新疆呼图壁种牛场地区囊果碱蓬及其群落的生物生态学特性研究

在研究地区 ,囊果碱蓬 (Suaeda physophora)分布在表层 (0～ 2 0 cm)盐分含量为 3.0 %～ 6.0 %的盐土上。囊果碱蓬群落为多汁木本盐柴类荒漠中的一个群系 ,本区记载有 9个群丛。群落总覆盖度为 6%～ 2 5% ,种类组成稀少 ,群落结构简单。囊果碱蓬株高 45～ 60 cm;当年生小枝长 1 2 cm;叶肉汁、条形。侧根发达 ,主要分布在由表层往下土壤中的盐分含量大量减少、水分含量大幅度增加的 2 0～ 60 cm的土壤层内。以冠幅 (长以 X1 表示 ,宽以 X2 表示 )和高 (以 X3 表示 )为参数建立了单株地上部分生物量多元回归模型为 :Y=31 2 .0 0 3.44X1 4.85X2 - 2 .1 6X3 。囊果碱蓬叶有较高的 Na、S含量 ,Na含量高达91 2 55μg· g-1 (9.1 2 6% )。植物不同部位元素含量不同 ,叶和花穗中 K、Na、Mg、S和 P含量最高 ,老枝中含量最低。嫩枝叶水浸出液的盐分含量为 2 3.1 7% ,高于花穗和老枝。植物不同生长季节 ,元素和盐分含量都有所变化     

Chlorophyll in desiccated seeds of a euhalophyte, Suaeda physophora, and its significancy in plant adaptation to salinity during germination

The seed cotyledons of a euhalophyte, Suaeda physophora, were found to be dark green. The pigment extracted from the cotyledons was proved to be chlorophyll for the absorption spectra curve of extracts the same as that for leaves. Photosynthetic oxygen-exchanging could be detected after the seeds were moistened for 6 h. Microstructure of organelles in cotyledons of ungerminated seeds was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Histochemical pigmentation was used to investigate the degree of damage on the membrane of radicles. A xerophyte, Haloxylon persicum, whose cotyledons of desiccated seeds also contain chlorophyll was used as a comparative species. The results showed that S. physophora maintained the ultra-structure of chloroplasts, the integrity of plasma membranes of radicles kept much better than that of H. persicum, which showed the great adaptability to salinity of the euhalophyte even at the seed-germination stage. Seeds were incubated in 0 and 700 mmol/L NaCl for 10 days in darkness at 20 ℃ , then ungerminated seeds in NaCl solution were transferred to deionised water and reincubated for another 8 days and was recorded the germination recovery. Dry seeds moistened with deionised water germinated gradually in the dark and germination was maximal after 3 or 4 d. Seeds at 700 mmol/L NaCl for 10 d and transferred back to deionised water germinated abruptly, most seeds germinated in one day and photosynthesis was also detected. It is concluded that recovery germination of S. physophora ensured the seeds could germinate rapidly after salinity declines, for example under the mild but transitory favorable edaphic condition in early spring. Photosynthesis function in seeds might also promoted radicle growth and seedling establishment.     

Strategies for adaptation of Suaeda physophora, Haloxylon ammodendron and Haloxylon persicum to a saline environment during seed-germination stage

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Germination is very important for plant establishment in arid regions. The strategies taken by halophytes during the seed germination stage to adapt to saline environments in an arid zone were investigated in Suaeda physophora (euhalophyte), Haloxylon ammodendron (xero-halophyte) and Haloxylon persicum (xerophyte). METHODS: Seeds of S. physophora, H. ammodendron and H. persicum were exposed to a range of iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG solutions. Seed germination in, and recovery germination from, high NaCl were recorded. The effects of iso-osmotic NaCl and PEG on seed water uptake and changes in ion content were measured. In addition, the structure of seeds and Na+ distribution in the seed coat and embryos of dry seeds were investigated. KEY RESULTS: The relative increase in fresh weight of germinating seeds was markedly reduced in -2.24 MPa PEG compared with that in -2.24 MPa NaCl, while the opposite trend was found in concentration of K+ during the initial 9 h for all species. Haloxylon ammodendron and S. physophora had a higher recovery germination from -3.13 MPa NaCl compared with H. persicum. Seeds of all species had no endosperm. More Na+ was compartmentalized in the seed coats of the two halophytic species compared with that in the xerophyte H. persicum. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of NaCl on seed germination was due to both osmotic stress and ion toxicity for the three species. High soil salinity and a high content of Na+ in seeds may induce more seeds to remain ungerminated in S. physophora and H. ammodendron. Morphological structure and adaptation to salinity during seed germination may determine the geographical distribution of H. ammodendron and S. physophora in certain saline regions.     

