水稻幼苗冷锻炼过程中钙的效应

冷锻炼处理提高了水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）幼苗叶片中抗氧化剂（还原型谷胱甘肽,ＧＳＨ;抗坏血酸,ＡｓＡ）含量和膜保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶,ＳＯＤ）的活性,同时也提高了可溶性蛋白质中热稳定蛋白的含量。ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种处理对上述冷锻炼的作用有加强的效果,且明显地提高了过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的活性。有无ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼处理均减轻冷胁迫引起的ＧＳＨ 及ＡｓＡ 含量、ＳＯＤ 活性及热稳定蛋白质含量的下降程度,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ、ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ及热稳定蛋白质水平迅速回升。结合ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼苗在冷胁迫恢复生长时增长迅速,且苗健壮浓绿,说明ＣａＣｌ２浸种对冷锻炼处理提高水稻幼苗的抗冷力有明显的促进作用,这与ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种结合冷锻炼能更有效的提高细胞膜保护能力有关     

钙对低温胁迫的烟草幼苗某些酶活性的影响

用CaCl2 浸种处理烟草种子 ,研究了钙对烟草幼苗某些酶活性的影响。结果表明 :CaCl2 浸种能够提高烟草幼苗结合态钙和膜保护酶活性 ,降低膜透性和MDA(丙二醛 )含量。在低温胁迫条件下 ,Ca2 浸种处理的烟草幼苗SOD、CAT和POD等保护酶活性下降程度较未经处理的轻 ,细胞相对电导率低。恢复生长后 ,幼苗膜透性和保护酶活性恢复较快。CaM(钙调素 )特异性抑制剂CPZ(氯丙嗪 )能部分抑制Ca2 提高SOD、CAT和POD活性的作用     

过氧化氢缓解裸燕麦幼苗低温胁迫的主成分和隶属函数分析

为探明信号分子过氧化氢（H₂O₂）提高裸燕麦幼苗耐冷性的作用,以‘定莜6号’沙培幼苗为材料,在3叶期喷施10 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂ 12 h后于8℃/5℃（昼/夜）条件下低温胁迫,以喷蒸馏水（H₂O）为对照,分别在低温处理的0、1、2、3、4、5 d取幼苗叶片测定超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）、H₂O₂、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、抗坏血酸（AsA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、可溶性糖（SS）、脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性蛋白质（SP）和热稳定性蛋白质（HSP）13项与耐冷性有关的生理指标及低温处理5 d后植株株高和生物量增量,采用主成分和隶属函数分析综合评价H₂O₂对裸燕麦幼苗耐冷性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施H₂O₂显著提高了低温胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗株高和生物量增量,降低了裸燕麦幼苗叶片O₂^-·和MDA及低温胁迫2~5 d的H₂O₂含量,促进低温胁迫期间裸燕麦幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性提高及AsA、GSH、SS、Pro、SP和HSP积累。主成分分析13项生理指标离差标准化数据,提取的前4个主成分累积方差贡献率达85.6%;隶属函数综合评价4个主成分得分值显示,喷施H₂O₂显著提高了低温胁迫0~5 d的综合评价值。表明喷施H₂O₂能够通过调控生理生化代谢提高裸燕麦幼苗的耐冷性。     

钙对低温胁迫的烟草幼苗某些酶活性的影响

用CaCl2浸种处理烟草种子,研究了钙对烟草幼苗某些酶活性的影响。结果表明：CaCl2浸种能够提高烟草幼苗结合态钙和膜保护酶活性,降低膜透性和MDA（丙二醛）含量。在低温胁迫条件下,Ca2+浸种处理的烟草幼苗SOD、CAT和POD等保护酶活性下降程度较未经处理的轻,细胞相对电导率低。恢复生长后,幼苗膜透性和保护酶活性恢复较快。CaM（钙调素）特异性抑制剂CPZ（氯丙嗪）能部分抑制Ca2+提高SOD、CAT和POD活性的作用。     

Combined action of antioxidant defense system and osmolytes in chilling shock-induced chilling tolerance in Jatropha curcas seedlings

Low non-freezing temperature is one of the major environmental factors affecting growth, development and geographical distribution of chilling-sensitive plants, Jatropha curcas is considered as a sustainable energy plants with great potential for biodiesel production. In this study, chilling shock at 5 °C followed by recovery at 26 °C for 4 h significantly improved survival percentage of J. curcas seedlings under chilling stress at 1 °C. In addition, chilling shock could obviously enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), and the levels of antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), as well as the contents of osmolytes proline and betaine in leaves of seedlings of J. curcas compared with the control without chilling shock. During the process of recovery, GR activity, AsA, GSH, proline and betaine contents sequentially increased, whereas SOD, APX and CAT activities gradually decreased, but they markedly maintained higher activities than those of control. Under chilling stress, activities of SOD, APX, CAT, GR and GPX, and contents of AsA, GSH, proline and betaine, as well as the ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA + DHA) and GSH/(GSH + GSSG)] in the shocked and non-shock seedlings all dropped, but shocked seedlings sustained significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activity, antioxidant and osmolyte contents, as well as ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants from beginning to end compared with control. These results indicated that the chilling shock followed by recovery could improve chilling tolerance of seedlings in J. curcas, and antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes play important role in the acquisition of chilling tolerance.     

