,但也有不少种类上下表皮都有气孔器分布。气孔器都属于无规则型,且都是随机分布。叶表皮显微构造在一定程度上能反映出类群间的关系,为探讨莴苣族的分类学问题提供了新的证据。     

三江平原不同生境下漂筏苔草叶片解剖结构的研究

通过石蜡切片制片,对采自三江平原5种生境下漂筏苔草的叶片进行了解剖学观察和研究。结果表明:5种生境下漂筏苔草的叶片具有相同结构,都是由表皮、叶肉和叶脉三部分构成的。但不同水深对叶片的解剖结构产生了一定影响,随着水分的增加,植物叶片的维管束个数和厚度、叶片厚度、导管直径和气腔直径均呈现上升趋势。以上结构变化是植物适应湿生环境的典型特征。     

Inheritance of foliar and nodal anatomical characters in some Ilex hybrids

The diverse relationships of the main differential leaf and nodal anatomical characters of a number ot artificial Ilex hybrids and their parents are compared. The marginal sclerenchyma strands character is not transferred to hybrids when differential. The lignification of the unspecialized abaxial epidermal cells is dominantly inherited, except in one hybrid. The development of a distinctive adaxial hypodermis is usually suppressed in hybrids when one of its parents is lacking in this character. New characters are reported for hybrids of Ilex aquifolium × opaca , where the vasculation of petiole and midrib and the presence of periclinal subdivisions in the adaxial epidermis constitute features not known from either parent species.
The possible significance of the four different ways of expression of parental characters in the hybrid offspring is discussed with reference to: genetic control of anatomical characters; the identification of hybrid material; the evolution of leaf anatomical diversity in Ilex , and the systematic value of leaf anatomical characters.     

Comparative leaf anatomy of Salix species and hybrids

Epidermal features, mesophyll differentiation and calcium oxalate characteristics of 19 species and 12 hybrids of Salix are described. The species and hybrids can be distinguished by the presence or absence of the following epidermal features: striated cuticle; stomata; covering trichomes; beaded anticlinal walls, and diosmin-like njstals. In or near marginal teeth, glandular trichomes are present in all cases. The leaf veins of all specimens examined have calcium oxalate prism sheaths and, with the exception of S. herbacea , cluster crystals in some cells of the mesophyll. Most sprcies studied in the subgenus Salix show: both adaxial and abaxial stomata; striated cuticle metopllyll of palisade cells, with little or no spongy mesophyll, but with a well-defined hypodermis, and absence of thick-walled, sinuous trichomes. Characteristic features of the subgenus Caprisalix are: abaxial stomata only; epidermal crystals; smooth cuticle; mesophyll diflerentiated into palisade cells and spongy mesophyll and without a hypodermis, and trichomes more numerous and varied than those of the subgenus Salix . Leaves of the two species of the subgenus Chaemelia examined and those of S. lapponum , have predominantly anomocytic stomata, whereas all the other leaves studied have predominantly paracytic stomata. The anatomical features described, in conjunction with the morphologiral characters, enable the species and hybrids of Salix studied to be autheenticated.     

铃子香属的叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

研究了铃子香属（Chelonopsis）及其近缘类群毛药花属（Bostrychanthera）共16种植物在光镜和扫描电镜下叶表皮微形态特征。结果表明：除等齿铃子组外,铃子香属其它种类的叶表皮细胞多为不规则形;叶表皮细胞垂周壁式样可分为平直至弓形,深波状两种类型。所有种类的气孔器都只分布于下表皮且均为不规则型;保卫细胞的形状在种间几无差别,气孔外拱盖内缘的纹饰也都近平滑,表现出了高度的一致性。角质膜有三种类型,即山脊状,长条状,具颗粒状或雪花状附属物。叶表皮细胞形态特征及角质膜类型为铃子香属内组、系或种的划分提供了重要证据。此外,两个亚属内气孔密度的不同可能与各自的生长环境有密切的关系。     

Leaf surfaces as a taxonomic tool: the case of Carex section Phacocystis (Cyperaceae) in the British Isles

An investigation into the potential taxonomic value of leaf surface characteristics using large sample size and multivariate analysis was undertaken in Carex section Phacocystis. A case study examined micromorphological characters of the leaf surface for six members of the section in Britain. The six split into three groups based on distribution of stomata: Carex recta amphistomous, C. aquatilis/C. nigra epistomous, and C. bigelowii/C. elata/C. acuta hypostomous. There was considerable variation within samples in stomatal density and cell dimensions. Discriminant Analysis of nine quantitative characters clearly separated four species and a cluster of two species, C. elata and C. acuta. Multivariate analysis indicated that the intercostal cell lengths from both leaf surfaces, abaxial costal cell lengths, and widths of the adaxial costal and abaxial intercostal cells were taxonomically useful in this group and potentially of use within the genus.     