Characteristics and Quantitative Analysis of K,Na, Ca,Mg and S Contents in the Dominant Plant Species on the Hutubi Cattle Stock Farm Area,Xinjing

The characteristics on K, Na, Ca, Mg and S contents of 25 plant species were analysed at the grassland on the Hutubi Cattle Stock Farm area, Xinjiang. The level of content is in the order of Na>S>K>Mg>Ca. Different plant species have considerable variation in contents of Na and S, for example, the contents of Na and S are more than 100000 ppm and 30000 ppm respectively in Suaeda physophara and Halocnemum strobilaceum and less than 30000 ppm and 4000 ppm respectively in Phragmites cornmunis and Aeluropus littoralis; their interspecific coefficient of variation (c. v. ) are 95.10 % and 63.16% respectively. The interspecific c. v. of K content, 34.42 %, is the lowest. The contents of K, Na, Ca and S in all innerspecific plants at different sites are less various than interspecific ones; the content of Mg in some innerspecific plants is more various than in interspecific ones. The analysis of correlation between contents of elements in plants and soil shows that Nitraria sibirica is the only plant specie whose coefficient of correlation (c. c. ) of Na content in plant with that in soil reaches the significant negative level in seven plant species; among 5 elements in plants, the c. c. between Na and Ca reaches the significant negative corrrelative level, the c. c. between Na and S reaches the significant positive correlation level. The results of classification and ordination of TWINSPAN and DCA of 25 plant species using the data of 5 elemental contents show that seven plant species, for example, H. strobilaceum, S. physophora, Kalidium foliatum, K. caspicum, etc. are Na and S type plant; Phragmites communis, Achnatherum splendens, etc. are Na and K type plant.     

盐地碱蓬化学成分及其开发利用的研究进展

综述了盐地碱蓬的化学成分、药理作用及开发利用等方面的研究进展,并提出了在以后的化学研究中应该重点关注的一些问题。     

大亚湾人工鱼礁海域浮游植物的群落特征

近年来,随着大亚湾沿岸城镇社会经济的快速发展和人类活动的增加,大亚湾海域生态环境日益恶化。人工鱼礁是修复、改善和优化海洋生态环境,保护和增殖渔业资源最有效的措施之一。根据投礁前、后大亚湾大辣甲南人工鱼礁海域浮游植物垂直拖网调查结果,初步分析了大亚湾人工鱼礁区浮游植物的群落特征。结果表明:投礁后,浮游植物的平均丰度呈逐年递增趋势,礁区内的平均丰度明显高于同期对照海区;浮游植物的多样性指数和均匀度都比投礁前有了明显增加。上述结果表明,投放人工鱼礁有助于改善海域生态环境和提高水域的初级生产力水平。     

Characteristics of dental morphology in the Xinjiang Uyghurs and correlation with the EDARV370A variant