Involvement of antioxidant defense system in chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance in Jatropha curcas seedlings

Jatropha curcas L. is a sustainable energy plant with great potential for biodiesel production, and low temperature is an important limiting factor for its distribution and production. In this present work, chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance and involvement of antioxidant defense system were investigated in J. curcas seedlings. The results showed that chill hardening at 10 or 12 °C for 1 and 2 days greatly lowered death rate and alleviated electrolyte leakage as well as accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) of J. curcas seedlings under severe chilling stress at 1 °C for 1–7 days, indicating that the chill hardening significantly improved chilling tolerance of J. curcas seedlings. Measurement of activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the levels of the antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) showed the chill hardening at 12 °C for 2 days could obviously increase the activities of these antioxidant enzymes and AsA and GSH contents in the hardened seedlings. When the hardened and non-hardening (control) seedlings were subjected to severe chilling stress at 1 °C for 1–7 days, the chill-hardened seedlings generally maintained significantly higher activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, APX, CAT, POD, and GR, and content of the antioxidants AsA and GSH as well as ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA + DHA) and GSH/(GSH + GSSG)], when compared with the control without chill hardening. All above-mentioned results indicated that the chill hardening could enhance the chilling tolerance, and the antioxidant defense system plays an important role in the chill hardening-induced chilling tolerance in J. curcas seedlings.     

Effect of Cold Hardening on SOD and Glutathion Reductase Activities and on the Contents of the Reduced Form of Glutathion and Ascorbic Acid in Rice and Cucumber Seedlings

Rice and cucumber seedlings were employed in the study on changes of superoxide dismatase (SOD) and glutathion reductase (GR) activities, the contents of the reduced form of glutathion (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA) in leaves and the chilling resistance as well as the level of lipid peroxidation products after cold hardening and chilling stress under light. The seedlings hardened under a day/night temperature variation of 15 ℃/10 ℃ and photon flux density (PFD) of 250μmol · m-2 · s-1 for 12 h/d indicated an increase of the activities of SOD and GR, and the contents of GSH and AsA. The resistance of the seedlings to chilling and light stress was enhanced by cold hardening. Under the stress condition, the stabilities of SOD and GR activities, and contents of GSH and AsA in hardened seedlings were higher than those in the unhardened seedlings; the lipid peroxidation was also less than that in the latter. It was thus concluded that cold-hardening under appropriate light leads on to the enhancement of function of membrane protective system and increase of cell membrane stability which is an important part of chilling-resistance mechanism in the plant.     

不同胁迫预处理提高水稻幼苗抗寒性期间膜保护系统的变化比较

通过比较盐、冷和热激三种不同胁迫预处理提高水稻(Oryza sativa L.)抗寒性过程中膜保护系统的变化,探讨植物交叉适应机理。结果表明,水稻幼苗经不同胁迫预处理均可提高幼苗的抗寒性。与未预处理苗相比,不同胁迫(冷、热、盐)预处理之间在处理后、低温伤害后及恢复2d后的3个不同时期膜酶促和非酶促保护系统及同工酶酶谱变化各有异同,既有部分共性,也有其独特性。     

Effect of pretreatment with hydrogen sulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide on heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant system in maize (Zea mays) seedlings

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a signal molecule that is involved in plant growth, development and the acquisition of stress tolerance including heat tolerance, but the mechanism of H₂S-induced heat tolerance is not completely clear. In present study, the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H₂S donor, treatment on heat tolerance of maize seedlings in relation to antioxidant system was investigated. The results showed that NaHS treatment improved survival percentage of maize seedlings under heat stress in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that H₂S treatment could improve heat tolerance of maize seedlings. To further study mechanism of NaHS-induced heat tolerance, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents in maize seedlings were determined. The results showed that NaHS treatment increased the activities of CAT, GPX, SOD and GR, and GSH and AsA contents as well as the ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants [AsA/(AsA+DHA) and GSH/(GSH +GSSG)] in maize seedlings under normal culture conditions compared with the control. Under heat stress, antioxidant enzymes activities, antioxidants contents and the ratio of the reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants in control and treated seedlings all decreased, but NaHS-treated seedlings maintained higher antioxidant enzymes activities and antioxidants levels as well as the ratio of reduced antioxidants to total antioxidants. All of above-mentioned results suggested that NaHS treatment could improve heat tolerance of maize seedlings, and the acquisition of this heat tolerance may be relation to enhanced antioxidant system activity.     