6种松科植物叶表皮的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜,观察了松科(Pinaceae)3个属6种植物叶表皮特征。金钱松气孔带位下表面,气孔区与非气孔区表皮细胞形态差异很大,气孔细缝状;雪松针叶四面都具气孔线,气孔下陷,孔口光滑,针叶表面具较厚的角质层,表皮细胞形状观察不清;五针松针叶仅两腹面有气孔线,气孔有隆起的圆环围绕,表面角质层呈条纹状排列,形成一种沟槽;黑松、湿地松、马尾松针叶腹背面都有气孔线,气孔呈蜂窝状排列成行,气孔下陷,孔口角质化强烈。结果表明松科3个属植物叶表皮的形态结构及气孔器差异显著,一定程度上证实了3属是自然的分类群。     

Vegetative morphology and anatomy of Maundia (Maundiaceae: Alismatales) and patterns of peripheral bundle orientation in angiosperm leaves with three‐dimensional venation

Collateral bundles with external position of the phloem characterize the stem vasculature of most seed plants. An earlier study highlighted the occurrence of inverted peripheral bundles in the leafless inflorescence peduncle of the rare Australian aquatic Maundia triglochinoides. This unusual feature and other morphological and molecular data supported the recognition of the monogeneric Maundiaceae, but the anatomy of the leaves, rhizomes and roots of Maundia remained unknown and is studied here. Maundia has an iterative sympodial growth with all shoots bearing five tubular cataphylls splitting longitudinally and simulating open sheaths at maturity and two (or three) linear foliage leaves without a conspicuous basal sheath. This morphology distinguishes Maundiaceae from all other Alismatales. The rhizome has an atactostele with collateral bundles of normal orientation; peripheral bundles are absent. Cataphylls have a series of normally oriented bundles. Foliage leaves are thick, bifacial, semi‐elliptical in cross‐section, with a thin subepidermal layer of chlorenchyma on both sides, accompanied by peripheral bundles with xylem facing outwards (thus abaxial peripheral bundles are inverted) and central large bundles of normal orientation. Strong anatomical similarity between leaves and peduncles is related to their shared function as assimilatory organs. As in angiosperm succulents, the three‐dimensional leaf venation in thick aquatic and helophyte leaves of Alismatales serves to reduce transport distances between veins and photosynthetic cells. In both cases, the patterns of orientation of peripheral bundles (with inverted adaxial or abaxial bundles) are unstable in large clades. These slender bundles cannot be used for the identification of unifacial leaves. Some anatomical characters express homoplastic similarities between Maundiaceae and Aponogetonaceae.     

Ficus rubiginosa 'variegata', a chlorophyll-deficient chimera with mosaic patterns created by cell divisions from the outer meristematic layer

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sections leaves of Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata' show that it is a chimera with a chlorophyll deficiency in the second layer of the leaf meristem (GWG structure). Like other Ficus species, it has a multiseriate epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, formed by periclinal cell divisions as well as anticlinal divisions. The upper and lower laminae of the leaf often exhibit small dark and light green patches of tissue overlying internal leaf tissue. METHODS: The distribution of chlorophyll in transverse sections of typical leaves was determined by fluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS: Patches of dark and light green tissue which arise in the otherwise colourless palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue in the entire leaf are due to further cell divisions arising from the bundle sheath which is associated with major vascular bundles or from the green multiseriate epidermis. Leaves produced in winter exhibit more patches of green tissue than leaves which expand in mid-summer. Many leaves produced in summer have no spotting and appear like a typical GWG chimera. There is a strong relationship between the number of patches on the adaxial side of leaves and the number on the abaxial side, showing that the cell division in upper and lower layers of leaves is strongly coordinated. In both winter and summer, there are fewer patches on the abaxial side of leaves compared with the adaxial side, indicating that periclinal and anticlinal cell divisions from the outer meristematic layer are less frequent in the lower layers of leaf tissue. Most of the patches are small (<1 mm in longest dimension) and thus the cell divisions which form them occur late in leaf development. Leaves which exhibit large patches generally have them on both sides of the leaves. CONCLUSION: In this cultivar, the outer meristematic layer appears to form vascular bundle sheaths and associated internal leaf tissue in the entire leaf lamina.     

Variations in the dorso-ventral organization of leaf structure and Kranz anatomy coordinate the control of photosynthesis and associated signalling at the whole leaf level in monocotyledonous species

Photosynthesis and associated signalling are influenced by the dorso-ventral properties of leaves. The degree of adaxial/abaxial symmetry in stomatal numbers, photosynthetic regulation with respect to light orientation and the total section areas of the bundle sheath (BS) cells and the surrounding mesophyll (M) cells on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the vascular bundles were compared in two C₄[ Zea mays (maize) and Paspalum dilatatum ] and one C₃[ Triticum turgidum (Durum wheat)] monocotyledonous species. The C₃ leaves had a higher degree of dorso-ventral symmetry than the C₄ leaves. Photosynthetic regulation was the same on each side of the wheat leaves, as were stomatal numbers and the section area of the BS relative to that of the M cells (BS/M section area ratio). In contrast, photosynthetic regulation in maize and P. dilatatum leaves showed a marked surface-specific response to light orientation. Compared to the adaxial sides of the C₄ monocotyledonous leaves, the abaxial surfaces had more stomata and the BS/M section area ratio was significantly higher. Differences in dorso-ventral structure, particularly in Kranz anatomy, serve not only to maximize photosynthetic capacity with respect light orientation in C₄ monocotyledonous leaves but also allow adaxial and abaxial-specific signalling from the respective M cells.     

加兰他敏在忽地笑营养器官中的定位(简报)

石蒜属植物为具有地下鳞茎的多年生草本植物．有重要的药用价值,全属植物约有20余种。我国有石蒜属植物约15种,集中分布于长江中下游地区,野生资源比较丰富。忽地笑（Lycorisaurea Herb．）是石蒜属植物在我国分布较广泛的一种。加兰他敏（Galanthamine）等生物碱是石蒜属植物中主要的药用成分。[第一段]