Teeth are one of the most important materials for anthropological studies because they are likely to be preserved in ancient remains.While the frequencies of dental characteristics can provide clues to the phylogeny of populations,genetic studies at the individual level can further reveal the biological mechanisms and evolutionary context of dental characteristics.In this study,by analyzing 38 dental characteristics of 242 Xinjiang Uyghur individuals,we found that(i)the dental characteristics of the Uyghurs showed evidence of admixture between European and East Asian populations.The admixture proportions were in line with those previously reported in population genetic studies;(ii)the Xinjiang Uyghur dental characteristics formed three clusters in pairwise correlation analysis.One of the main clusters consisted of characteristics including incisor shoveling,double shoveling and mesial ridge;and(iii)all the characteristics in this cluster were significantly correlated with the genetic variant EDARV370A.The extracted composite phenotypic factor was also significantly associated with EDARV370A,which explained 18%of the total phenotypic variance.This indicated a pleiotropic effect,i.e.,the same genetic factor affects a number of dental characteristics at the same time.Our results confirmed that EDARV370A,a genetic variant that first originated in East Asia about 30000 years ago,played an important role in incisor shoveling in East Asia.This finding suggested that incisor shoveling in modern humans in East Asia is likely to have appeared after the late Pleistocene.     

种植密度对北疆复播大豆光合特性及产量的影响

以大豆品种‘黑河43’为材料,于2012和2013年连续2年进行5种不同种植密度——37.5(A)、45.0(B)、52.5(C)、60.0(D)和67.5万株·hm-2(E)的田间复播试验,研究滴灌条件下密度对大豆功能叶叶绿素值(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶面积(SLA)、大豆光合特性及产量构成因素的影响。结果显示:(1)密度对复播大豆苗期叶片SPAD值影响较小,苗期之后处理间差异显著,且整个生育期SPAD值均随着密度的增加而增大。(2)LAI在2年试验中均随着密度的增加而增大,均在鼓粒期左右达到峰值,处理E在2012年和2013年的最大值分别为6.24和5.56,较同期最低的处理A分别显著提高18.41%和36.17%;SLA随着密度的增加而增大,且在生长发育前期和后期处理间差异明显,中期差异相对较小。(3)叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及气孔导度(Gs)均随着密度的增加而先增后降,且均以C处理最高,Pn、Gs在结荚期达到极值,而Tr在开花期最大;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随着密度的增加呈现出先降后增的趋势,2012年和2013年均以C处理最低,分别为185.70和179.61μmol·mol-1。(4)各处理2年的籽粒产量均以中等密度的C处理达最高,2012年和2013年分别为3 205.0和3 142.53kg·hm-2,并分别比同年的其余处理显著高出1.42%~14.26%和1.08%~27.65%。研究表明,适宜密度的复播大豆不仅有较高的叶绿素含量,有利于群体对光能的利用,同时具有适宜的叶面积指数而不致植株郁闭,有效保证了群体内部与外界的气体交换,提高了光合速率和籽粒产量。     

新疆食管癌中Myc、TP53表达及其与临床病理因素相关性研究

目的:检测Myc和TP53在食管癌组织和远端无癌组织的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理因素之间的关系,初步探讨Myc和TP53在新疆食管癌发生发展中可能存在的特点。方法:经Trizol一步法提取88例新疆地区食管癌组织及其远端无癌组织标本总RNA,m RNA逆转录为c DNA,经聚合酶链式反应生成产物,运用光密度值即半定量RT-PCR技术检测88例新疆地区食管癌组织、远端无癌组织中Myc和TP53的m RNA表达情况及二者阳性表达率,并分析Myc和TP53的表达与临床病理因素之间的相关性。结果:1 Myc的m RNA相对表达量在食管癌组织中高于远端无癌组织,差异有显著性(P0.01);TP53的m RNA相对表达量在远端无癌组织中高于癌组织(P0.05);2 Myc的阳性表达率在88例食管癌组织中高于远端无癌组织(P0.05);TP53的阳性表达率在远端无癌组织中高于癌组织(P0.05);3Myc的表达与分化程度(P0.01)、TNM分期(P0.01)、淋巴结转移(P0.05)、侵犯深度(P0.05)和族别(P0.05)有关,与性别无关;TP53的表达与侵犯程度(P0.01)有关,与性别、分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移和族别均无关;4 88例食管癌组织中,Myc和TP53的表达呈现负相关(r=-0.501,P0.0 1)。结论:Myc在新疆地区食管癌组织中表达上调,TP53则表达减弱。说明Myc参与食管癌的发生和发展,而TP53则可能保护正常组织不发生癌变。     