磁场处理种子后番茄幼苗在低温胁迫下保护酶的变化

试验用场强为１０００ＧＳ、１４００ＧＳ、１８００ＧＳ的磁场处理番茄（ＬｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｏｎｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍＭｉｌ）种子,于子叶期和真叶期进行低温胁迫,发现处理组超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）比活性和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性均高于对照组。子叶期幼苗谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）和可溶性蛋白含量与对照相比均有所升高。幼苗外观寒害症状也较轻。因此,可以认为磁场处理在一定程度上可提高番茄幼苗的抗寒性。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了高温胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,外源EBR处理显著促进了高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APXS活性,AsA和GSH含量及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低了MDA、O2^-及H2O含量。表明,外源EBR处理通过促进高温胁迫下茄子幼苗抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解高温胁迫对茄子幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株抗高温胁迫的能力。     

Thermotolerance and antioxidant response induced by heat acclimation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Freesia</Emphasis> seedlings

Followed a heat acclimation pretreatment, seedlings of Freesia hybrida ‘Shangnong Jinghuanghou’ were exposed to heat stress at 38°C for 6 h treatment and then recovered at 22°C for 72 h to study the impact of heat acclimation (30°C) on thermotolerance under heat stress. The results showed that the pretreated seedlings performed better under heat stress than control. Heat acclimation could slow down the decrease of chlorophyll contents under heat stress and recover better. Higher levels of soluble sugar and proline and slight lower level of soluble protein were observed in pretreated seedlings. After recovery, similar levels of proline and soluble protein were maintained in all seedlings. However, a higher level of soluble sugar was maintained in pretreated seedlings. MDA content and EL showed a stable level in pretreated seedlings while a significant increase in control, followed by a significant decrease after recovery. Significant different responses of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities were observed in pretreated seedlings and control. Heat acclimation led to higher activities of these enzymes and a significant response of antioxidant enzyme activities occurred in a time-dependent manner under heat stress. Exposure to high temperature caused a significant increase in SOD and APX activity, and much higher levels in SOD and APX activity were observed in pretreated seedlings compared to control during heat stress. A slight difference in change pattern of POD and CAT activity was presented. The highest activities of POD and CAT were observed at 4 and 6 h of heat stress in pretreated seedlings and control, respectively. After 72 h recovery, the activities of all tested enzymes decreased to similar levels in all seedlings.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Isatis indigotica</Emphasis> seedlings derived from laser stimulated seeds showed improved resistance to elevated UV-B

Sterilized seeds of Isatis indigotica (Brassicacae) were divided into four groups based on irradiation pretreatments. These control groups (C) were non irradiated, He–Ne laser treated seeds (L), UV-B treated seeds (B) and He–Ne laser followed by UV-B radiation treated seeds (LB). Laser radiation was provided by He–Ne laser, UV-B radiation was provided by filtered Qin brand 30 W fluorescent sun lamps. Malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, UV-B absorbing compounds and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations, as well as, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were measured in the cotyledons of seedlings from all the four irradiation treatments. The result indicate that UV-B radiation enhanced the concentration of MDA while decreasing the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and the concentration of AsA in the seedlings compared with the controls. The concentration of MDA decreased, while the activities of SOD, CAT, POD and the concentration of AsA increased in seedling treated with He–Ne laser and UV-B compared to UV-B alone. The concentration of proline and UV absorbing compounds increased progressively with treatments i.e. UV-B irradiation, He–Ne laser irradiation, and He–Ne laser irradiation followed by UV-B irradiation compared to the controls. The present data suggest that Isatis indigotica seedlings derived from laser stimulated seeds showed improved resistance to elevated UV-B.     