Critical Notes on the Genus Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) of Xinjiang,China

More than thirty species and varieties of Fritillaria have been reported from Xinjiang,incluing many new taxa recently published． A revision of these was made based on mainly herbarium material and literature．As a result,seven species were recognized,including newly recorded F. stenanthera(Regel)Regel,and nine species and twenty-one varieties were reduced to synonyms．     

中国新疆柳叶藓科、青藓科和灰藓科植物区系研究

通过对新疆柳叶藓科(Amblystegiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和灰藓科(Hypnaceae)植物标本的野外采集和室内鉴定,报道了中国新疆地区柳叶藓科15属33种,青藓科12属51种,灰藓科11属30种,共计38属114种。其中,中国青藓科新记录种2种,新疆新记录4属37种。优势属10个,且以青藓属(Brachythecium BrushSchimp.)为代表的北温带成分为主;单种属19个,体现了新疆藓类植物区系的古老性和多样性。新疆3科藓类植物区系成分可划分为9种类型,其中北温带成分居主导地位,占中国新疆3科藓类植物总种数的52.08%,东亚成分次之,占25.01%,热带成分甚微。对中国新疆与中国内蒙古、中国西藏以及俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦和印度7个邻近地区的区系比较发现,印度物种丰富度最高,俄罗斯和中国新疆次之;中国新疆与中国内蒙古、俄罗斯在物种组成上相似度最高。地理成分区系谱及聚类分析结果表明,中国新疆与中国内蒙古地区的植物区系关系最为接近,而且与俄罗斯密切相关。     

新疆天山野生果树研究及保护

根据多年调查和初步统计,新疆天山山区的野生果树种类有81种,由于新疆天山野果林生态系统受到人类经济活动的强烈影响,野果林分布范围缩减、面积下降,物种减少,有的濒临灭绝状态,必须引起重视,本研究提出了新疆野生果树资源保护和可持续利用的建议及对策：（1）加强新疆野生果树种质资源的收集和保存;（2）开展资源调查、评价与利用工作,保育和开发利用并重,实现资源的永续利用;（3）应及早建立新疆新源野苹果林自然保护区和霍城大西沟野生樱桃李自然保护区。     

澳门青洲山翻白叶树群落特征及物种多样性研究

根据样方调查结果,对澳门青洲山翻白叶树(Pterospermum heterophyllum)群落的种类组成、外貌、结构特征与动态及物种多样性进行分析.结果表明:(1)在1 600 m2样地中,有维管束植物47种,隶属于29科44属;对乔木层和灌木层主要物种的重要值以及频度分析结果显示,该群落是以翻白叶树为主的单优种群落,群落种类组成多样性和水平分布不均匀,其外貌终年常绿;对优势种种群的年龄结构分析显示,该种群处于增长状态;(2)整个群落的物种丰富度Margalef指数为13.72,Shannon-Wiener指数为1.15,Simpson指数为0.875,均匀度指数为0.34,该群落的层次格局为:灌木层>藤本层>乔木层>草本层;(3) 与其他5个不同类型地区森林群的物种多样性比较结果显示,澳门翻白叶树群落的物种多样性明显低于其他5个森林群落.     

新疆赤藓属植物的地理分布及3个新记录种

采用经典分类方法,对1989～2012年采自新疆各地的赤藓属植物360余号标本进行鉴定。结果表明:(1)共鉴定出新疆赤藓属(Syntrichia Brid.)植物11种(含1变种),其中3种为新疆新记录种。(2)新疆首次发现的3个新记录种为:北方赤藓(Syntrichia norvegica)、双齿赤藓(S.bidentata)和齿肋赤藓异叶变种(S.caninervis var.spuria),其中双齿赤藓为中国濒危物种。(3)对新疆赤藓属植物11种的形态特征及其在新疆的分布进行了描述,并编制了新疆赤藓属植物的分种检索表。     