Spermidine pretreatment enhances heat tolerance in rice seedlings through modulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems

This study was undertaken to investigate the possible involvement of the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in protecting rice seedlings from heat-induced damage in the presence of spermidine (Spd). Hydroponically grown 14-day-old seedlings were subjected to foliar spray with Spd (1 mM, 24 h) prior to heat stress (42 °C, 48 h) followed by subsequent recovery (27 °C, 48 h). Lipoxygenase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and proline (Pro) content increased significantly whereas fresh weight (FW) and chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased during heat stress and after recovery, indicating unrecoverable damage to rice seedlings. Heat-induced damage was also evident in decreased levels of ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and AsA and GSH redox ratios. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased during heat stress but declined after recovery. Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) decreased during heat stress but an opposite trend for most of these enzymes was observed after recovery. Heat stress also resulted in significant increases in the activities of glyoxalase enzymes (Gly I and Gly II). In contrast, exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from heat-induced damage as marked by lower levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and Pro content coupled with increased levels of AsA, GSH, FW, Chl, and AsA and GSH redox status. After recovery, Spd-pretreated heat-exposed seedlings displayed higher activities of SOD, CAT, GPX, GST APX, DHAR and GR as well as of Gly I and Gly II. In addition, polyamine analysis revealed that exogenously applied Spd significantly elevated the levels of free and soluble conjugated Spd. Therefore, we conclude from our results that heat exposure provoked an oxidative burden while enhancement of the antioxidative and glyoxalase systems by Spd rendered rice seedlings more tolerant to heat stress. Further, co-induction of the antioxidative and glyoxalase systems was closely associated with Spd mediated enhanced level of GSH.     

Retardation of Leaf Senescence by Triadimefon Treatment in Mung Bean Seedling

Treatment of triadimefon on detached leaves of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L. ) seedlings increased the levels of chlorophyll and soluble proteins. Declined activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate-peroxidase (AsA-POD) and contents of ascorbate (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) were observed during the senescence of detached young leaves. Triadimefon at concentration of 20 mg/L promoted the activities of POD, AsA-POD and levels of AsA and GSH, but had no effect on the activities of SOD and CAT. On the other hand, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased and the increase of which was markedly negative correlated with the activities of POD, AsA-POD and with the contents of AsA and GSH during the senescence of leaves. MDA contents were decreased by triadimefon treatment. These resuits suggested that triadimefon retarded the senescence of leaves in mung bean seedlings in terms of enhancing the protective ability of plant tissues against membrane lipid peroxidation.     

Amelioration of chilling stress by triadimefon in cucumber seedlings

Cucumber (Cucumis satvus L.) seeds were imbibed in distilled water (control) and 10 mg l^–1 triadimefon (TDM) for 10 h and then grown in a plant growth chamber with a light/dark temperature of 28/20 °C and a photoperiod of 14 h with a light intensity of 60 µmol m^–2 s^–1. 14-day-old seedlings were exposed to chilling stress with a light/dark temperature of 6/3 °C for 4 d. TDM improved the growth rate of cucumber seedling subjected to chilling stress and increased photosynthetic pigments contents and relative water content compared with the control at the end of chilling stress. Chilling stress decreased protein content and the activities of SOD, CAT and POD, but it increased proline, H₂O₂ and MDA accumulation, and relative electrical conductivity. TDM ameliorated the injury caused by chilling stress by preventing decreases in protein content and the activities of SOD, CAT and POD and by inhibiting increases in proline, H₂O₂ and MDA contents, and relative electrical conductivity, which suggested that TDM ameliorated the negative effect of chilling stress.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

CPPU提高柚树苗抗旱性的研究

水分胁迫下,柚树苗叶片RWC、ψW、Pn及可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量下降,游离脯氨酸、MDA含量及SOD活性升高,CAT活性先上升后下降,APX活性、AsA和GSH含量明显下降,抗旱性强的品种具有较高的活性氧清除能力。CPPU处理提高柚树苗叶片RWC、Pn、叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、AsA、GSH含量,并增强SOD、APX活性,降低MDA水平,从而提高柚树苗抗旱性。实验结果表明,CPPU处理提高叶片对膜脂过氧化作用的保护能力可能是其提高柚树苗抗旱性的原因。     

CPPU提高柚树苗抗旱性的研究

水分胁迫下,柚树苗叶片RWC、ψw、Pn及可溶性蛋白质,叶绿素含量下降,游离脯氨酸、MDA含量及SOD活性升高,CAT活性先上升后下降,APX活性、AsA和GSH含量明显下降,抗旱性强的品种具有较高的活性氧清除能力。CPPU处理提高柚树苗叶片RWC、Pn、叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、AsA、GSH含量,并增加SOD、APX活性,降低MDA水平,从而提高柚树苗抗旱性。实验结果表明,CPPU处理提高叶片对膜脂过氧化作用的保护能力可能是其提高柚树苗抗旱性的原因。     

钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10 mmol/L CaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓 O-·2 形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。