山西灵空山天然松栎混交林群落特征与冠层结构

以2011年建设的山西灵空山4 hm²天然松栎混交林森林动态监测样地为研究平台,以400个10 m×10 m样方为测量单元,于2016年进行群落特征研究,采用半球面影像法(DHP)分析冠层结构和林下光照特征.结果表明: 样地内共有乔木5558株,共计25种,分属于10科15属.冠层开阔度(CO)集中在15.0%～25.0%,叶面积指数(LAI)集中在1.5～2.5,林下光环境参数集中在10.0%～30.0%.建群种在样地内的分布对冠层结构和林下光环境影响显著;冠层结构对林下光环境所有参数的影响方向一致,其中采用叶面积指数评价冠层结构动态的效果更佳;冠层开阔度和叶面积指数对林下光环境产生相反的影响,且均对散射光入射率影响程度最大.温性松栎混交林的林冠层整体较为均匀,林下光分布较为集中,林分树种组成与冠层结构对林下光照影响显著.     

云贵高原及横断山区莲座蕨科植物地理分布

依据云南大学植物标本馆蕨类植物标本室(PYU)和国内主要标本馆保存的莲座蕨科植物标本,以及多年来积累的研究资料,建立该科植物在云南的产地GIS数据库。以此为基础,分析云南莲座蕨科植物空间分布的多样性和特有性,及其在云贵高原及横断山区的地理分布特征。研究结果如下：① 云南莲座蕨科植物种类丰富,分布海拔范围为100~2400m;② 滇东南是莲座蕨科植物分布的多样性和特有性中心,其多样性由滇东南向西、北方向递减;③ 云南有莲座蕨科2个属分布,即莲座蕨属(Angiopteris)和原始莲座蕨属(Archangiopteris),其中原始莲座蕨属的物种多样性较低而特有性较高。初步分析了该科植物中5个广布种和1个高山峡谷种分布格局的成因,以及5个特有种的发生史,推断广布种的分布格局形成于第四纪冰期之前,高山峡谷种的分布格局形成于第三纪之后,而特有种的主要成因可能是自然杂交和边缘效应。     

The effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of Suaeda salsa under saline conditions

Suaeda salsa, a leaf succulent shrub in the family Chenopodiaceae, is one of the most important halophytes in China. Suaeda salsa produces dimorphic seeds (soft brown seeds and hard black seeds). Seeds of S. salsa were collected from the coastal salt flats near Huanghua City, China. Experiments were conducted to determine the salinity-alleviating effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of S. salsa. Brown seeds had a higher germination rate than black seeds in all experiments. Black seeds were more sensitive to salt in the absence of light in comparison to brown seeds. Brown seeds absorbed water more quickly in comparison to black seeds and were found to be more tolerant of salt stress. Our results showed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene), nitrite, GA₄ and BA improved seed germination in the presence of salt. However, nitrate, GA₁, GA₃ failed to alleviate salt stress. ABA inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. Possible mechanisms involved in the alleviation of salt stress in S. salsa seeds and the ecological adaptation of the seeds to the environment are discussed.     

浙江天台山七子花群落主要植物种类的光合特性

对分布在浙江天台山的七子花群落主要植物种类的光合生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明：夏季,位于群落冠层上层、林窗、林缘的七子花及主要伴生植物叶片的光合日进程均呈“双峰“曲线,有明显的光合“午休“现象。而位于冠层中、下层以及林下的七子花、草本植物,其光合日进程曲线平缓。从冠层上层到下层,七子花叶片的日均净光合速率（Pn）呈下降趋势。林窗、林缘的七子花小树叶片日均Pn比林下大,冠层上层的七子花中树叶片与林窗、林缘的小树叶片日均Pn差异不显著。七子花在不同生境中与伴生植物相比,日均Pn较低,光合能力较弱。同一植株七子花冠层上层叶片叶绿素含量最低,下层次之,中层最高。阴生草本植物在弱光下仍有很高的叶绿素含量。植物叶片的光合能力大小与叶绿素含量高低不呈正相关。相对常绿树种而言,七子花光补偿点较高、光饱和点较低,对光适应的生态幅度较窄。